Smithsonian Institution Libraries Purchased from the Special Collections Endowment V A NATURAL ARRANGEMENT OF • BRITISH PLANTS, ACCORDING TO THEIR RELATIONS TO EACH OTHER* AS POINTED OUT BY JUSSIEU, DE CANDOLLE, BROWN, &c. INCLUDING THOSE CULTIVATED FOR USE ; WITH AN INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY, IN WHICH THE TERMS NEWLY INTRODUCED ARE EXPLAINED ILLUSTRATED BY FIGURES. BY SAMUEL FREDERICK GRAY, Lecturer on Botany, the Materia Medica, and Pharmaceutic Chemistry, VOL. II. LONDON : PRINTED FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY, PATERNOSTER-ROW. 1821 . " Then spring the living herbs, profusely wild, O’er all the deep-green earth, that task * the power Of botanist to number up their tribes: Whether he steals along the lonely dale. In silent search ; or through the forest, rank With what the dull incurious weeds account, Bursts his blind way; or climbs the mountain rock. Fir’d by the nodding verdure of its brow. With such a liberal hand has nature flung Their seeds abroad, blown them about in winds, Innumerous, mix’d them with the nursing mould. The moistening current, and prolific rain.” Thomson. — Spring . * beyond, in original. Baldwin, 'Printer, New Bridge-street, London, HO (& id rcA/^szd An Arrangement of the Families , and of the anomalous Genera of pkenogamous Plants , according to their sexual Organs. I. Stamen 1, on the receptacle or perianlhium. Style 1 ; perianth. 0, or simple. Style 1 ; perianth, double; petal 1 Styles 2 ; pet. 2 ; capsule 4-cel led Styles 2 ; perianth, glumaceous Styles 3 Styles 4 s- Fluviatiles, 2, 6. I .Charades, 2, 5. < Chenopodere, 3, 16. I Halorngeae, 3, 55. v Agrimoniaceae, 3, 59. Vaierianea?, 3, 4J. Callitriche, 3, 338. V ulpia , 2, 64. Euphorbiaceae, 3, 10. Zannichcllia , 2, 24. 2. Stamens 1 or 2 on thepistill. Stamen 1 - Orchideae, 2, 21. Stamens 2 - - - Cypripediumf 2,150. 3. Stamens 2, on the receptacle or perianlhium. Style 1 ; above ; jpcf. 2 - SO/fe 1 ; yZowj. below ; 1. regular Style 1 ; Jl. bel. ; pet. 1 , irreg. caps. 2-celled Style l \ Jl. bel. ; pet. 1, irreg. caps. 1-celled Style 1 ; Jl. bel. ; pet . 1, irreg. seeds 4, naked Style 1 ; Jl. bel. ; pet. 1, irreg. samare 2-seeded Style 1 i Jl. bel. ; pet. 0 or 4 ; pod 2-celled Style l i Jl. bel. ; pet. 0 ; seeds immersed in calyx Style 1 ; Jl. bel. ; pet. 0 ; seeds arillated ? Style 1 ; Jl. bel. ; perianthium glumaceous Styles 2 Circcea , 3, 34 1 . Oleines, 3, 34. - Veronica , 3, 64. Lentibularias, 3, 24. Labiatae, 3, 32. Fraxineae, 3, 35. S Coronopus , 3, 434. ( Lepidium, 3, 441. Salicornia , 3, 45. Lemnadeae, 2, 7*. {Rhyncospora , 2, 38. Tricophorum, 2, 43. Gramineas, 2, 10. 4. Stamens 3. Sf. 1 ; perianth, above, double ; peric. 1 or 2-seeded St. 1 ; perianth, above, double ; peric. many-celled St. 1 ; perianth, above, single St. 1 ; perianth, below ; glumes 1-valved St. 1 ; perianth, below ; glumes 2-valved St. 1 ; perianth, below ; glumes 3-valved St. 1 ; perianth, below ; glumes 6-valved Styles 2 - - - - St. 3; perianth, single, calycine St. 3; perianth, double; caps. 1 ; calyx 4-leaved St. 3 ; perianth, double ; caps. 1 ; cal. 5-leaved St. 3 ; perianth, double ; caps. 1 ; cal . 3-cut St. 3 ; perianth, double ; caps. 3 or 4 Styles 9 a 2 Valerianeae, 3, 41. Cucurbitaceae, 3, 51. Irideae, 2, 20. Cyperaceag, 2, 9. Gramineae, 2, 10. Typhaceae, 2, 8. - Junceae, 2, 12. Gramineas, 2, 10. Amaranthideae, 3, 47. Oaryophylleae, 3, 72. Paronychideae, 3, 49. Portulacea?, 3, 48. .TiUaa, 3, 319. Empetrideae, 3, 7*. IV SEXUAL ARRANGEMENT 5. Stamens 4. A. Style 1 ; perianthium double ; petal 1, above. Calyx below ; pericarp 1 -seeded - - Agrimonh Calyx below ; pericarps 2, 1 -seeded - - Resti; Calyx above; pericarp 1 -seeded Calyx above ; pericarps 2, i -seeded Calyx above ; berry 1, 3-cel led B. Style 1; perianthium double ; petal Siam, equal, long; capsule 2-cel led Siam, equal, long; cap sule 1 -cel led Siam, equal, short; capsule 2-valved Siam, equal, short ; capsule cut round Stam. equal, short ; berry - Stam. 2 long, 2 short; seeds 4, naked Slam. 2 long, 2 short ; utriculus, 2 or 4 seeded Stam . 2 long, 2 short ; caps. 2-celled, septitidal Stam. 2 long, 2 short; caps. 2-celled, loculicidal Stam. 2 long, 2 short ; capsule 1 -cel led rimoniaceae, 3, 59, Restiaceae, 2, 11. Dipsaceae, 3, 40. Rubiaceae, 3, 42. Caprifoliaceae, 3, 43. i, below. Plantagineae, 3, 18. Littorellideae, 3, 19. Gentianae, 3, 27. Primulaceae, 3, 21. Oleineae, 3, 34. Labiatae, 3, 32. Pyrenaceae, 3, 33. Scrofularinse, 3, 25. Rhinanthaceae, 3, 22, Orobancheae, 3, 23. C. , Style 1 ; perianthium double; petals 4, above. Pod 1 -celled - Berberideae, 3, 84. Pod 2-celled - - Cruciferae, 3, 80. D. Style 1; perianthium double ; petals 4, above. Pericarp, a drupe ... Cornus, 3, 261 . Pericarp , a berry - Loranthideae, 3, 44. E. Style 1 ; perianthium single, below. Calyx 8-cut - Calyx 2 or 4 cut ; stamens short, irritable Calyx 4-cut ; stamens long; capsule 2-celled Calyx 4-cut ; stamens long ; capsule 1-celled Calyx 2 ; drupe 1 -seeded Agrimoniaceae, 3, 59. Urticeae, 3, 9. Plantagineae, 3, 18. Littorellideae, 3, 19. Eleagneae, 3, 13. F. Style 1 ; perianthium single, above. Santalaceae, 3, 12. G. Styles 2. Petals 4 ; capsule 2-valved Petal 1 ; capsule cut round Perianth, amentaceous ; pericarp a cone Perianth, amentaceous ; pericarp a berry H. Styles 3. Capsule 3-valved - Capsule cut round I. Styles 4. Calyx 4-toothed ; petals 4 ; berry Calyx 4-leaved ; petals 4 ; capsule 1 Calyx 4-leaved ; petals 4 ; capsules 4 Cal. 4-leaved or 0 ; pet. 0 ; seeds 4 Buffonia , 3, 401. Cuscutae, 3, 30. B. Betulideae, 3, 5. Myricae, 3, 7. - Buxus , 3, 27. Amaranthideae, 3, 17. Caprifoliaceae, 3, 43. Caryophylleae, 3, 72. Crassulaceae, 3, 47. Fluviatiles, 2, 6. 6. Stamens jive . A. Style Akenia 4, naked Capsule 1-celled ; stigma simple Capsule 1-celled ; stigma 2-cut Capsule 2-celled ; seeds central Capsule 2-celled ; seeds parietal ; petal 1, below. Boragineae, 3, 31. Primulaceae, 3, 21, Menyantheae, 3, 27 B. Solaneae, 3, 26. Erylhrcea,‘ 3 , 94. OF PHENOGAMOUS PLANTS. v Capsule 2 or 3-celled ; seeds basillary Caps. 3 or 5-celled ; seeds central ; slam, on the corolla - Caps. ,3 or 5-celled ; seeds central ; slam, on the receptacle - Follicles 2 , upright Berry 2-celled ; seeds central Convolvulaceae, 3, 30. Polemoniaceae, 3, 23. Ericinae, 3, 36. Vine®, 3, 29. Solanese, 3, 26. B. Style 1 ; petal 1, above. Capsule 1-cel led Capsule 2-cel led Pericarpium 1 -seeded Berry 1 or 2-celled Pome 2 or 3-celled Berries 2, 1 -seeded Samolus, 3, 63*. Campanulace®, 3, 38. Composite, 3, 39. Caprifoliace®, 3, 43. Cucurbitace®, 3, 51. Rubiaceae, 3, 42. C. Style 1 ; petals 4 or 5 below. Berry 3-celled ; calyx 1 -leaved Capsule 3 or 5-celled ; calyx 1 -leaved Capsule 5-celled ; calyx 2 leaved Capsule 5-celled ; corolla spurred D. Style 1 ; petals 5, above. Style 2-cut ; berry tnany-seeded Style simple; berry 5-nutted - E. Style 1 ; petals 0. Capsule above; calyx 1-1 caved Capsule above ; calyx 5-leaved Akenium above ; calyx 1-leaved Pericarp below ; calyx 1-leaved Seeds sunk in the calyx - F. Styles 2 ; petal below. Capsule 1-celled, valvular - Capsule 2-celled, cut round G. Styles 2 ; petals 5, below. Capsules 2 or 3 ; 2 or 3-seed ed Capsule 1, 1 -seeded - II. Styles 2 ; petals 5, above. Pericarps 2, 1 -seeded - - - I. Styles 2; petals 0. Seeds sunk in the calyx - Capsule 1 -seeded - Samare compressed - Pericarp below, 1-seeded K. Styles 3 ; petals 4 or 5 ; calyx above. Caprifoliace®, 3, 43 L. Styles 3 ; petals 5 ; calyx below. Rhamne®, 3, 65. Celastrin®, 3, 64. Balsamine®, 3, , 66 B. Violace®, 3, 78. Grossulari®, 3, 50. Hedera , 3, 262. Primulaceae, 3, 21. Illecebruniy 3, 325. Polygane®, 3, 15. Santalace®, 3, 12. Chenopodeae, 3, 16. Gentian®, 3, 27. Cuscut®, l I, 30 B. Celastrinae, 3, 64. Herniaria , 3, 327. Umbelli ferae, 3, 45. Chenopodeae, 3, 16. Scleranthus , 3, 323. Ulmaceae, 3, 8. Xanthium , 3, 21. Capsules 2 or 3, inflated - - - Capsule 3-valved; seeds woolly Capsule 1-celled; seeds naked Capsule 1-seeded - M. Styles 3 ; petals 0. Seeds sunk in the calyx - Capsule 1-seeded, cut round Celastrin®, 3, 64. Tainaricin®, 3, 53. Caryophylle®, 3, 72. Corrigiola , 3, 326. Chenopode®, 3, 16. Arnaranthide®, 3, 17. SEXUAL ARRANGEMENT N. Styles 4. Capsule 4-valved ; petals 5 Berry 4 or 5-nutted - O. Styles 5. Seed 1, in the calyx - Seeds , 4 or 5, in the calyx Capsule 1-celled ; placentarium parietal Capsule l -celled ; plaeentarium central Capsule 1-celled ; calyx 3-cut Capsule 10-cel led, cells 1 -seeded Capsules 5, 1-seeded, arillated Parnassiae, 3, 79. Aqui fol iaceae, 3, 43 D. Static! nae, 3, 20. Sibbaldia , 3, 355. Droseraceae, 3, 75. Caryophylleae, 3, 72. Portulaceae, 3, 48. Lineae, 3, 71. Geranieae, 3, 66. P. Styles many. Ranunculea?, 3, 85 C. 7. Stamens six. A. Style 1 ; stamens 4 long, 2 short. Petals 4 - Crucifers, 3, 80. B. Style 1 ; stamens equal ; perianthium double. Petals 4, irregular ; capsule 1-celled - - Fumarideae, 3, 81. Petals 5; capsule 1-celled - Frankeniaceae, 3, 74. Petals 6; berry 2-seeded - Berberideae, 3, 84. Petals 6 ; capsule 1 or 2-celled - Salicariae, 3, 52. C. Style 1 ; stamens equal ; perianthium simple, glumaceous. Glumes 6 Junceae, 3, 12. D. Style 1 ; stamens equal ; perianthium simple, calycine. Capsule 2-celled ; calyx 6-cut - Salicariae, 3, 52. Pericarp 1-seeded - Poly gone®, 3, 15. E. Style 1 ; stamens equal ; perianthium simple, petaloid. Capsule 3-celled, below Capsule 3-celled, above ; seeds flat Capsule 3-celled, above ; seeds roundish Capsule 3-celled, above ; seeds long Berry 3-celled, above ; seeds black Berry 3-celled, above ; seeds pale Berry 3-celled, below F. Style 1 ; stamens equal, - Amaryllideae, 2, 19. - Liliaceae, 2, 14. Asphodeleae, 2, 15. - - Junceae, 2, 12. Asparageae, 2, 16. Smilaceae, 2, 17. Tamaceae, 2, 18. filaments united. Fumarideae, 3, 81. G. Styles 2. Petals 0 ; seeds 1 Petals 0 ; seeds 1 or 2, sunk Petals 5; seeds 1 or 2, sunk Polygoneae, 3, 15. Scleranthus, 3, 323. Sanguisorba, 3, 350. H. Styles 3, or more. Pericarp 1-seeded Pericarp 1-celled, many-seeded Pericarp 6-celled, many-seeded Pericarps 3, many-seeded Pericarps 3 or 6, 1 or 2-seeded Pericarps 6,2 or 3-seed ed Pericarps 7 to 20, 1-seeded Polygoneae, 3, 15. Droseraceae, 3, 75. Aristolochiae, 3, 11, Colchicaceae, 2, 13. Juncagineae, 2, 24. Alismaceae, 2, 22. - Alismaceae, 2, 22. Style 1 8. Stamens seven. Trienlalis, 3, 61. OF PHENOGAMOUS PLANTS. 9. Stamens eight. A. Style 1 ; perianthium double. Samarc compressed ; petals 5 Capsule 4-celled ; petals 4 - - Capsule 1 -celled ; filaments distinct Capsule 2-cel led ; filaments united Capsule 4 or 5-celled ; petals 1 or 5 Berry 4-celled ; petals 1 or 4 Acerine®, 3, Onagrari®, 3, Gentian®, 3, Polygale®, 3, Ericin®, 3, Vaccinie®, 3, B. Style 1 ; perianthium single. Thymele®, 3, C. Styles 2. Perianth, double - - - Perianth, single; capsule 2- valved Perianth, single; pericarp 1 -seeded, above Perianth, single ; seeds 1 or 2 sunk Gentian®, 3, Chrysosplenium , 3, Polygone®, 3, Paronychide®, 3, D. Styles 3. Polygone®, 3, E. Styles 4. Berry 1 , above ; petals 4 Berry I , below ; petals 1 to 4 Capsule above ; petals 4 Capsules 4, above ; petals 4 Capsule below ; petals 0 - Smilace®, 2, Loranthide®, 3, Caryopbylle®, 3, Crassulace®, 3, Halorage®, 3, 10. Stamens nine. Styles 6 • capsules 6, above Styles 6 ; capsule 1 , below Styles 9 Butomace®, 2, Hydrocharide®, 2, Empetride®, 3, 1 1 . Stamens ten. A. Style 1. Fruit below - Fruit above ; corolla regular Fruit above ; corolla papilionaceous Vaccinie®, 3, Ericin®, 3, Leguminos®, 3, B. Styles 2. Seeds 2, sunk in the calyx ... Seeds 1 or 2, sunk ; petals 0 Seeds 1 or 2, sunk ; petals 5 Capsule 2-beaked, 1 or 2-celled Capsule beakless, 1-celled Parony chide®, 3, Paronychide®, 3, Agrimoniace®, 3, Saxifrage®, 3, Caryophylle®, 3, C. Styles 3 or 5 ; petals 5. Caps. 1 to 5-celled, oblong ; stam. on receptacle Caps. 1 to 5-celled, angular; stam. on receptacle Caps. 1 to 5-celled ; stamens on calyx Caps. 5, tr.any-seeded Caps. 5, 1- seeded - Caryophylle®, 3, Geranie® C. 3, Caprifoliace®, 3, Crassulace®, 3, Geranie® A. 3, D. Styles 3 or 5 ; petals 4. Corolla irregular ; capsule 1 or 3-celled Geranie® B. 3, E. Styles 3 or 5 ; petal 1. Berry 4 or 5-uutted * Pericarp 1 -seeded - «. „ „ Caprifoliace®, 3. Polygone®, 3. vii 68. 56. 27. 77. 36. 37. 14. 27. 317. 15. 49. 15. 17. 44. 72. 47. 55. 23. 25. 7 *. 37. 36. 63. 49. 49. 59. 46. 72. 72. 66. 43. 47. 66. 66. 43. 15. VIII SEXUAL ARRANGEMENT, &c. 12. Stamens eleven to twenty. Style 1 ; pet. 0 ; pericarp 1 -seeded, above Style 1 ; pet. 0; pericarp 6-celled, below Style 1 ; 'petals 6 Styles 2 Styles 3; capsule 1-celled, gaping Styles 3 ; capsule 2 or 3-celled Styles 4 Styles 10 or 12, Ceratophyllae, 3, Aristolochiae, 3, Salicariae, 3, Agrimoniaceae, 3, Resedaceae, 3, Euphorbiaceae, 3, Dryad eae, 3, Crassulaceae, 3, 13. Stamens twenty or more on the calyx , Styles 1, or more. 54. 11. 52. 59! 76. 10. 60. 47. Drupe 1-celled, above Drupaceae, 3, 62. Pericarp 2 or 5-eelled, below Pomaceae, 3, 57. Capsule 2-valved, above - . Ulmaceae, 3, 8. Akenium 1-seeded, above; calyx flasklike - Rosaceae, 3, 58. Alcenium 1-seeded, above ; calyx expanded C Dryadeae, 3, ^ Agrimoniaceae, 3, 60. 59. 14. Stamens twenty or more on the receptacle. A. Style 1. Calyx 2-leaved - - - Papaveraceae, 3, 82. Calyx 4-leaved - - - Ranuneulaceae, 3, 85. Calyx 5-leaved ; placentarium parietal Cistineae, 3, 73. Calyx 5-leaved ; placentarium central Tiliaceae, 3, 69. Petals many ; berry many-seeded Nymphaeaceae, 3, 83. B. Styles 2 or more. Pericarp 6-celled - - , - Hydrocharideae, 2, 25, Pericarp 3 or 5-cel led Caps. 2 or more, 1-celled; petals 4 — 20, Jilaments Hypericinae, 3, 67. free - Ranuneulaceae, 3, 85. Caps. 2 or more, 1-celled ; petals 3, Jilaments free Alismaceae, 2, 22. Caps. 2 or more, 1-celled ; Jil. united Malvaceae, 3, 70. Berries many, 1-celled Aroideae, 2, 7. 15. Stamens 1 or more , on an ament-scale. Abietideae, 3,1. Cupressideae, 3, 2. Taxideae, 3, 3. Restiaceae, 2, 1 1. Coinposilae, 3, 39. Dipsaceae, 3, 40. Betid id eae, 3, 4. Corylideae, 3, 5. Salicinae, 3, 6. Myriceae. 3, 7. 16. Flowers in « common calyx. Eryngium, 3,311. Jasione,3 , 174. "THE NATURAL ARRANGEMENT OF BRITISH PLANTS. Series II. PLANT® ENDOGEN®. Plants composed of cellular texture, with lymphatic, spiral, and proper vessels; and with cortical pores in the leaves or herbaceous tip of the stem. Stems entirely desti- tute of a central pith, medullary radii, or true bark ; grow- ing only at top, the vessels being disposed in bundles, the youngest in the centre : sometimes abortive, subterraneous, or root-like. Leaves frequently sheathed, either not notched and with simple ribs, or lobed and with branched ribs ; but never truly compound. Corculum of the seed simple. Coty- ledons, either solitary; or many, alternate. Divided into two sub-series: A, cryptogamse; B, pha- nerogams. Subseries II. A. Flantje endogenas cryptogams. Fructifications hidden, unknown, or irregular. FAMILIES. Fructifications gregarious, either on the lower surface of the leaves ; or rarely in spikes . . * F1LICES. 1. Fr, crustaceous, sessile, axillary, at the base of the leaves, or of the bractese. . LYCOPODIA CEZE. 2. Fr. radical, spherical, coriaceous, many celled ; Leaves revolute ; Plant aquatic .. MARSILEACEiE. 3. Fr. terminal, amentaceous ; Stem leafless ; Branches verticillate, jointed .... EQUISETACEiE. 4. Fr. axillary, turbinate, spiral, many seeded ; Plant aquatic . , CHARADE.ZE. 5. VOL. II. B 1. FXLXCES. PL end. er . Farm X. 1. FXLICES. Ferns. Fructifications gregarious, in sori covered when young with an involucrum ; generally seated upon the lower sur- face of the leaves, but in some upon a spike. Capsules unilocular, often girt with an elastic ring, which dies back when the seeds are ripe ; seeds very minute. — Rhizoma per- ennial, creeping; Fronds alternate, apparently radical, when young generally convolute ; Plants usually herbaceous, but in some mountainous situations they become evergreen shrubs. Winch. Ann. of Phil. 3 818. Rhizoma very bitter, emmenagogue, purgative, and an- thelmintic. Leaves bechic, demulcent, astringent, agreeably aromatic. Ashes contain much alkali ; which being dis- solved in a decoction of the same plant stimulate the growth of hair, and hence they have been called capillary plants . 1 . Capsule striated , without an elastic ring , pedicelled. Osmundacece , a. Caps, globular, seated round the frond contracted into the form of a panicle Osmunda. 1. 2. Caps, striated , with an elastic ring . a. Involucrum none. Polypodiacece b. Sori transverse, linear . . Ceterach. 2. Sori round Polypodium. 3. 1. Invol. umbilicate , or attached by one side; sori round. Aspidiacece , c. Invol. umbilicate, or kidney shape, fixed in the centre Aspidium. 4v Invol. sharp-pointed, open from top to bottom Cyclopteris. 5. Invol. attached to one side, open towards the margin Athyrium. 6L c. Invol fixed on one side , opening to the midrib; sori linear. Aspleniacece , d. Sori separate ; originating laterally from a rib Asplenium. 7. d. Invol. double , opening by a longitudinal fissure; sori linear. Scolopendrice , e. Sori oblique, parallel to each other between the veins of the frond Scolqpendrium. 8, PL end. cr. 1. FILICES. 1. Osmunda, 3 e. Invol. opening towards the rib ; sori linear , parallel to the midrib. Blechnideoe, f. Invol . scariose, submarginal . . Blechnum. 9. Invol. scariose, marginal Stegania. 10. f. Invol. marginal, scariose , originating from the inflected up~ per membrane of the frond, opening inwards. Pteridece. g. Sori linear, marginal, contiguous Pteris. 11. Sori dot-like Adiantum. 12. g. Invol. more or less cupshape, superficial, containing the sori . Cyathece, h. Sori dorsal ; invol. peltate, margin fringed ; receptacle none .... Woodsia. IS. Sori marginal; invol. pitcher-shape, one- leafed; receptacle cylindrical . . Trichomanes. 14. Sori marginal ; invol. pitcher-shape, two-leaved ; receptacle cylindrical IIymenophyllum. 15. 3. Capsule without an elastic ring, or strive. Sori in a compound spike, opening paral- lelly to their insertion. Bostrichice, i. . . Bostrichium. 16. Sori in a subarticulate distichous spike, opening transversely. Ophioglossce, k. Ophioglossum. 17. A. Osmund ace^:. Capsules very numerous, pedicelled, elegantly striated, generally radiated at top; when magnified finely veined, and pellucid. Gen. I. 1. OSMUNDA. Lobel and Pena. Flowerfern . Capsule footstalked, globular, semi-bivalve, opening at the striae, situated either on the back of the unaltered frond, or surrounding the frond contracted into the form of a panicle. — Root fleshy ; Frond many tufted, pinnate, smooth. Osmunda regal is. Royal Flowerfern . Frond bipinnate ; Leaflets lanceolate, edge scarcely notched, lower ones opposite, sub-auricled at the base; Panicle bipinnate, fructiferous, at the apex of the frond. Filix fcEin. q. F. ramosa non dentata florida C. Bauhin, Raii SynA2&, 4. F. florida seu Osmut da reg^l is, Ger. em. 113! ; Park. 1038. Osmunda regalis, Lin. S. P. 1521. Water fern. Osmund royal. Royal moonwort. Flowering fern. Watery places in woods; perennial; June and July. & incisa. Lower leaflets, 2 or 3 cut. B 2 4 2. Ceterach. 1. FILICES. PL end . cf. B. Polypodiace-ZE. Capsules nearly surrounded with an elastic ring which bends back when the capsule bursts ; Involucrum none, except the hairs which surround the capsules. II. 2. CETERACH. Er. Cordus. Miltwaste . Sori transverse, linear. — Root fibrous; frond cespitose, pinnatifid; lower surface covered with lanceolate, acute, serrulate, reticulate, brown, shining, membranous scales, which enclose the capsules. Ceterach officinarum . Shop miltwaste . Frond pinnatifid ; lobes confluent, obtuse, not notched, beneath paleo-squamose ; scales not notched. Ceterach officinarum, C. Bauhin , Pin. 354. Asplenium sive Ceterach, Rail Syn. 1 1 8 5 Ger.em. 1139. Park. 1046. A. Ceterach, Lin. S. P. 1538. A. sinuosum, Salisb , Pr. 403. Scolopendriutn Ceterach, Sym. Syn. 193. Blechnum squamosum, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 617. Gramnites Ceterach, Swartz Syn . Fit. 23. Spleenwort. Calcareous rocks and old walls ; perennial ; nearly all the year. Root black ; Frond cespitose, 4 — 8 in. high, spreading, lanceolate, lobes alternate, rarely opposite; smooth above; Capsules auburn. III. 8. POLYPODIUM. Theophrastus. Polypody . Sori round, in rows more or less distant from each other. — - Root creeping, torulose, scaly, fibres villose; frond pin- nately divided, sometimes naked, or furnished with simple hairs, and long, lanceolate, reticulate, membranaceous scales. 1. Poly podium vulgar e» Common polypody , Frond deeply pinnatifid; lobes linear-lanceolate, crenu- late, approximate ; sori solitary ; rhizoma chafly. Polypodium, Raii Syn . 117, 1 ; Ger. em. 1132. Pol. vulgare, Park. 1039 ; Lin. S. P. 1544. Polypody of the oak. W allfern. Polypody. Trunks of old trees, walls; perennial; May to October. Frond 4 — 8 in. high, erect, lanceolate, acute; sori in two rows parallel to the ribs. Root sweetish, but grows bitter by long boiling; gently purgative when fresh. 5yj infused in 3§s of boiling water is sufficient for two doses. PL end. cr. 1. FILICES. 4. Polypod. 5 O. serratum. Leaves doubly serrate. Polypodium murale, pinnulis serratis Petiveri, Raii Syn. 117, 2» 7. sinuatum . Lobes sinuate. Polypodium vulgare lobis proliferis, Bolt. Fil . 33. Cambricum. Lobes pinnatifido-dentated. Polypodium Cambro-britannicum, &c. Plukeneti, Rail Syn. 117,3. P. Cambiicum, Linn. S.F. 1546. P. vulgare y, Huds. FI. Angl. 455. s. acutum . Leaves very long, distantly serrated; ser~ ratures tapering to an acute point. 2. Polypodium latebrosnm . Shady polypody. Frond, bipinnatifid, two lower leaflets bent back ; lobes linear, lanceolate, obtuse, not notched, ciliated ; lower ones adnato-decurrent at the base by a four-cornered ap- pendage ; veins hairy : sori solitary, marginal. Filix mas q. F. minor Britannica, &c. Bob. H. Ox. Raii Syn. 122, 8. Pol. Phegopteris, Lin. S. P. 1550. Pol. latebrosnm, Sal. Prod. AOS. Wood Polypody. Fissures of rocks ; perennial ; June and July, Frond erect, 1 — 2. feet high, pale green ; stem very long, hairy, and scaly; pinnce opposite, connate, soft, hairy, lower ones reflexed; margin subcrenate; son distinct, near the margin of the lobes. 3. Polypiumpulchellum. Handsome polypody. Frond ternate, bipinnate, spreading, deflected ; lobes ob^ tuse, scarcely notched ; son marginal ; root filiform. Filix fcemina q. F. ramosa minor J. Bauh. Rail Syn. 125, 6. Polypodium Dryopteris, Lin. S. P. 1555. Pol. pulchellum, Sal. Prod. 403. Shady sides of rocks ; perennial ; July. Stipes very slender, erect, a foot high, smooth ; frond ternate, spreading, rather bent down, very tender, light green, 3 in. wide, bipinnate, the odd one rather larger; leaflets sessile, the lower ones larger and more compounded ; lobes oblong, crenato-dentate ; rachis nearly capillary, ra- ther downy ; sori numerous, small, not in the least hairy, never running into one another. 4. Polypodium calcareum. Lime polypody. Frond ternate, bipinnate, straight, rather ridged ; lobes rather obtuse, scarcely notched ; sori marginal, confluent. 6 PL end . cr. 4s Aspidium. 1. FILICES. P. Dryopteris, Dickson , Dried PI. 16; Bolt. Fil. 53. Dryopteris Tragi, Ger. em. 1135. Filix putnila saxatilis prima Clusii, Park. 1043. Pol. calcareum, Smithy Ft. Br. 1117. Treefern. Rigid 3-branched polypody. Mountainous heaths in chalky soils; peren. July. Root shorter and thicker than P. pulchellum ; frond stiffer and more scaly at the base; leaves half the size, rather upright. C. Aspidiace^s. Sori round ; mvolucrum umbilicated or reniform, and either attached by the centre and open all round, or attached by one side and open on the other side. IV. 4. ASPIDIUM. Swartz, Schrad. Journ. Sh;eldfern. Sori round; involu.cra kidneyshape, umbilicate, fixed in the centre, open all round. 1. Aspidium asperum. Rough shield fern. Frond pinnate; stipes scaly; pinnce lanceolate, falcate, acute, ciliate, serrate, the base eared above, cut out below, upper ones only fruitbearing, under surface chaffy; son solitary. Lonchitis asperg, major, Rail Syn. 1 18, 2 • Ger. em. Il40. Polypotlium Lonchitis, Linn. S. P. 1548. Polystichum Lonchitis, Roth Germ. 3, 71. Royal polypody. Great spleenwort. Spleenwort polypody. Cleft of rocks; perennial; May, June. Frond 4 — 6 in. high, erect, narrow. 2. Aspidium odoriferum. Scented shieldfern . Frond pinnate; pinnce lanceolate, smooth, beneath resino- glandular, pinnatifid ; lobes lanceolate, obtuse, not notched, the lower ones rather longer ; sori marginal, running to- gether. Filix mas ericeti Dunsmore Petiveri, Raii Syn. 122. Polypodium Thelypteris, ffuds. 457. P. Oreopteris, Ehrh. Cryp. P. montanum, Willd. Prod. 883. Polystichum montanum, Roth Germ. 3, 74. Aspidium Oreopteris, Swartz Syn. Fil. 50, Heath polypody. Mountainous heaths and dry woods ; peren. July. Root large, fibrous, scaly ; frond 3-4 feet high, lanceo- late; pinnce beneath smooth, covered with numerous golden resinous spots; sori numerous; involucra extremely thin, umbilicate, torn, withering quickly. Pl.end.cr. 1. FILICES. 4. Aspidium. J minor. Smaller in all its parts. Filixmasq.F. pumila saxatilis altera Cl usi i, Raii Syn. 122, 9; Park 1043. Male stonefern. 3. Aspidium nemorale. Grove shieldfern. Frond bipinnate; leaflets oblong, obtuse, very finely ser- rate ; sori near the midrib ; stipes and midrib chaffy. Filix mas vulgaris, Raii Syn. 120, 1 ; Park. 1Q36. F. mas nan ramosa, pinnulis latisdensis minutim dentatis, Ger.em, 1129, Polypodium Filix mas, Lin. S. P. 1551. Aspidium Filix mas, Swartz Syn. Fil. 55. Asp. nemorale, Sal. Prod. 403. Polystichum Filix mas, Roth Germ. 3, 82. Male fern. Male polypody. Woods, heaths, stony places; peren. June, July. Roots caespitose, large, scaly ; frond lanceolate, 3 feet high ; pinnce numerous, upper leaflets joined together ; sori near the ribs especially at the base of the leaflets in a single row, large, prominent, numerous ; involucra urn- bilicate, split on one side, the edge folded. Root expells the tape-worm, 5j — $ij given in powder, in the morning fasting, a gentle purge having been given over night: some give a drastic purge the same morning, others only repeat the medicine daily until the worms are expelled. Frond burned for its alkaline ashes. i3. cristatum. Engl. Bot. 1949. 4. Aspidium aculeatum , Prickly shieldfern. Frond bipinnate ; leaflets ovate, subfalcate, acute, mucro- nato-serrate ; towards the base the upper ones are truncated, the lower ones short and wedgelike ; sori scattered ; stipes and ribs very chaffy. Filix mas non ramosa, pinnulis latis auriculatis spinosis. Raii. Syn. 121,2-$ Ger. cm. 1 130. Polypodium aculeatum, Linn. S. P. 1552. Polystichum aculeatum, Roth Germ. 3, 79. Aspidium aculeatum, Swartz Schr. Jour. 2, 37. Prickly polypody. Woods, shady places ; peren. June. Frond 2 feet high, elegant, dark green. This common variety transplanted into a garden became similar to y, muscosum. Leaflets extremely chaffy. Filix mas aculeata alis expansis, muscosa lanugine aspersa Plukeneti,, Raii Syn. 121,5. y. Cambricum, Leaflets rounder, prickles longer than usual. F. mas q. F. lonchitidi affinis Doody, Raii Syn. 121, 4, 8 PL end.cn 4. Aspidium. 1. FXLXCES. 5. Aspidium lobatum. I.ohed shieldfern. Frond bipinnate ; leaflets obtuse, ovate, mucronated ser-^ rate, those next the mainrib much larger, eared, the tips bristled ; stipes and mainrib chaffy. Filix mas q. F. aculeata major, &c. Rail Syn. 121,3. F. aculeata, lonchitidis Simula Pluk. Raii Syn. 12 i, 4. Polypodium lobatum, llud. Ft. An. 459. Aspidium lobatum, Swartz Schr. Jour. 2,37 . Closeleaved shieldfern. Shady lanes; peren. June. Very like the preceding, but paler and more shining; frond narrower, curled, and apparently convex ; leaflets more elliptic, less cut, 15 or 16 pair in each pinna, and those next the mainrib so large as to extend over the leaflets of the next pinna ; pinnae 35 or more pairs in each leaf. /3. ramosum. End of the frond divided into 2 or 3 curled segments. 6. Aspidium dilatatum. Dilated shieldfern. Frond bipinnate; leaflets oblong, distinct, pinnatifid; lobes mucronato-serrate ; stipes chaffy ; involucra smooth. Filix fcemina q. F. mas ramosa, pinnulis dentatis, Ger. em. 1129 j Rail Syn. 124,2. Polypodium cristatum, Huds. FI. Ang. 457, P. dilatatum,' Hoffm. Germ. 2. 7. Polystichum multiilorum, Roth Germ . 3, 87. Crested polypody. Moist shady places ; peren. June, July. Root tuberous, scarcely creeping ; frotid 2 feet Xtigh, light green ; sori numerous, very distinct. j3. Major . Triply pinnate, 3 or 4 feet high. y. Minor . Only the first pair of pinnas triply divided. Polypodium rhaeticum, Hudson FI. Ang. 458 ? 7. Aspidium cristatum. Crested shieldfern. Frond pinnate; pinnce subcordate, ovate, oblong, pinna- tifid ; leaflets oblong, obtuse, dentato-serrate ; stipes chaffy. Poly podium cristatum, Lin. S. P. 1551. P. Callipteris, Hoffm. Germ. 252 ; Aspidium cristatum, Swartz Syn. Fil. 52. Polystichum cristatum, Roth Germ. 3.84. Boggy heaths ; peren. June. July. Root csespitose; frond 1-2 feet high; sori black; invo~ htcra snow white. PL end . cr. 9 1. FILIGES. 4. Aspidium. 8. Aspidium fragrans. Fragrant shieldfern . Frond pinnate ; pinnce lanceolate, close together, deeply cut ; loles oblong, obtuse, dentate ; sori contiguous ; stipes and mainril very chaffy. Polypodium fragrans, Buds. FI. Ang. 457. Aspidium fragrans, Swartz Syn. Fit. 51. Sweet polypody. Moist chinks in rocks ; perennial ; July to September. 9. Aspidium spinuhsum . Thorny shieldfern . Frond bipinnate; leaflets oblong, decurrent, confluent, inciso-dentate ; loles mucronato-serrate ; stipes chaffy ; invo- lucra glandular. Filix pumila saxatilis altera, Pluk. Aim. 151. Polypodium spinulosum, Relz. Prodr. 250. Polystichum spinulosum, Roth Germ. 3,91. Aspidium spinulosum, Swartz Syn. Fil. b\. Bogs; Perennial; June, July. Frond 1 foot high, long stemmed, subovate, light green, smooth, thin, nearly transparent; sori small, distant, placed towards the axillse of the leaflets ; involucra circinate, split on one side. 30. Aspidium palustre. Marsh shieldfern. Frond pinnate; pinnce linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid, smooth ; loles ovate, acute, not notched ; sori marginal, at first contiguous ; afterwards confluent. Filix mas q. F. minor palustris repens, Rail Syn. 122,7. Dryopteris, Ger. em. 1135. Dryopteris seu Filix querna repens, Park. 1041. Acrostichum Thelypteris, Lin. S. P. 1.528. Polypodiiun Thelypteris, Lin. Mant. 505. Polystichum Thelypteris, Roth Germ. 3,77. Aspidium Thelypteris, Swartz Syn. Fil. 50. Aspidium palustre, Sal. Prod, 420. Creeping water fern. Marshes ; perennial ; July. Frond upright 1--2 feet high, lanceolate, pleasant green; stipes smooth ; loles subcrenate at the tip, the lower ones crossing in pairs; sori numerous, and when ripe covering the whole surface; mainril very smooth ; partial ribs rather hairy. V. 5. CYCLOPTER1S. Schrader. Cupfern. Sori in round scattered spots; involucra sharppointed, opening completely from tip to base, becoming reflexed. Cyclopteris fragilis . Brittle cupfern. Frond bipinnate ; leaflets oblong obluse, inciso-serrate ; serratures obtuse, denticulate ; mainril winged. 10 6. Athyrium. 1. FILICES. PI. end . cr. Filix fcemina q. F.saxatilis caule teflui fragili, Rail Syn. 125, 7. Polypodium fragile, Lin. S. P. 1553. Aspidium fragile, Swartz . Syn. Fit 58. Cyathea fragiiis, Smith FI. Br. 1139. Cyclopteris fragiiis, Schrad. Journ. Rocks, old walls ; perennial ; June, July. <3 Riicetica. Pbmce spear shape, acute, distant ; leaflets deeply lobed ; lobes regularly serrate. Filix fcemina q. F. montana ramosa minor, argute denliculata Lhwyd. Ran. Syn. 1 24, 3 ; Polypodium Rliaeticum. With. 958. y. acuta . Pinnce spearsh ape, acute ; leaflets crowded. & obtusa . Pinnce spearshape, blunt. VI. 6. ATHYRIUM, Roth FI. Germ. Femalefern, Sori round, dispersed; involucra attached by one side, mostly the inner one, open towards the margin. 1. Athyrium irriguum. Meadow Femalefern . Frond pinnate ; leaflets deeply pinnatifid-cut ; lobes ovate, oblong, sharply cut and toothed; stipes quadrangular; invo~ lucra short jagged. Polypodium irriguum, Engl. Bot. 2199. Aspidium irriguum, Smith Comp. FI. Ang. 156. Shady meadows; perennial; June. Stipes delicate, transparent green ; leaflets nearly con- nected at the base by a sort of wing from the partial rib ; sori several, about the lower part of the rachis ; involucra , oblong or square, whitish, fringed at the edge. 2. Athyrium fontanum . Spring femalefern. Frond pinnate ; pinnce cordate, pinnatihd ; lobes ovate, rather acute, the lowest and the terminal ones subbilobate; sori when ripe confluent. Filix saxatilis non ramosa, minima, PluJcen, Phytog . Pol', podium forUanum, Lin, S ■ P. 1550. Aspidium fontanum. Smith Comp. FI. Ang. 156. On old walls and rocks ; perennial ; June. Sori confluent ; involucra white, lateral. 3. Athyrium Iceium. Pleasant femalefern . Frond bipinnate; leaflets oblong, lanceolate, inciso-ser- rate ; serratures 2 or 3 toothed, acute ; sori oblong straight. Filix mas non ramosa, pinnulis angustis raris profunde dentatis, Rail Syn. 121,6; Ger. em. 13 30. Polypodium Filix fcemina, Lin. S. P. 1551. Aspid um Filix fcemina, Swartz Syn. Fit. 54. Atuyrium Filix fcemina, Roth Germ. 3, 65. Female polypody. Female shieldfern. PI. end. cr. I. FILICES. 6. Athyrium. 11 Shady marshes ; perennial; June, July. Root large, ceespitose ; frond deep green ; inmlucra kid- neyshaped, margin lacerated. 4. Athyrium regium. Royal femalefern , Frond bspinnate ; leaflets ovate, oblong, lobato-pinnatifid; lobes linear, oblong, obtuse, not notched; rachis winged. Filix foemina q. Adiantum nigrum, pinnulis cicutariae divisura Bobarti, Rail Syn. 126. Polypodium regium, Linn. Sp. PI. 1553. Cyathea regia, Sm. FI. Brit. 1140, Cyathea inci«a, Engl. B t. 163. Aspidimn regium, Swartz Syn. Fit. 58. Polypodium tiifidum, With. 957. Walls, and alpine rocks; perennial; June. Root scaly; frond nine inches long, smooth, light green; lobes variously cut ; edge not in the least notched ; ribs rather straight. 5. Athyrium dentatum . Toothed femalefern. Frond pinnate ; leaflets ovato-obiong, pinnatifid ; lobes oblong, obtuse, denticulate. Polvpodium denfaium, Dickson Crypt. Cyathea dentata. Smith Ft. Br. 1 141. Aspidium dentatum, Swartz Syn. Fit. 59. Alpine rocks; perennial; July. Root scaly; frond about 9 in. long, lanceolate, acute, smooth; ribs of the lobes flexuose ; rachis sometimes winged near the tip ; involucra halved, with the margin fimbriated. D. Aspleniace.®. Sori linear; involucra fixed on one side, and open towards the rib. VII. 7. ASPLENIUM. Dioscorides. Spleenwort . Sori linear, separated, originating laterally from a rib, and opening towards it. 1. Asplenium lanceolatum, Spear shape spleenwort. Frond bipinnate ; leaflets obovate, obtuse, wedgeshape at the base, finely toothed at the tip ; sori when ripe confluent; margin of the involucrum torn. Filix foemina q. F. elegans, adianto nigro accedens, segmentis rotun- dioribus, Raii Syn. 127, 11. Dryopteris Candida, Ger. em. 1 135. as to the figure only. Asplenium lanceolatum, Huds. FI. Ang.\b\. Rocks and old walls; perennial; June to October. Root black, scaly; frond erect 4-5 in. high, light green, PL end . cr» n 7. Asplenium. 1. FILICES. smooth; pinnce opposite; stipes short, smooth; sort 3-5 short, becoming confluent : involucra whitish ; edge torn. 2. Asplenium lucidum. Shining spleenwort . Frond bipinnate ; pinnce oblong-lanceolate, acute ; leaf- lets oblong, pinnatifld ; lobes toothed at the tip ; sori become confluent; margin of the involucra not notched. Filix f Genii na q. Adiantum nigrum officinarum J. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 126, 10. Onopteris mas, Ger. cm. 1 1ST. Adiantum nigrum vulgare, Park. 1049. Asplenium Adiantum nigrum, Lin. S. P. 1541r Asplenium lucidum, Sal. Prod. 413. Black maidenhair. Oakfern. Roots of trees, old walls, and shady banks ; perennial ; J une— October. Root black; frond erect, a foot high, sharp pointed, very dark green, smooth; stipes long, dark purple, shining; son many ; involucra very thin, margin not in the least notched. Demulcent, bechic, diuretic, nephritic; and praised by Hoffmann as an antiscorbutic. 0. sterile. Leaflets barren, membranaceous, elegantly palmato-laciniate. Filix foemina q. F. minor longifolia, tarsis raris, pinnulis longis, tenuis- simis et oblongis laciniis fimbriatis Sherard, Raii Syn. 127, 13. In caves, where the sun’s rays cannot enter. 3. Asplenium marinum . Marine spleenwort. Frond pinnate; leaflets oblong, obtuse, inciso-serrate ; the base rounded and subarticulate above, truncated below. Filix Alpina.q, Chamsefilix marina Anglica J. Bauhin, Raii Syn. 119. 2. F. marina Anglica, Park. 1045. Filicula petraea feemina, seu Chamaefilix marina Anglica, Ger. em. 1143. Asplenium marinum, Lin. S. P. 1540. Hocks on the sea coasts : perennial ; June, October. Roots black, scaly ; frond of various sizes ; stipes black, smooth ; leaflets alternate, dark green, veiny ; rachis winged; sori opposite ; involucra brown, not in the least notched. Opening, emmenagogue ; the mucilaginous extract useful in severe burns and scalds. |3. trapeziforme. Leaflets, lobed or jagged. Capillus Veneris q. Adiantum majus coriandri folio, adianto vero affine, pediculo pallide rubente Sibbaldi, Raii Syn. 124, 2, Adiantum trapeziforme, Huds. FI, Ang. 460, 6 PLeiid.cr . 1. FILJCES. 7. Asplenium. IS 4. Asplemum Germanicum. German spleenwort . Frond pinnate; leaflets alternate, lanceolate, cuneate, toothed at the tip, the lower ones two-parted. Scolopendrium alternifolium, Roth Germ. 3,53. Aspleniutn alternifolium, With. 768. Asplenium Breynii, Swartz Syn, Fit. 85. Aspleniutn Germanicum, Weis Crypt. 299. Alternate-leaved spleenwort. Subalpine rocks ; perennial ; June to October. Root black : fronds numerous, 6 in. high, erect, light green, smooth ; leaflets alternate ; sori few, short, pale. 5. Asplenium saxatile. Rock spleenwort. Frond pinnate; leaflets subrotundo-oblong, obtuse, cre- nate, truncato-cuneate ; stipes blackish brown, shining, keeled below. Trichomanes, Raii Syn. 119, 1 ; Park , 1051. T. mas, Ger. em. 1146. Asplenium Trichomanes, Lin. S. P. 1540. Asplenium saxatile, Sal. Prod. 403. English black maidenhair. Shaded rocks and old walls ; perennial; all the year. Root black, hairy, cespitose ; fronds numerous, 6 in. high ; rachis dark purple, smooth, shining ; leaflets smooth, without veins, very dark green above, paler below ; invo- valuer a whitish ; capsules brown. 0. incisum . Leaflets pinnatifid; sometimes very long. Trichomanes foliis elegantis incisis, Raii Syn. 120,2. y. ramosissimum. Frond very much branched at top. 6. Asplemum viride . Green spleenwort . Frond pinnate; leaflets subrotundo-ovate, wedgeshape at the base, obtusely serrate ; rachis green, flat beneath. Trichomanes costa viridi, quandoque bifida, foliis lenticularibus cre- natis, Lhwyd in Raii Syn. 119, 2. Asplenium viride, Hud. FI. Ang. 453. Moist alpine rocks ; perennial ; June, July. Frond about 6 in. high, linear-lanceolate, paler than A. saxatile ; rachis rather four-sided, or flattened below ; involucra and capsules yellowish. 0. ramosum. Rachis divided. Trichomanes ramosum, Raii Syn. 119, 2. Trichomanes feemina, Ger. 985. Branched English black maidenhair , 1 4s 8. Scolopeti. 1. FILICES. Pl.end.cr . *1 • Asplenium murale. Wall spleenwort . Frond, two parted at the base, simply pinnate at the tip ; leaflets rhomboidal, oblong, obtuse, with the tip gnawed or crenate. Ruta muraria, Raii Syn. 122 ; Ger. em. 1144. Jtufa muraria, seu Salvia vitee, Park . 1050. Asplenium Ruta muraria, Lin. S. P. 1541. Asplenium murale, Stokes Bot. M. M. 4, 610. Scolopendrium Ruta muraria, Roth Germ. 3. 52. White maidenhair. W all rue. Tent wort. Moist clefts in rocks and stone walls; per. June to Oct. Foot dark brown; fronds many, 9 in. high, spreading, very dark green, rather of a bluish cast, smooth ; leaflets footstalked, wedgeshape or rhombic, horizontal or even bent down ; sori many ; involucra whitish, their edge ere- nulate. Demulcent and diuretic. /3. majus. Leaflets narrow, acuminate. Ruta muraria q Adiautum album tenuifolium, rutae inurariae accedens, J. Baub. Raii Syn. 123, 2. 8. Asplenium septentrionale. Northern spleenwort . Frond usually 2 or 3 parted; loles linear, with the tip mostly 3- toothed; stipes very long. Filix saxatilis Tragi, Raii Syn. 120, 1 j Park. 1045. Muscus coruiculatus, Ger. em. 1561. Acrosticiium septentrionale, Lin. S. P. 1524. Asplenium septentrionale, Hull FI. Ang. 241. Scolopendrium septentrionale, Roth Germ. 3, 49. Forked maidenhair. Clefts of rocks in the north parts ; peren. June to Oct. Root black, ceespitose ; fronds many, 6 in. high, upright, dark green, smooth, narrow at the base, above three parted ; sori parallel, brown, covering all the narrow disk ; involucra not in the least notched. E. Scolopendri^e. Involucra double, opening length- ways by a slit; sori linear. VIII. 8.SCOLOPENDRIUM.Theophrastus. Hartstongue. Sori linear, oblique, parallel to each other, placed be- tween the secondary ribs of the frond; involucra double, opening by a longitudinal fissure. Scolopendrium vulgar e. Common hartstongue . Frond broad, lanceolate, heartshape at the base ; stipes chaffy. 2 PI. end . cr. I. FILICES. 9. Blechnum. 1 $ Phyllitis, Raii Syn. 116, 1 ; Ger. em.1138. Phyllitis, seu Lingua cervina vulgaris. Park. 1046. Asplenium Scolopendrium, Lin. 8. P. 1537. Asplcuium elongatum, Salisb. Prod. 409. Scolopendrium Phyllitis, Roth Gerni. 3,47. Scolopendrium vulgare, Symons Syn. Blechnum HngUifolium, Stokes Rot. M.M. 4,616. Moist rocks, walls, wells, and banks ; perennial ; July. Boot fibrous, brown; frond 12 to 18 in, high, upright, light green on both sides, smooth ; stipes brown, often ra- ther scaly; sori numerous, yellowish brown, distinct; invo- lucra turn back and are hidden by the prominent capsules. |3. cri spurn. Frond crisp, jagged at the edge. Phyllitis crispa, J. Bauh. H. P. 3,749. y. multifidum. Frond wavy, tip manycut, crisp. Phyllitis multifida, Ger. em. 1138; Raii Syn. 117, 1. S'. polyscfiides. Frond cleft at the edges. Phyllitis polyschides laciniis singulis cruciatum decussatis Bobartlij Raii Syn. 117, 2. £. ramosum . Stipes branched ; frond divided. F. Blechnide.^. Sori linear, contiguous, parallel, on each side of the midrib ; involucra opens towards the rib. IX. 9. BLECHNUM. Dioscorides. Spicant Sori linear, longitudinal, contiguous, parallel to the mid- rib ; involucra superficial, submarginal, opening on the inside. Blechnum boreale. Northern spicant . Frond simple, pinnatifid ; lobes lanceolate, rather obtuse, parallel; fruitbearing fronds distinct, and narrower than the barren ones ; leaflets linear pointed. Lonchitis aspera, Raii Syn. 1 IS; Ger. em. 1140. Lonchitis aspera minor, Park. 1042. Osmunda Spicant, Lin. S. P. 1522. Struthiopteris Spicant, Scop. Cam. 1258. Onoclea Spicant, Flojfm. Germ. 2, 11. . Acrostichum Spicant, Sibthorp. 267. Osmunda borealis, Salisb. Prod. 402. Blechnum Spicant, Roth Germ. 3, 44. Blechnum boreale, Swartz. Schr J. 275. Rough spleenwort. Moist woods and heaths ; perennial; July. Root fibrous, scaly ; fronds a foot or IS in. high, dark green, smooth, pectinato-pmnate; leaflets very numerous, subalternate, mucronate; capsules brown. 16 11. Pteris. 3. FILICE8. PL end . a\ X. 10. STEGANIA. R. Brown. Slonefern. Sori linear, contiguous ; capsules at length covering the back of the contracted frond, or of the leaflets ; involucra marginal, scariose, opening inwards. Stegania onocleoid.es. Onoclea stonefern. Barren fronds bipinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid ; lobes obo- vate, cuneate, inciso-dentate at the tip : fertile fronds bi- pinnate, lower ones tripinnate ; leaflets linear oblong, ra- ther obtuse, not in the least notched, narrower at the base. Filix foemina q. Adiantum album crispum Alpinum Schwenckf. Raii Syn. 126, 9 ; Osmunda crispa, Lin. S. P. 1512. Pteris crispa, With. Bot. Ar. 764. Onoclea crispa, Hoff. Germ. 2, 11. Stegania onocleoides, Yule Ed. Enc. Fit. Osmunda rupestris, Salisb. Prod. 402. Parsley fern. Stone brakes. Stone walls and rocks; perennial; July. Boot fibrous ; frond a foot high, long stalked, smooth, pale green; leaflets petiolate, barren leaflets wedgesbape, rib- bed, flat, cut at the tip ; fruitful leaflets , on a distinct frond, elliptic, convex, not notched ; involucra broad, turgid, ere* nate. O. crispa. Leaves curled. G. Pteride^:. Involucra marginal, scariose, arising from the inflected upper membrane of the frond, opening inwards. XI. 11. PTERIS. Theophrastus. Brahes. Sori linear, marginal. Pteris foemina. Female brakes . Frond three parted; branches bipinnate; leaflets line ar, lanceolate, the upper ones whole, the lower pinnatifid ; lobes oblong, obtuse. Filix foemina, Raii Syn. 124; Ger. em. 1128. F. foemina vulgaris, Park. 1037. Fieri s aquilina, Lin. S. P. 1533. P. borealis, Salisb. Prod. 402. Common brakes , Female fern. Pleaths, woods, and poor pastures; perennial; July. Root long, fusiform ; fronds 3 feet high, spreading, smooth; leaflets opposite; lobes alternate, sessile, lanceolate, not notched; sori on the margin of the lobes; involucra joined together, compressed, crenulate, brown. PL end. cr. 1. FILICES. 13. Woodsia. 1? 0. minor. Frond very slender ; lobes roundish, confluent, barren. Filix foeminaq. Filicula saxatilis ramosa maritima Plukeneti, Rati Syn. 125, 5. On moist walls, but when the roots extend to the ground, they throw up the common variety, Dillen in Ray. XII. 12. ADIANTUM. Theophrastus. Maidenhair . Sori in round, distinct spots. Adian turn font anum, Spring maidenhair. Frond bipinnate; leaflets obovate, cuneate ; fertile lobes terminating in a linear oblong sorus ; sterile lobes serrate. CapiUus Veneris verus, Ger. em. 1143 ; Ran Syn. 123, 1. Adiantum verum sive CapiUus Veneris verus, Park. 1049, Adiantum CapiUus Veneris, Lin. S. P. 1558. Adiantum fontanum, Sal. Prod . A. cuneifolium, Stokes B . M. M. 4, 612. True maidenhair. Rocks and moist walls; perennial; May to September. Root fibrous; fronds sometimes a foot high, upright, spreading, handsome, smooth ; stipes and rachis very smooth, shining, dark purple ; lobes largish, fanshape, streaked, nar- rowed at the base, outwardly lobed, cut, rounded ; invo - lucra kidney-shape, flattened, at first pale, but turn black. H. Cyathe^e. Sori globular; involucra more or less cupshaped, superficial ; capsules generally attached to an elevated receptacle within the cup. XIII. 13. WOODSIA. Brown. Lin. Tr. 11,173. Hairfern . Sori dorsal, roundish ; involucra membranous, cupshape, opening at the edge which is fringed with filiform processes ; capsules pediceiled ; receptacle none. Woodsia alpina. Alpine hairfern . Frond pinnate; leaflets triangular, oblong, inciso-pinna- tifid; lobes not nicked, the lower ones produced at the base ; capsules few. Filix alpina, pedicularis rubras foliis subtus villosis Lhwyd, Raii Syn , 118, 1. Acrostichum alpinum Bolt. Fil.16. A. Ilvense, Huds. 451. Polypodium Arvonicum, With. 774, VOL. II. C 18 13.Woodsia* 1. FELICES. PL end* cr . P. Ilvense, With , 774. P. hyperboreum, Swart. Syn. F. 39. Ceterach alpinum, Dec. Syn. FI. Gall. 1435. Woodsia hyperborea, Brown T.L. S. 11, 123. Redrattleleafed stonefern. Alpine rocks ; perennial ; June. Root cespitose ; fronds spreading*, 2 to 4 in. high, lan- ceolate, rather obtuse, both faces hairy ; rachis hairy ; leaf lets not very close, heartshape, pinnatifid, dilated at the base ; lobes rounded, rather convex, with the edges turned up, scarcely crenate, not armed ; sori roundish, hairy, nu- merous, growing at length quite close, brown. XIV. 14. TRICHOMANES. Dioscorides. Filmfern . Sori marginal ; capsules sessile, inserted into a cylindrical common receptacle, contained within a one-leaf, pitcher- shape open involucrum of a similar texture with the frond ; surculi creeping, downy; fronds pellucid, divided into areolae, very seldom undivided, commonly pinnatifid ; lobes one- ribbed ; involucra terminal ; receptacle mostly extended and elongated. Trichomanes Irevisetum . Shortlristle filmfern . Fronds 2 or 4, pinnatifid, smooth ; leaflets one-flowered ; lobes linear; with the margin unnicked; involucra topshape, hollow, wingless ; apex simple, not nicked ; receptacle hardly exserted ; stipes winged. Fiiix fcemina q. F. humijis repens, foliis pellucidis et sp!endentibusr caule alato Richardson, Raii Syn. 127, 14. Trichomanes pyxidiferum, Huds.Fl.Ang. 461. Hymenophyllum alaturn, Eng. B. 20, 1417. H. Tunbridgense (3. Smith F.A. 1142. Trichomanes brevisetum, Brown in Alton II . K. 5, 529. Cup goldilocks. Shady springs and rocks; perennial; May and June. Frond 4 or 5 inches high, thin, transparent, dark green. XV. 15. HYMENOPHYLLUM. Smith. Dwarffern, , Sori marginal, inserted into a cylindrical receptacle, in- cluded within a bivalve involucrum ; surculi erect, to- mentos e; fronds pellucid, divided into areolae, pinnatifid; lobes one-ribbed; involucrum terminal; receptacle not ex- serted. PL end. cr. 1. FILXCES. 15. Hymenoph. 1$ Hymenophyllum Tunlridgense. Tunbridge dwarjfern . Frond pinnate; leaflets digitato-pinnatifid ; lobes linear, serrate ; sori superaxillary, solitary ; involucra serrate ; rachis winged; stipes round. Capillus Veneris q. Adiantum petraeum perpusillum Anglicum, foliis bifidis Tel trifidis, Raii Syn. 123, 2. Darea Tunbridgensis, Petiver Mus. Trichotnanes Tunbridgense, Lin. S. P. 1561. T. pulchellutn, Salisb. Prod. 404. Hymenophyllum Tunbridgense, Smith FI. Ang. 1141. Tunbridge goldilocks. Moist and shady rocks ; perennial ; May and June. Fronds 2 or 3 in. high, cespitose, decumbent or erect, dark green, membranaceous, transparent ; sori solitary, sessile or with short footstalks on the upper margin of the lobes, lenticular, compressed ; involucrum bivalve, the edge torn or serrate ; capsules many, brown, globose, bivalve, sitting on a short receptacle. I. Botrychi^e. Sori in a compound two-rowed spike, and opening parallely with their insertion ; capsules without ring or striae. XVI. 16. BOTRY CHIUM. Swartz. Moonwort. Spike two rowed, compound ; sori open parallel to their insertion ; capsules without ring or striae. 1. Botrychium lunatum. Lunated moonwort . Scape above one fronded ; frond pinnatifid ; leaflets lu- nate, not in the least nicked. Lunaria minor, Raii Syn. 128 ; Ger. em. 405 ; Parte. 507. Osmunda Lunaria, Lin. S. P. 1519. O. lunata, Salisb. Prod. 401. Botrychium Lunaria, Swartz Syn. Fil. 171. Common moonwort. In meadows and hill pastures ; perennial, June. Root fibrous ; frond about a hand high, smooth, greenish, single ; leaflets crescentshape ; spike at the base of the frond, upright, tworowed ; capsules globose, smooth, brown. Made into an ointment with butter, and rubbed in op- posite to the kidneys, it is esteemed a certain remedy for a dysentery. 2. Botrychium rutaceum . Rue moonwort . Scape above one fronded ; frond bipinnatifid ; lobes notched, 2 or 3 toothed, obtuse. c 2 20 PL end. ct . 16. Botrych. 1. FILICES. Lunaria minor ramosa, Lawsoni ; Raii Syn. 129 ; Ger. em. 4Q6„ Osmunda Lunaria 3. Lin. S. P. 1519. O. lanceolata, Gmel. N. C. Petr. 12, 516. Botrychium rutaceum, Swartz Syn. Fit. 171. Meadows and hilly pastures ; perennial ; June. 3. Botrychium matricarioides. Feverfew moonwort . Scape naked, three parted near the root, subbipinnate ; leaflets oblong, obtuse, toothed. Lunaria minor foliis dissectis Lawson, Raii Syn. 129. Osmunda Lunaria y. Smith F. Ang. 1 107. O. matricariae, Schrank F. Bav. 4 1 9. Botrychium rutaceum 3. Swartz Syn. Fit. 171. Botrychium matricarioides, Willd. S. P. Meadows and hill pastures; perennial; July. K. OpmoGLOssiE. Spike tworowed, apparently jointed ; capsules immersed in the spike, opening transversely, with neither rings nor striae. XVII. 17. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Tragus. Adder stongue. Spike two rowed; capsules immersed, opening trans- versely. Ophioglossum vulgatum . Common adderstongue. Spike on the stem ; frond ovate obtuse, finely reticulated. Ophioglossum, Raii Syn. 128 ; Ger. em. 404. O. seu Lingua serpentina, Park. 506. O. vulgatum, Lin. S. P. 1518. O. ovatum Salisb. Prod. 401. Ophioglossum vulgatum, C. Bank. Pin. 354. In moist fields and pastures ; perennial ; May. Root fibrous ; frond simple, single, ovate with a footstalk, scarce a hand high, very smooth, greenish, not nicked, bearing the spike at the bottom ; spike erect, acute, com- pressed, bearing many capsules. /3. lifidum . Spike bifid, y. duplex . Spike double. incisum. Frond slightly lobed. PI. end. cr. 2. LY COPOD. 1 8. Lycopod. 21 Fam. II. 2. LYCOPODIACE^E. De Candolle. Lyco- podinidece, Swartz. Fructifications crustaceous, sessile in tlie axillae of the leaves, or of the bracteae ; conceptacles of two kinds ; the common sort (the male organs?) replete with fine powdery masses grouped 3 by 3, or 4 by 4 into spherical globules ; the less frequent (the female organs ?) including roughish spherical globules marked underneath with three promi- nent ribs. — Roots fibrous ; stem herbaceous or woody, simple or branched, frequently rampant ; leaves small, not nicked, numerous, either scattered, or alternate, or two rowed, frequently stipuled. Conceptacles capsular ; valvular; leaves cauline . Concep. 2 valved, 1 celled; seeds cohering in globules Lycopodium 18. Concep. 3 valved, 3 celled; seeds angular. Bernhardia 19. Concep. capsular, not valvular ; leaves radical. Isoetes 20. I. 18. LYCOPODIUM. Clusius. Wolfsclaw. Conceptacles of one kind only, sessile, kidneyshape, two- valved, one-celled, in the axillae of the leaves, or in spikes - — Stalk branched ; leaves scattered. a. Plananthus. Conceptacles sessile in the axillce of the leaves. 1. Lycopodium imindatum. Inundation wolfsclaw. Stalk rather branchy, creeping ; flowering branches single, simple, erect ; apex one-rowed ; leaves linear, spread, acute, slightly nicked, curved above. Lycopodium q.Muscus terrestris repens, Raii Syn. 108,4. L. palustre repens, clava singular!. Dill. M. 452. Lycopodium inundatum, Lin . S. P. 1565, Creeping clubmoss. Inundated heaths, turf bogs; perennial; June, July. Flowering branches 1 or 2 inches long ; floral leaves larger than the common, much dilated at the base, and often one- toothed ; conceptacles small. 22 18, Lycopod. 2. LYCOPODIACEiE. Pl.end.cr. 2. Lycopodium ahietiforme. Fir wolfs claw. Stalk forked, erect ; branches eventopped ; leaves spread, in eight series, linear, lanceolate, pointed, not in the least nicked, imbricated, ridged. Selago foliis et facie abietis, Raii Syn. 106. S. vulgaris, Dill. Muse. 435. Lycopodium Selago, Lin. S. P. 1565. Upright Jirmoss. Wet heaths in mountains; perennial; June to August. Stalk about 8 in. high, very leafy ; leaves thick, dark green, shining; conceptacles small, brownish yellow. Violently emetic ; the decoction externally used destroys lice in children’s hair. b. Lepidotis. Conceptacles in spikes , with bractece. 3. Lycopodium annotinum. Yearly wolfs claw. Stalk creeping ; branches ascending, twice twoparted at the base ; leaves in five rows, linear, lanceolate, contracted at each year’s growth ; spike solitary, sessile, terminal. Lycopodium elatius juniperinum, clavis singularibus, sine pediculis, Raii Syn. 107,2; Dill. MAbb. Lycopodium annotinum, Lin. S. P. 1566. Alpine rocks; perennial; June to August. Stem very long ; flowerbearing shoots 2 in. high, gene- rally branched, leafy, contracted at the last year’s shoot ; leaves expanded, light green ; bractece smaller, closely tiled, rather membranaceous, 4. Lycopodium clavatum . Clubbed ujolfsclaw. Stalk creeping; branches ascending; leaves spread, ribless, bent inwards, terminating in hairs ; spikes usually in pairs, cylindrical, footstalked; bractece ovate, pointed, eroso- denticulated. Lycopodium, Raii Syn. 107, 1. Muscus clavatus seu Lycopodium, Ger. era. 1562 ; Park. 1307. Lycopodium vulgare pilosum, amfragosum et repens, Dill. M. 441. Lycopodium clavatum, Lin. S. P. 1564. Clubmoss. Heaths or hills; perennial; July, August. Stalks whiplike, several feet long, creeping, branched leafy all around ; fruitbearing branches upright, 4 in. high, loosely leafed, terminated by 1 to 3 cylindrical, leafy spikes an inch long ; bractece broader at the bottom. PI. end, cr. 2. LYCOPOD. 18. Lycopod. 2 8 5. Lycopodium alpinum. Alpine wolfs claw. Branches erect, forked, bundled ; leaves fourrowed, ob- long, convex, acute, adpressed ; spike terminal, single, ses- sile, round. L. sabinas facie, Raii Syn. 108,3; Dill. M. 445. Muscus clavatus foliis cupressi, Ger. em. 1562. M. clavatus cupressiformis, Park. 1309, 1310. Lycopodium alpinum, Lin. S. P. 1567. Heath cypress. Alpine rocks ; perennial ; August. Stalk creeping, very long, few-leafed ; branches 2 to 3 in. long, full-leafed ; leaves imbricated, small, sharp-pointed, keeled, light green, not in the least nicked ; hradece mem- branaceous, flat, dilated at the base, yellowish ; conceptacles kidney shape, yellow. II. 19. BERNHARD! A. Beauvois. Mountainmoss . Conceptacles capsular, cauline, three lobed, three valved, three celled ; partitions median ; 1. Bernhardia spinosa . Thorny mountainmoss. Stalk creeping ; branches upright, simple ; leaves spread lanceolate, denticulate, ciliate ; spike terminal, single, leafy, single. Selaginoides foliis spinosis, Raii Syn. 106; Dill. M. 460, Lycopodium Selaginoides, Lin. S. P. 1565. Moist alpine heaths ; perennial ; August. Stalk decumbent, branched ; branches rising up at the end, two inches high, leafed all round, leaves light green, shining, rather erect ; bradece larger than the leaves, spread horizontally. ? 2. Bernhardia Helvetica. Swiss mountainmoss . Leaves oval, subacute, furrowed ; two rows larger, and spread, two other rows smaller and adpressed ; stem rooting. Lycopodioides, Raii Syn. 108. Mendip Hills, Lobel ; but has not been found by any other person since. III. 20. ISOETES. Linnaeus. Gen. PI. Quillwort . Fructification radical, at the base of the leaves ; concept tacles globular, not opening, many seeded? — stem creeping; leaves radical, in bundles. 24? 20. Isoetes. 2. LYCOPODIACEiE. PLend.cr . Isoetes lacustris, Lake quillwort. Leaves awlshape, halfround. Subularia vulgaris erecta, folio rigidissimo, Raii Syn. 306, 1. Calaniaria folio breviore et compresso, Dill. M. 540. Isoetes lacustris, Lin. S. P. 1563. Bottom of alpine lakes; perennial; May and June. Root tuberous, with numerous fibres; fronds numerous, 4 to 6 inches high, simple, four-celled, jointed, dilated at the base, membranaceous, bearing fruit in their inside, of two sorts, a. in the internal base of the frond, solitary ; b, in the external base of the frond, size of a pea, roundish, rather compressed, membranaceous, two-celled, many seeded; seeds small, shagreened. |3. gracilis. Leaves long, slender. Calamaria folio longiore et graciliore, Dill. M. 541. y.fragilis. Leaves very brittle, slender, pointed, trans- parent ; pores numerous, minute. Subularia fragilis, folio longiore et tenuiore. Raii Syn. 307,3. Fam. III. 3. M A R S I L E A C E 7E . Brown. Rhizospermee , De Candolle. Fructifications radical ; involucrum spherical, leathery, or membranaceous, not opening; seeds many. — Aquatic herbs. 21. PILULARXA. Vaillant. FI. Par. 159. Peppergrass. Involucrum solitary, subsessile, globular, leathery, four- celled.— Young leaves rolled up like those of ferns. Pilularia globulifera. Pillbearing peppergrass . Leaves threadlike. Graminifolia palustris repens, vasculis granorum piperis semulis, Raii Syn. 136. Pilularia globulifera, Lin. S. P. 1563. Pillwort. In inundated gravelly places; perennial; June, July. Stem creeping, rooting ; involucra axillary, downy, brown, closed, four-celled, lined with sexual organs ? an- thers? above, yellow, clubshaped; germens? below, round- ish, whitish. PI. end. cr. 4. EQUISET. 22. Equisctum. 25 Earn. IV. 4. EQUISETACEiE. Richard. Peltatce, Hoffman ; Filicum pars , Linnaeus, Jus- sieu ; Peltigeree, Batsch ; Gonostendes , Willdenow. Fructification terminal, in the peltate scales of an ament; involucra bivalve ; seeds P numerous, naked, with four very hygrometrical threads twisting and untwisting round them. — Plant leafless ; branches verticillate, furrowed, jointed ; joints girt with a one-leaf sheath. 22. EQUISETUM. Plinii H. N. 26, 13. Horsetail. Character , same as that of the order; there being no other genus. — Herb strongly astringent. 1. Equisetum hyemale. Winter horsetail. Stem naked, erect, very rough, base rather branchy; spike terminal ; sheaths white, with a black base and tip; teeth bearded, all falling off, Equisetum nudum, Rail Syn . 131,11 ; Ger. em. 1113. E.junceum seu nudum, Park. 1201. Equisetum hyemale, Lin. S. P. 1517. Naked horsetail. Rough horsetail. Shavegrass. Dutch rushes . In marshes and moist woods; perennial; July and August. Stem half a yard high, sea-green, very rough ; sheaths short; amentum ovate, black. Used for polishing wood and brass; the epidermis abounding in silica. 0. paucifolium. Leaves few. y. ramosum. Lateral branches numerous. 2. Equisetum variegatum. Variegated horsetail. Stem naked, branchy at the base, stiff, smooth ish ; spike terminal ; sheaths black, white at the tip ; teeth white, dia- phanous, cuspidate. E. nudum minus variegatum Basiliense, Rail Syn. 130,3. E. tenue, Hoppe. Equisetum variegatum, Willd. S. P. Banks of rivers; perennial; July. Stem 6 inches high, quite simple, erect, round, slender, stiff, streaked, smoothish. 6 26 22. Equisetum, 4. EQUISETACE/E. PI. end. cr. 3. Equisetum arvense . Cornfield horsetail. m Barren stems simply branched, branches ronghish, four- sided; fruitful stems simple; sheaths cylindrical, distant, inciso-dentate ; teeth acute. E. arvense longioribus setis, Raii Syn. 130, 2; Park. 1202. E. segetale and E. sylvaticuin, Ger.em. 1114. Equisetum arvense, Lin. S. P . 1516. In moist cornfields and meadows; perennial; March and April. Barren stems , high, branched ip all parts; sheaths small; branches verticillate, spreading, angular; angles rather rough : Fertile stems earlier, 6 inches high ; sheaths very long ; spike lanceolate, long, large. elongatum. Branches very long. E. pratense, longissimis setis, Raii Syn. 131, 8. 4. Equisetum fluviatile. River horsetail. Barren stems simply branched; branches rather rough, numerous, eightsided ; fruitful stems simple ; sheaths fun^ nelshape, rather close, lacero-dentate; teeth bearded. E. inajus, Raii Syn. 130, l ; Ger. em. 1113. E. majus palustre, Park. 1200. E. eburneum, Roth Germ. 111. E. fluviatile, Lin. S. P. 1517. Great horsetail. Marshes and river banks ; perennial ; April. Barren stem 5 or 6 feet high, upright, branched ; branches numerous, verticillate, long, usually simple, rough when viewed by a lens ; fruitful stems very simple ; sheaths short, brown, edge manyeut, bristly ; spike very large. 5. Equisetum limosum. Mud horsetail . Stalk naked, branched ; branches about twelve, fivesided, smooth ; spike terminal. E. nudum laevius nostras, Raii Syn. 131, 10. E. fluviatile, FI. Dan. H84. E. limosum, Lin. S. P. 1517. Smooth naked horsetail. Marshes and watery places ; perennial; June and July. Stems two feet high, very smooth ; branches few, erect, smooth, very rarely verticillate ; spike large, brown, ovate ; barren stems very simple, narrow at top. $. ramosum. Stem branched. E. foliis nudum ramosum, Raii Syn, 132, 12. PL end . cr. 4. EQUISET. 22. Equisetum. 27 6. Equisetum palustre . Marsh horsetail . (Stem branchy, furrowed, smoothish ; branches fivesided, simple, erect; spike terminal. E. palustre, Ger. em. 1114; Lin. S. P . 1516. E. palustre minus. Park. 1200. E. palustre, Raii Syn. 131, 9. Spongy bogs; perennial; June and July. Stem deep furrowed, branched in every part; branches erect, long, simple, minutely scabrous; sheaths greenish, the edges whitish ; spike terminating the stem, single, blackish, slender, formed of a few large, distant scales. j3. tenuissimum. Branches very long and slender. E. palustre, tenuissimis et longissimis setis, Raii Syn. 131, 6. y. polystachion. Upper branches , as 'well as the stem, terminating in a spike. E. palustre, minus, polystachion, Raii Syn , 131, 7. 7. Equisetum sylvaticum. Wood horsetail . Stems doubly branched; branches rather rough, bowed in. long, very narrow7; upper leaves 2 or 3 in. long; both light sea-green; spike 6 or 8-flowered, crowded together. 13. Potamogiton gramineum. Grass riverweed. Leaves linear, lanceolate, alternate, sessile ; stipules nar- rower than the leaves ; stem round, rather forked. P. gramineum latiusculum, foliis et ramiticationibus densissime stipatis,, Raii Syn. 149, 10. Potamogeton gramineum, Lin. S. P. 184. Ditches and rivers ; perennial; July. Plant sunk ; stem slender, bent ; leaves close ; stipules involuto-turbinate ; spikes ovate, fewflowered, close, from the forks of the stem ; peduncles as long as the spike. PLend.ph . 6. FLUVIAT. 26. Potamogit. 37 14. Potamogiton pusillum. Dwarf riverweed . Leaves linear, opposite and alternate, distant, spreading at the base, narrower than the stipulae ; stem round, very slender, branchy ; peduncles axillary : spike many flowered. Pot. pusillum, gramineo folio, caule tereti, Raii Syn. 150, 15. Potamogeton pusillum, Lin. S. P. 184. Ditches and ponds on a clay bottom ; perennial ; July. Plant sunk, except the spike when in flower; stipulce embracing the stem ; peduncles solitary, longer than the spike; spike ovate, small. IV. 27. ZOSTER A. Linnaeus. Grasswrack . Flower monoicous or dioicous, resting on a one-sided leaflike spadix ; perigonium none ; anther round ; pollen connected by fibres ; style 2-cut ; capsule membranaceous, ] -seeded. — Root fibrous; stem round, decumbent, rooting at the joints, leafy; leaves flat, linear, alternate, grasslike; spadix flat, from a cleft in the leaflike, sessile spatha. Zostera marina. Sea grasswrack . Leaves not nicked, slightly 3-nerved ; stem roundish. Alga, Ger. cm. 1569 ; Raii Syn. 52, 1. A. marina gramina minor, Raii Syn. 52,2. A. marina graminea angustifolia seminifera ramosior, Raii Syn. 52, 3. Alga q. Potamogeiton marinum in utriculis epiphyllospermon minus Doody, Raii Syn. 53,4. A. angustifolia vitriariorum, Raii Syn. 53, 5. Fucus marinus sive Alga marina graminea, Park. 1242. Zostera marina, Lin.S. P. 1374. Sea-shores, saltwater ditches; perennial; August. Stem smooth, kneed ; leaves opening a little above the base with a longitudinal slit, exserting a linear spadix bearing flowers on one side ; anther single, sessile, at the side of the germen; germen oblong, sessile; stigmata two, linear ; capsule elliptic, hanging. The scaly hairs at the base of this plant, being detached and felted into balls by the action of the waves of the sea, and roasted to blackness, are used in diseases of the lym- phatic system, in the same manner and with the same in- tent as burnt sponge. (3. latifolia. Leaves broad, very evidently 3-ribbed. II. 7. A ROIDEiE, Jussieu; Piperitarum pars, Lin. Flowers monoicous, sessile, round a simple spadix ; in- volucrum a one-leafed spatha; perigonium none; stamens numerous, aggregated round the spadix ; anthers inverse ; 38 28- Arum. 7. AROIDEiE. PLend.ph. ovaries separate from the stamens, in the lower part of the spadix ; henry round, one-celled ; seed albuminous ; cor- culum straight, in the centre of the perisperm ; radicle be- low.— Plants herbaceous, stemless ; leaves radical, petiolate, base slightly sheathing; spadix inclosed in a spatha, ter- minal; scape radical; spatha. hooded, convolute at the base. Roots contain much fecule mixed with a very acrid, vo- latile matter, which may be separated by heat or washing ; fecules nutritious, used for food ; acrid matter stimulant, used as a vesicatory or escharotic; and internally, much diluted, in consumptive cases. Leaves stimulant and acrid. 28. ARUM. Dioscorides, 2, 197. Cuckowpint. Spatha one-leafed, cucullate, convolute at bottom ; spadix naked at the tip, bearing the stamens in the middle, and ovaries at the base ; anthers in several rows ; herry one- celled, one-seeded. Arum vulgare. Common cuckowpint. Radical leaves hastato-sagittate, lobes deflexed ; spadix clubshapc, shorter than the spatha. Arum, Raii Syn. 266. A. vulgare, Ger. era. 834; Park. 373. A. macul^tum, Lin . 8. P. 1370. Wake Robin, Lords and Ladies. Woods and hedges; perennial; May. Root tuberous, fleshy ; herb stemless ; leaves radical, pe- tiolate, spotted ; scape simple, a foot high, terminated by the spatha; spatha erect, bellied, pale green, coloured within ; spadix coloured at the tip, having numerous sterile filaments? just above the ring of anthers; anthers sessile, crowded ; ovaries sessile ; berries fine red, juicy. Root stimulant, and starch is made from it. |3. immaculatum . Leaves not spotted. III. 8. TYPHACEiE. De Candolle; Typhce , Jussieu. Aroidcearum sectio , Brown. Flowers monoicous, aggregated in unisexual aments; perigomum three-parted ; stamens 3, opposite to the lobes of the perigonium ; anthers inverse ; ovaries free, one- seeded; ovule pendulous; style one', stigma one; akenium drupaceous ; perisperm fleshy ; corculum central, straight ; radicle below, inverse. — Plant gramineous, perennial ; root tuberous ; leaves sheathing, alternate, ensiform ; aments terminal or lateral, naked. Pl.end.pk. 8. TYPHACEAL 29. Sparganium. 39 Ament roundish ; fruit sessile ; setce none ; stigma linear Sparganium. 29. Ament roundish ; fruit sessile ; setce none ; stigma peltate Platanaria. 30. Ament cylindrical ; fruit pedicelled ; setce girding the fruit Typha. 31. I. 29. SPARGANIUM. Dioscorides. Burreed , Ament roundish, axillary; psrigonium 3-lobed, deciduous; stamens three ; filaments capillary ; anthers oblong ; ovary turbinate ; style short ; stigma 1 or 2, linear, long, acute ; akenium 1-2 seeded; not girt with bristles. — Root creeping; leaves three-edged ; stem branchy ; ament lateral, on a flexuose peduncle ; upper aments male. 1. Sparganium ramosum. Branched lurreed. Leaves 3-edged at the base, sides concave; peduncle branched. Sparg. ramosum, Rail Syn . 437, 1 ; Ger. em. 45 ; Park. 1205 . Sparg. erectum, Lin. S.P. 1378. Ditches and river-banks ; perennial ; June, July. Stem about 3 feet high ; peduncles alternately branched, many flowered, bent at bottom ; flowerheads alternate, sessile, many flowered ; upper heads male, numerous ; lower heads female. 2. Sparganium simplex. Unhranched lurreed . Leaves 3-edged at the base, sides flat ; peduncle simple. Sparg. non ramosum, Raii Syn. 437, 2; Park. 1205. Sparg. lati folium, Ger. em. 41. Sparg. erectum 0. Lin. S. P. 1378. Ponds in a gravelly soil ; perennial ; July, August. Stem and peduncle not branched ; lowest flowerhead sometimes pedicelled ; calyx greenish. II. 30. PLATANARIA. Dodonasus. Rillandwort . Ament round, axillary ; perigonium 3-leaved, deciduous ; stamens 3; f laments capillary; ovary subturbinate; style short; stigma ovate, peltate; akenium one-seeded, not girt with setae. — Root creeping, perennial ; stem and leaves flat, flaccid, semipellucid, reticulate, floating ; peduncle un- branched ; female flowerheads 2 or 3, the lowest pedicelled, malehead usually single, terminal. 40 31. Typha. 8. TYPHACEiE. Pl.end.pk . Platanaria natans. Floating rihlandwort . Leaves decumbent, flat. Sparganium minimum, Raii Syn. 437,3; Park. 1205. Sp. natans, Lin. S. P. 1378. Sp. simplex jS, Huds. FI. Ang. 401 . Rivulets and ponds in muddy soils ; perennial ; July. III. 31. TYPHA. Theophrastus. Reedmace . Ament cylindrical, terminal ; filament one; anthers three, oblong, quadrangular; ovary pedicelled; peduncle long and girt at the base with pappi ; style awlshape, persistent ; stigma simple. — Root creeping; culm erect, simple; leaves swordshape, sheathing at the base; male ament above. 1. Typha latifolia. Broadleaf reedmace. Leaves linear, flat, rather swordshape; male and female spikes close together; both cylindrical. Typha, Raii Syn. 436, 1 ; Ger. em. 46. T. palustris maxima, Park. 1204. T. latifolia, Lin. S. P. 1377. T. major, Curtis FI. Lond. 3, 61. Ponds and slow rivers ; perennial ; July. Culm 6 to 8 feet high, erect, not branched, jointless, leafed at the bottom ; leaves upright, nearly as long as the culm, linear, sharp pointed; ament terminal, upright, many- flowered, close ; male flowers above, rather leafy, yellow ; females below, brown. Pollen abundant, used to produce flashes of fire; leaves used for basket-work and mats. 2. Typha angustifolia . Narrowleaved reedmace. Leaves linear, channelled, convex on the back ; male and female spikes remote from one another, both cylindrical. Typha palustris media, Raii Syn. 426,2. T. minor, Park. 1204 ; Curlis FI. Lond. 3, 62. T. angustifolia, Lin. S. P. 1377. Ponds and ditches; perennial; June, July. Culm about three feet high, slender; leaves semicylin- drical below. Used also for baskets and mats. <3. minor. Spike and leaves slender. Gravelly soils. 3. Typha media, f Mean reedmace. Leaves linear, channelled ; culm naked, sheathed at the base ; female spike short, thick, remote from the male. 41 Pl.end.ph. 8. TYPHACEAL. 31.Typha. Typha palustris minor, Raii Syn. 436, 3. Typha minor, Smith FI. Br. 960. Typha angustifolia /3, IAn. S. P. 1378. Typha media, De Candolle Syn. FI. Gall. 1806. Typha minima, TVilld. S. P. 4, 198 ; De Cand. S. F. G. 1807. Marshes ; perennial ; April, May. Culm 3 feet long, naked, sheathed at the base ; sheaths large, split to the bottom into jags resembling leaves, flat, broad, acuminate at the point ; leaves radical, as long as the culm, setaceous, very narrow, deeply channelled, convex on the back, the outer leaves shorter than the rest. IY. 9. CYPERACEA5. De Candolle; Cyperoidece, Jussieu. Flowers hermaphrodite, or unisexual, glumaceous, spiked; glume , of one spathelle, imbricate ; glumelle none, bristle- shape, or 1 or 2 spathellules ; stamens 3, hypogynous ; anthers terminal, affixed by its base, 2-celled ; ovary free, 1 -seeded; style 1; stigmata 2 or 3 ; akenium crustaceous, bony or subdrupaceous, naked, or bristled, or covered with a capsule perforated at top, formed of the spathellules soldered together ; seed erect ; perisperm farinaceous ; cor- culum very small near the hilum, sometimes external. — Herb perennial, grasslike ; cidm simple, round, or 3-sided, without knotty joints ; leaves sheathing ; sheaths not slit lengthways ; bractece mostly sessile ; spathelle spiked ; lower spathelles mostly empty. 1. Spathelles imbricated all round ; flowers unisexual ; akenium inclosed in the hardened glumelle . Caricece. a. Spathellules 2, soldered, inclosing the akenium ; stigmata two Carex. 32. Spathellules 2, soldered, inclosing the akenium ; stigmata three Trasus. 33. Spathellide 1, involute, inclosing the akenium; stigmata three Cobresia. 34. 2. Glumes two-rowed; flowers hermaphrodite; glumelles none , or bristle-like. Cyperacece . b. Style not jointed, deciduous ; stamens 3 ; glumelle 0 ; spikes umbelled Cyperus. 35. Style not jointed, deciduous ; stamens 3 ; glumelle 0 ; spikes capitate Schcenus. 36. Style not jointed, deciduous ; stamens 2 ; glumelle 0 ; akenium drupaceous Cladium. 37. 42 32. Carex. 9. CYPERACEiE. PI. end. ph. Style not jointed, deciduous; glumelles setaceous, shorter than the glume. Ch^tqspora. 38. Style jointed, persisting, dilated at bottom ; glumelle setaceous, shorter than the glume. Rhyncospora. 39. 3. Glumes imbricate all round ; flowers hermaphrodite ; glumelles none , or bristlelike . Scirpidece. c. Style jointed, persisting, dilated at bottom ; spathellules 4, setaceous, shorter than the glume Eleocharis. 40, Style not jointed, deciduous; glumelle none * Isolepis. 41. Style not jointed, deciduous ; spathellules 4 or 6, setaceous, shorter than the glume Scirpus. 42. Style not jointed, deciduous ; spathellules 6, setaceous, denticulate, longer than the glume Trichophorum. 43. Style not jointed, deciduous; spathellules many, setaceous, woolly, longer than the glume Eriophorum. 44. A. Carice^:. Spathelles imbricate all round the spike ; flowers unisexual ; akenium inclosed in the hardened glu- melle. Roots generally diaphoretic, demulcent* and resolvent, and may be substituted for sarsaparilla. I. 32. CAREX. Carex . Flowers monoicous or dioicous, spiked ; spikelets andro- gynous or unisexual; spathelles imbricate all round ; spa - thellules two, joined by the edges, perforated at top, per- sisting, cartilaginous ; stamens 3 ; style 1 ; stigmata 2 ; akenium 1, inclosed in the persistent spathellules.— Root perennial, fibrous, or creeping; culm 3-sided; leaves sheath- ing, rough on the edges; sheath whole; bractece mostly embracing the stem, not sheathing; spikes simple or com«* pound, mostly androgynous. PL end. ph . 9. CYPERACEiE. 32. Carex. 43 Synoptic view of the species. 1, Spikes quite simple. Root creeping; fruit short, spreading C. dioica. 1 . Root fibrous ; culm roughish ; fruit rounded at bottom, becomes reflexed C. DcivalUana. 2. Root fibrous ; culm smooth ; fntit sharp at both ends, becomes reflexed C. pulicaris . 3, 2. Spikes compound ; spikelets sessile , androgynous . a. Spikelets aggregate , capitate . Spikes linear ; fruit oblong, depressed C. simpliciuscula . 4, Spikes ovate ; fruit ovate, beaked C. incurva . 5, b. Spikelets panicled. Spikelets compressed, not two-rowed, female above and below, male between . . C. intermedia . 10, Spikelets two-rowed, male above, female below, androgynous between ; stem crooked ; root creeping . C . arenaria. 11, Spikelets two-rowed, male above, female below, androgynous between ; stem erect; root fibrous C. IVitheringii. 12. Spikelets loose, branches distant, male above, female below; glumes brown; fruit small, shining, not diverging C. paniculata. 7. Spikelet contracted, male above, female below ; glumes ferruginous ; fruit small, shining, not diverging .... C. tereiiuscula. 6. Spikelet decompound, male above, female below ; culm thick, very acute ; fruit large, green, diverging C. vulpina. 9. Spikelet short, simple, oblong, interrupted, male above, female below ; fruit large, green, diverging C. muricata . 13, Spikelet elongated, branchy at bottom, male above, female below ; fruit large, green, diverging C. divulsa . 8, c. Spikelets alternate , male in the upper part . C. diuisa. 14. 44 9. CYPERACEiE. 32. Carex. Pl.end.ph. d. Spikelets alternate , female in the upper part . Lower spikelets 3 to 5 together, remote. C. axillaris . 20. Lower spikelet single ; bractece very long ; fruit ovate, flattened, 2-cut C. remota. 19. Lower spikelet single ; fruit dilated at bottom, angular, diverging, stellate. C. stellulata. 17. Lower spikelet single ; culm rough ; fruit round at both ends, diverging C. elongata. 16. Lower spikelet single ; fruit not diverging ; spikelets all approximating. C. ovalis. 15. Lower spikelet single ; glumes pale ; fruit erect; spikelets 5 or 6, interrupted .... C, curt a. 18. 3. Spikes of different sexes. Glumes obtuse ; spikes sessile ; fruit persisting, ovate, obtuse C. ccespitosa . 23. Glumes obtuse ; lower spike peduncled ; fruit persisting, compressed, flat ; apex bent, not nicked C. rigida. 21. Glumes obtuse ; lower spike peduncled ; fruit persisting, elliptical, inflated ; apex 2-cut. C . pulla . 22. Glumes acute ; fruit deciduous, broad, compressed, acute, green C. stricta . 24. Glumes acute ; fruit deciduous, slender, blunt, brown C. acuta. 25. a. Carices with a simple spike. 1. Carex dioica. Dioicous carex. Spikes oblong, dioicous ; fruit ovate, rather upright, convex, ribbed; upper edge hispid; leaves threadshape; culm smooth ; root stoloniferous. Gramen cyperoides spica simplici cassa, Raii Syn. ed. 2, 261. The male plant. Gramen cyperoides minimum, ranunculi capitulo rotundo, Raii Syn. 425, spic. 15. The female plant. Carex dioica, Lin. S. F. 1379. Carex laevis, Hoppe. Bogs ; perennial ; May and June. Culm not branched, 3 -sided, 4 to 10 in. high; leafy at the bottom; leaves smooth, shorter than the culm ; male spike linear, acute, upright, an inch long ; female spike shorter. 7 9. CYPERACEiE. 32. Carex. 45 PL end. ph. elongata. Spikes longer than usual. Gramen cyperoides minus ranunculi capitulo longiore, Raii Syn. 425 spic. 16. y. androgyna . Spikes androgynous, female flowers few, at the base. 2. Carex Davalliana. DavalVs Carex . Spikes sublinear, dioicous ; fruit attenuated, recurved, ribbed, upper edge rough ; apex not notched ; culm acute- angled, serrulate ; leaves very short ; root tufted. Carex Davalliana, Goodenough L. T. 5, 266. Carex dioica, Willd. Cat. B. 16. Carex scabra, Hoppe. Carex dioica Davalliana, Wahl. A. H, 1803, 138. Bogs; perennial; June, July. Root fibrous ; culm 3-sided, 8 in. high, rough ; leaves shorter than the culm ; spikes linear, very slender, acute, erect ; female spikes few, short ; glumes brown. 3. Carex pulicaris. Flea carex . Spikes above male ; fruit oblong, roundish, smooth, re- flexed, divaricated, sharp at both ends; glumes oblong, persistent, longer than the fruit; root fibrous. Gramen cyperoides minimum, seminibus deorsum reflexis puliciformi- bus, Raii Syn. 424, spic. 13. Carex pulicaris, Lin. S. P. 1380. Carex psylliphora, Lin. Suppl. 413. Fleagrass. Muddy bogs ; perennial ; June. Culm a foot high, smooth, slender; leaves setaceous, smooth ; spikes linear, erect ; glumes brownish grey ; fruit brown, very shining, not notched at the tip. b. Carices with a compound , androgynous spike. 4. Carex simplicius cula. Plain carex . Spike crowded, clubshape ; fruit oblong, depressed, beak short, mouth not notched ; leaves very slender, convolute, Carex simpliciuscula, Wahlenberg , Act. Holm. 1803, 141. Westmoreland mountains; sent to him by Mr. Turner. 5. Carex incurva . Bent carex . Spikes roundish, ovate, capitate; fruit ovate, semiglo- bose, beaked, mouth very slightly notched ; glumes ovate, acute, rather mucronate; culm roundish, smooth, slightly bent ; leaves setaceous, grooved ; root creeping. 46 32. Carex. 9. CYPERACEAE. PL end. ph. Carex juncifolia, Allioni FI. Fed. 2296. Carex incurva, Lightfoot FI. Scot. 544. Deep sands at mouths of rivers ; perennial ; July, August. Root long; culm 6 in. high ; leaves few; bractece shorter than the spikelets ; spikelets roundish, fewflowered ; glumes broad, blunt, brown ; fruit nnicronate, acute, angles smooth. Root, when fresh, sudorific, and, like that of many other species, may be used for sarsaparilla. 6. Carex leretiuscula. Roundish carex • Spikelets panicled, contracted ; fruit ovate, apex two- toothed; angles ciliated, serrated; culm bluntly 3-sided, sides convex ; root creeping. Carex teretiuscula, Goodenough L, T. 2, 163. Bogs ; perennial ; May. Leaves erect, ridged ; sheaths leafless at the base, deeply striated; culm 18 in. high, roundish; spike ovate, oblong, decompound, contracted ; spikelets sessile, ovate ; glumes ferruginous, acute, with a white, scariose edge. 7. Carex paniculata. Panicled carex . Spikelets panicled ; fruit ovate, angles margined above, margin ciiiate-serrate, apex two-toothed ; culm acutely 3-sided, sides concave ; roots fibrous, matted. Gramen cyperoides palustre elatius, spica longiore laxa, Mail Syn. 422, spic. 1. Carex paniculata, Lin. S. P. 1383, Bogs and watery places; perennial; June. Leaves erect, Arm, light green; sheaths many, obtuse, leafless, imbricate, blackish brown, shining ; culm 3 feet high, upright; panicle loose, branches distant, lower branches naked at bottom, top drooping ; bractece ovate, margin scariose, keel ending in an awn ; glumes acute. composita. Panicle much branched above. y . simplex . Panicle simple ; lower spikelets distant. 8. Carex divulsa . Interrupted Carex . Spike branchy at bottom ; spikelets ovate, upper spikelets male, close ; lower spikelets female, distant ; fruit rather upright, ovate, planoconvex, apex 2-toothed and margined, margin smooth. Gramen cyperoides spicatum minus, spica longa divulsa sen interrupta, JRaii Syn. 424, spic. 1 0. Carex divulsa, Goodenough L. T. 2, 160. Carex canescens, Huds. FI. Ang. 405. Carex loliaceu, Schreber Sjpicil. 64 ? 47 Pl.end.ph. 9. CYPERACEiE. 32. Carex. Damp woods ; perennial ; May. Culm 3-sided, sides flat, angles rough, 1 8 inches high ; leaves slender ; sheaths light green ; spike long, but inter- rupted in the lower part and branched ; spikelets 6 or 8, ovate when ripe, slightly squarose ; upper spikelets sessile, close, nearly confluent; middle spikelets distant; lowest spikelets 1 or 2, distant, often compound, or on a short branch ; hractece slender, setaceous ; glumes acute, scariose. 9. Carex vulpina . Fox carex . Spikelets aggregate in threes or fives, oblong, crowded, male above; fruit oval, compressed, 3-sided, divergent, apex 2- toothed ; Iractece setaceous ; culm 3-sided, angles very acute, sides concave ; leaves broad. Gramen cyperoides palustre majus spica compacta, JRaii Syn. 423, spic. 8. Gramen palustre cyperoides, Ger. em. 21. Gramen cyperoides palustre majus, Park. 1266. Carex vulpina, Lin. S. P , 1382. Bogs and river sides; perennial; May to July. Root fibrous, matted ; leaves broad, deep green, longer than the culm ; calm upright, 2 feet high, leafy at bottom, thick near the spike, angles very rough ; spike obtuse ; partial spikes compact, sessile; spikelets sessile; glumes acute, brown, with the keel greenish. £. decomposita. Braclece awned ; panicle doubly branched. y. aristata. Bractece awned ; panicle branched. & acuta. Bractece acute ; panicle branched. 10. Carex intermedia. Intermediate carex. Spikelets alternate, crowded, the lowest rather distant; upper and lower spikelets female, middle spikelets male ; fruit ovate, margined, apex 2-cut, angles ciliated and ser- rate ; culm erect ; root creeping. Gramen cyperoides, q. Gramini cyperoidi ex monte Ballon simile, spica totali e pluribus spicis composita Plukenet, Ran Syn. 423, spic, 4. Carex spicata, Pollich Pal. 878. Carex disticha, Hudson FI. Ang. 403. Carex arenaria, Leers FI. Herb. 195. Carex intermedia, Goodenough L. T. 2, 154. Bogs and watery places ; perennial ; May, June. Root descending deep; leaves long; culm upright, 18 in. high, angles acute and rough ; spike blunt, thick above, slightly compressed, never two-rowed ; spikelets many, ovate, ferruginous ; glumes acute, brown with a pale rib. 6 48 32. Carex. 9. CYPERACEiE. PL end . ph , 11. Carex arenaria. Sand carex, Spikelets alternate, crowded ; upper spikelets male, the intermediate ones female or androgynous ; lower spikelets female; fruit ovate, margined, apex two-cut, ciliated, ser- rate, curved ; leaves rolled in at their edge ; root creeping. Gramen cyperoides, q. Gramini cj-peroidi ex monte Ballon simile hir- milius, in maritimis et arenosis nascens Plukenet. Rail Syn. 423, spic. 5. Carex arenaria, Lin. S. P. 1381. Shores of the sea ; perennial ; June. Root very long; culm 18 in. long, bent, naked; leaves in tufts ; sheaths dry, brown ; spike ovate, compressed, two-rowed,; upper spikelets crowded; Iractece lanceolate, scariose, the lower ones having a leafy point ; glumes acute, yellowish, brown ; fruit lanceolate, acute, winged, margin rough. 12. Carex Witheringii, Withering' s carex . Spikelets alternate, crowded, upper male, lower female, intermediate female or androgynous ; fruit ovate, apex two-cut, margined, margin serrated, ciliated yculm upright; leaves channelled ; root fibrous. Carex arenaria 2. Withering 125. Sands on the sea-shores; perennial ; June. Root not creeping ; culm 5 in. high, naked, sheathed at the base ; leaves slender, acute, channelled, not so long as the culm ; Iractece leafy, acute, slender, semi-amplexicaule ; spike two-rowed, lanceolate ; spikelets sessile, acute ; glume lanceolate, yellow, with a green rib ending in an awn. 13. Carex muricata. Thorn carex . Spikelets ovate; upper spikelets male, close ; fruit di- verging, horizontal, ovate, plano-convex, apex two-toothed, margined at the base, margin ciliated, serrated ; leaves narrow ; root fibrous. Gramen cyperoides spicatum minus, Raii Syn. 424, spic. 9. Carex muricata, Lin. S. P. 1382. Carex canescens. Leers FI. Herb. 712. Carex spicata, Hudson FI. Ang. 406. Woods and moist meadows ; perennial ; May and June, Culm upright, 18 in. high, 8-sided, sides flat, angles acute, rough; leaves narrow, keeled; spike branched, oblong, cylindrical, 6 to 8-parted ; spikelets 8 or 10, roundish; Iractece ovate, scariose, keeled, bristly at the end ; glume ferruginous, with the margin and keel greenish. (3. gracilis . Spike slender, compound ; culm rather mooth. 9. CYPERACEiE. 32. Carex. 49 Pi. end. pk. 14. Car ex divisa. Divided car ex. Spikelets mostly 6, ovate, upper male interrupted ; fruit ovate, adpressed, apex 2-toothed, compressed; hractece leaf- like erect, at the Very bottom of the spike ; root creeping. Gramen cyperoides ex monte Ballon, spica divulsa, Raii Sz/n.423, spic. 3 . Carex divisa, Hudson FI. AnglAOb. Bogs and near the sea ; perennial ; May, June. Root thick, twisted; culm upright, weak, 2 feet high; leaves slender, upright, light green ; spike ovate, branched, compressed ; spikelets crowded irregularly ; hractece leaflike, longer than the spike ; glumes brown, mucronated, with a pale edge and keel. (3. curta. Bractece shorter than the spike. 15. Carex ovalis. Oval carex . Spikelets mostly 6, roundish, elliptical, rather close; lower male, solitary \ fruit ovate, margined, margin ciliated, serrated, apex with two short teeth ; glumes lanceolate as long as the fruit ; culm fistulous. Gramen cyperoides spica e pluribus spicis brevibus mollibus composita, Raii Syn. 422, spic. 2. Carex leporina, Hudson FI. Angl.404?. Carex ovalis, Goodenough L. T. 2, 148. Bogs; perennial; June. Culm upright, 2 feet high, 3-sided, leafy at the base ; leaves deep green, flat, as long as the culm ; spikelets 4 to 6, elliptical, reddish green ; hractece leaflike, as long as the spike, falling off; glume acute, reddish; keel green. 16. Carex elongata. Longspike carex * Spikelets 6 to 12, alternate, approximate, cylindrical, lower male, single; fruit ovate, pointed, nicked, ribbed, patulous ; glumes ovate, obtuse, much shorter than the fruit. Gramen cyperoides angustifolium npicis longis erectis, C. Bauhin Pi * nax 6. Carex elongata, Lin. S. P. 1383. Carex canescens, Pollich Pal. 881. Carex multicaulis, Ehr. Gram. 88. Carex multiceps, Etr.de Flora , 78. Marshy places ; perennial; June. Roots in tufts; culm 2 feet high, naked above, apex drooping ; leaves pale green, upright ; spike hardly inter- rupted; spikelets 6 to 12, cylindrical, when ripe squarose, crowded above, remote below ; hractece glumaceous, rib ending in a bristle ; glumes brown red ; rib green. VOL. II. e 50 32. Carex. 9. CYPERACEJE. PL end . pL 17. Carex stellulata . Star carex. Spikelets mostly 4, rather remote ; fruit ovate, pointed, diverging horizontally ; apex 2-toothed ; margin ciliated, serrated ; glumes ovate, acute. Gramen cyperoides spicatum minimum spica divulsa aculeata, Raii Syn, 424, spic. 12. Carex muricata, Hudson FI. Ang. 406. Carex echinata, Hoffm. Germ. 326. Carex stellulata, Goodenough L . T. 144. Carex Leersii, Willd. Prod. 95. Marshes ; perennial ; May and June. Root fibrous, tufted; culm 12 in. high, bluntly 3-sided; leaves deep green, upright; spikelets 3 or 4, distant, short, roundish, when ripe squarose, stellate ; bractece very long,, leaflike ; glume acute ; rib broad, green. /3. masculina . Upper spikelet male. 18. Carex cur ta. Short carex. Spikelets mostly 6, close, cylindrical ; fruit upright, ovate, planoconvex, rather acute, apex undivided ; glumes ovate, acute, shorter than the fruit. Grainen cyperoides elegans spica composita molli, Raii Syn. 423, spic. 7. Carex ericoides, Hudson FI. Ang. A 08. Carex canescens, Lightfoot , 550. Carex cinerea, Pollich Pal. 880. Carex teaeila, E hr. Gram. 98. Carex curta, Goodenough L. T. 2, 145. Marshy places ; perennial; June. Root rather creeping; culm acutely 3-cornered, 18 in. high ; leaves slender, upright, pale green ; spikelets silvery white, ovate, upper ones opposite, lower rather remote; glumes skinny, tender, whitish green; bractece leaflike, slen- der, upper ovate, whitish, rib ending in an awn. 19. Carex remota. Distant carex. Spikelets remote, solitary ; bractecs leaflike, much longer than the culm ; fruit ovate, acute, rather compressed, apex slightly 2-cut, edge blunt; culm lax. Gramen cyperoides angustifolium spicis parvis sessilibus in foliorum alis, Raii Syn. 424, spic. 11. Carex remota, Lin. S. P. 1383. Moist woods and shady ditch banks; perennial; May and June. Root in thick tufts ; culm slender, leafy, 2 feet high ; leaves pale green, slender ; spike very long, at length drooping ; spikelets solitary, small, ovate, whitish, 3 or 4 lower ones 7 9. CYPERACE^E. 32. Carex. 51 PL end.ph . very distant, the rest closer, rather naked ; bractece leaflike, spreading, amplexicaul; glumes acute, whitish, with a green rib ; fruit longer than the glumes. p. axillaris . Bractece as long as the spike. Carex axillaris, Lin. S. P. 1382. 20. Carex axillaris. Axillary carex . Lower spikelets 3 or 4 together, distant; fruit ovate, acute, compressed, as long as the glume; apex deeply 2-cut, margin ciliated, serrate ; lower bractece very long, leaflike; culm stiff*. Carex axillaris, Goodenough L, T. 2, 158. Bogs ; perennial ; May and June. Culm upright, 3 feet high; leaves light green, slender; lower spikelets 3 to 5, aggregated ; upper spikelet distant, solitary; bractece leafiike, slender, longer than the spike; glume ovate, acute, brownish with a green rib. c. Carices with spikes of different sexes. 21. Carex rigida. Stiff carex. Female spikes 3, elliptical, cylindrical, blunt ; fruit sub- globose, apex not notched ; glume ovate, blunt ; bractece sessile, rounded at bottom, membranous, eared ; culm rough ; leaves broad, stiff*. Carex saxatilis, FI Dan. 159. Carex rigida, Goodenougn L. T. 2, 193. High mountains ; perennial ; May and June. Root creeping ; culm 5 in. high : leaves dark green, ra- ther glaucous, shorter than the culm; male spikes 1 or 2 acute; female spikes 3; glumes black, blunt, half the length of the fruit. £. recurva. Beak of the fruit bent back. 22. Carex pulla. Russet carex. Female spikes 2 or 3, distant, elliptical ; fruit elliptical, globose, beaked, apex 2-toothed : glume oblong, blunt, smaller than the fruit : bractece amplexicaul. Carex fusca, Schkuhr Carex , 64. Carex pulla, Goodenough L. T. 3, 78. Alpine pastures ; perennial ; July. £ 2 52 32. Carex. 9. CYPERACEiE. PL end. ph* Root creeping ; culm 9 in. high ; leaves slender, nearly upright; male spike terminal, lanceolate, upright; female spikes usually 2, upright, distant ; glume lanceolate, obtuse, brown, edge thin and pale ; fruit inflated, longer than the glume. 23. Carex ccespitosa . Tyft carexi Female spikes cylindrical, blunt, mostly 3, distant, the lower with short footstalks ; fruit ovate, obtuse, pierced at the top, edge not notched ; glume small, oblong, blunt, edge white ; hractece setaceous, leaflike, eared at the base ; culm very acutely angled, flaccid; leaves narrow, long, flaccid. Gramen cyperoides q. G. caryophylleum angustissimis foliis, spicis ses- sili bus brevioribus erectis non compactis, Iiaii Syn. 418. polyst. 6. Carex casspitosa, Lin. S. P. 1388. Bogs and damp woods ; perennial ; May* Root creeping; culm upright, 12 in. high; leaves light green, glaucous, soft, upright; male spikes 1 or 2, upright, oblong, 3-sided; female 2 or 3, cylindrical; glume black, shorter than the fruit ; hractece eared, ears large, nearly confluent ; fruit persistent. 24. Carex strict a. Straightleaf carex . Female spikes mostly 3, distant, cylindrical, attenuated, the lowest with a very short footstalk ; fruit ovate, acute, apex pierced ; glume lanceolate, acute, small ; hractece1 broad ; culm stiff, acutely angled ; leaves short, stiff. Gramen cyperoides foliis caryophylleis, spicis erectis sessilibus e se- mi ni bus confertis coinpositis, Iiaii Syn. 418, polyst. 4. Carex caespitosa, Huds. Fl.Ang. 412. Carex caespitosa Lightf. FI. Sc. 581. Carex acuta «, Leers Herb. 204. Carex stricta, Goudenough L. T. 2, 190. Bogs; perenial ; April Root creeping; calm 2 feet high, upright; male spikes 2, upright, 3-sided ; female 3, sessile, cylindrical, acute ; glume acute, shorter than the fruit ; hractece leaflike, not eared at the base; fruit acute, apex not notched. 25. Carex acuta. Sharp-pointed carex. Male spikes 2 or 3 ; female 4 or 5, with a short foot- stalk, rather drooping, cylindrical, distant; fruit oblong, beak very short, apex not notched but pierced ; glume oblong, acute, as long as the fruit ; hractece long, leafy ; culm acute-angled, rough, lax ; leaves lax. 9. CYPERACEiE. 32. Car ex. 53 PI. end.ph. Gramen cyperoides majus angustifolium, liaii Syn. 417, polyst. 2; Qer, ew. 29 ; Park. 1 205. Carex acuta /3, Lin. S. P. 1388. Carex gracilis, Curtis FL Lond. 4, 62. Carex acuta, Goodenough , L. T. 2,203. Watery places ; perennial; May. Hoot creeping; culm 2 feet, high; leaves narrow, pale green ; male spikes 2 or 3, slender ; female 3, slender, drooping at first, but afterwards upright; glume acute, nearly as long as the fruit. P. minor. Culm not 2 inches high. y. major. Male spikes very large, numerous ; glumes ^wned, longer than the fruit. monstrosa. Stamens exserted from the spathellules. II. 33. TRASUS. Sedge. Spathelle one, imbricate all round ; spathellules 2, sol- dered at the edge, persisting, becoming cartilaginous ; stamens 2 or 3; style 1 ; stigmata 3; akenium 3 -sided, in the soldered capsuliform spathellules. — Root perennial, fibrous or creeping; culm 3-sided; leaves rough on the edge and keel, sheathing; sheaths whole; bractece sheathing or amplexicaul ; flowers spiked ; spikes many, generally unisexual, in the 1st and 2d species androgynous, male flowers above, few, mostly sessile; female flowers below, numerous, either sessile or with footstalks. A synoptic view of the species. 1. Spikes androgynous. Spike 1 , 4 or 5-flowered ; fruit reflected ; glumes deciduous T. pauciflorus. 1, Spikes 3 to 5, female at top, upright when in flower, drooping when in fruit .... T. atratus. 2. 2. Spikes of different sexes. a. Bractece membranous ; fruit downy. Male spikes footstalked, overtopping the female T. clandestine. 3. Male spikes sessile, overtopped by the female T. digitatus . 4. 54 S3. Trasus. 9. CYPERACEAE. PI. end . ph. b. Bractece leaflike ; fruit downy ; spikes sessile , or with sheathed footstalks. Male spike 1 ; female 2 or 3 ; bractece sheathing T. prcecox. 5 . Male spike 1 ; female 2 or 3 ; glume short; hractece amplexicaul ; culm upright T. tomentosus . 6. Male spike 1 ; female 2 or 3; glume long; hractece amplexicaul; culm lying down . . T. piluliferus. 7. Male spikes 2 ; female 3, cylindrical, brown ; fruit hirsute; plant hairy . . T. hirtus. 8. Male spikes 2; female 2, ovate, oblong, black; fruit woolly ; plant smooth T.fliformis. 9. c. Bractece leaflike ; fruit smooth ; spikes sessile , or with a footstalk enclosed in a sheath. Bractece amplexicaul ; culm, acute-angled ; fruit inflated, beaked T. vesicarius. 10. Bractece amplexicaul ; culm obtuse-angled ; fruit inflated, beaked T. ampullaceus. 1 1 . Bractece sheathing ; culm smooth ; fruit beaked, beaks recurved T.flavus. 12. Bractece sheathing ; culm smooth ; fruit beaked, beaks straight T. Oederi . 1 3. d. Bractece leaflike , sheathing ; fruit smooth ; spikes upright , upper ones sessile , lower footstalked exserted , male 1. Fruit beaked, 2-cut ; glume 3-ribbed ; sheath short ; culm smooth ; ligida 0 T. extensus. 14. Fruit beaked, 2- toothed; glume 1 -ribbed; sheath long; culm smooth; ligula long, acute T. Hostianus. 15. Fruit beaked, 2-toothed; glume 1 -ribbed; sheath long; culm rough; ligula 0 T.fulvus. 16. Fruit beaked, 2-cusped; glume 3-ribbed ; sheath long; culm smooth; ligida short, blunt. T. distans. 17. Fruit beaked, 2-lobed, 2-ribbed; glume 1 -ribbed; sheath long; cidm smooth; ligula 0 T. binervis. 18. Fruit obtuse, not nicked ; root creeping ; sheath long ; culm smooth T. paniceus. 19. Fruit beaked, scariose, not nicked ; root fibrous ; sheath short ; cidm smooth T. depauperatus. 20. 9. CYPEtlACEiE. 33. Trasus. 55 PI. end. ph. e. Bractece leaflike, amplexicaul ; spikes upright , upper ones sessile , lower foot stalked , male 2 or 3. Glumes acute ; male spike 3-sided ; female cylindrical .... T. riparius, 21. Glume of the male flower blunt, of the female acute, awned ; spikes cylindrical . * T. paludosus. 22. f. Bractece leaflike , sheathing ; spikes drooping , upper ones sessile , lower footstalked, exserted, male 1. Fruit crowded, ovate, acute ; leaves broad T. pendulus. 23. Fruit lax, lanceolate, 3-sided, ribbed ; leaves narrower T. strigosus . 24. g. Bractece leaflike, sheathing; fruit smooth; spikes footstalked, drooping. Female spike lax, filiform ; fruit ovate, beak long T. sylvaticus . 25. Female spike ovate ; fruit ovate, 3-sided, pointed, smooth .... T. capillaris. 26. Female spike ovate; fruit elliptic, compressed, beaked, edge rough. T. ustulatus. 27. h. Bractece leaflike , sheathing; spikes upright, footstalked, exserted. Fruit smooth T. Icevigatus. 28. Fruit rough T. erectus. 29. i. Bractece leaflike , amplexicaul ; fruit smooth ; spikes footstalked. Root creeping ; female spike ovate ; fruit elliptical, compressed T. limosus. 30. Root creeping ; female spike cylindrical ; fruit elliptical, 3-sided, roughish T. glaucus. 31. Root creeping ; female spike lax, fewflowered; fruit obovate, obtuse, smooth T. rariflorus. 32. Root fibrous ; spikes manyflowered ; fruit 3-sided, furrowed, beaked T. chlorostachyos. 33. Root fibrous ; fruit elliptical, inflated, obtuse ......... T.pallescens . 34. 56 33. Trasus. 9. CYPERACEiE. Pl, end.pk. 1. Trasi with androgynous spikes . 1. Trasus pauciflor us. Fewflowered sedge. Spike androgynous, not branched, mostly 4< or 5-flowered; male flower terminal, mostly solitary ; fruit lanceolate, round, reflexed ; glume of the female flowers deciduous ; leaves long, convolute ; upper sheaths leafless. Carex patnla, Hudson FI. Ang.A02 , 657. Carex leucoglochin, Lin. Sup. 413. Carex pauciflora, Lightfoot FI. Scot. IAS. Alpine bogs; perennial; June. Root fibrous, in tufts ; culm 5 in. high, smooth ; leaves usually in pairs, only half as long as the culm ; spike ovate, oblong, acute ; fruit yellowish green, striated. 2. Trasus atratus. Black sedge. Spikes androgynous, 3 to 5, on footstalks, crowded, ter- minal male in the lower part, fruitbearing, drooping; fruit subrotund, ovate, beak short, apex 2-toothed ; glumes ovate, acute ; bractece amplexicaul ; leaves crowded. Carex atrata, Lin. S. P. 1386. Alpine pastures ; perennial; June, July. Culm upright, 2 feet high, angles smooth ; leaves light green, broad, flat ; bractece leaflike, spreading ; spikes at first upright, afterwards drooping ; stamens 2 or 3 ; glumes black ; fruit yellow, ribless, smooth. 2. Trasi with many spikes , of different sexes. a. Bractece membranous , leaflike ; terminal spike solitary , male; female spikes sessile ; fruit hairy. 3. Trasus clandestinus . Concealed sedge . Male spike footstalked; female 2, usually 3-flowered, distant, nearly sessile, concealed in the bracteae ; fruit ob- ovate, obtuse, hairy, apex not nicked ; leaves channelled. Carex prostrata, Allioni Ped. 2,267. Carex clandestina, Goodenough L. T. 2, 167. On sunny rocks ; perennial ; May. Culms in tufts, 2 in. high, upright, 3-sided; leaves up- right, 3 times as long as the culm, dark green, edge very rough; rachis rough, hollowed out; male spike rather 3-sided, linear, manyflowered; female spikes 2 or 3, distant, fewflowered; bractece obtuse, brown, sheathing; glumes pbtuse, dark brown. 9. CYPERACEJE. 33. Trasus. 5? PI. end. ph. 4. T? - asns digitatus. Finger sedge . Male spike sessile ; females 3, fingerlike, distant, foot- stalked, linear ; fruit obovate, beaked, 3-sided, downy ; glumes obovate, mucronate, as long as the fruit ; bracted oblique, mucronate ; culm compressed ; leaves flat. Carex digitata, Lin. S. P. 1384. Woods in chalky soils; perennial; May. Culm slender, obtusely 3-sided, 3 in. long, smooth; leaves light green, slender, flat ; male spike oblong, acute ; females 2 or 3, linear, 8-flowered, footstalked, from the same sheath as the male and overtopping it ; bracted sheathing, scariose; glumes loose, truncated, reddish, with a green rib. b. Bracted leaflike , sheathing; spikes footstalked, enclosed in the sheath ; fruit downy. 5. Trasus prdcox. Farly sedge . Female spikes 2, close, oblong ; fruit subglobose, obtuse, 3-sided, downy; glume ovate, acute, as long as the fruit. Gramen cyperoides vernum minimum, Rail Syn. 421, polyst. 17. Gramen cyperoides spicatum, Ger. cm. 22. Gramen spicatum foliis caryophylleis, Park. 1160. Carex montana, Relhan Cant. 353. Carex saxatilis, Huds. FI. Ang. 408. Carex praecox, Jacquin Austr. 446. Carex verna, Villars Dauph. 2, 204. Carex filiformis, Leers Herb. 718. Carex stolonifera, Ehr. Gram . 99. Dry barren pastures, heaths ; perennial ; April. Root stoloniferous ; culm 3-sided, edges blunt, 6 in. high ; leaves in tufts, short, light green, shining, recurved ; male spikes thick, clubshape ; female spikes with a short footstalk : bractece scariose, awned ; glume ferruginous, edge not scariose but the same colour, rib greenish ; fruit not notched at the apex. c. Br acted leaflike, ample xicaul ; spikes all sessile : fruit downy* 6. Trasus tomentosus. Napped sedge . Female spikes 2, cylindrical, rather close; fruit roundish, napped ; glumes ovate, acute, smaller than the fruit ; bracted eared, amplexicaul. Carex tomentosa, Lin. Mant. 123. Carex sphaerocarpa, Ehr. Gram. 89 Fields; perennial; June. 58 33. Trasus. 9. CYPERACEAL Pl.end,ph» Root creeping; culm 12 in. high, angles acute; leaves upright, shorter than the culm ; bractece scarcely overtop- ping the culm, sheath very short or none ; male spike lan- ceolate, blunt ; glume lanceolate, brownish, rather pointed, rib green; fruit as long as the glume, closely napped ; nap first white, afterwards yellow. 7. Trasus piluliferus . Pill sedge . Female spikes 2 or 3, close, elliptical, roundish ; fruit round, downy, beak short ; glumes oblong, acute, longer than the fruit ; culm lying down, serrulate. Gramen cyperoides spicis brevibus congestis, folio molli, Raii Syn. 421, polyst. 19. Gramen cyperoides tenuifolium, spicis ad summum caulem sessilibus globorum aemuiis. Rail Syn. 422, polyst. 20. Carex pilulifera, Lin. S. P. 1385. Carex montana, Lin . S. P. 1385. Carex filiformis, FI. Dan. 1048. Round-headed carex. Fields and pastures ; perennial ; May and June. Culm 9 in. long, acutely 3-sided, slender, weak ; leaves upright, bent back at top, light green ; bractece bristlelike, 3-sided; male spikes lanceolate, slender, acute; female spikes 2 or 3, cylindrical, conglomerate, spreading ; glumes ovate, ferruginous, edge white, rib green ; fruit green, apex not notched. 8. Trasus hirtus. Rough sedge . Male spikes 2; female 3, oblong, distant; lower one shortly footstalked ; fruit oblong, pointed, rough haired, apex 2-cusped ; glumes oblong, rough haired, awned ; awns very long ; leaves and sheaths roughhaired. Gramen cyperoides polystachium lanuginosum, Raii Syn. 418, polyst. 7. Carex hirta, Lin. S. P. 1389. Damp fields and marshes ; perennial; May and June. Root creeping widely; culm smooth, 2 feet high, upright, leafy; leaves upright, acute, downy on the upper face; sheath very roughly haired above ; bractece leaflike, as long as the spike; male spike lanceolate; glume ovate, brown, hairy, rib yellowish; glumes of the female spike bald, longawned, rib-green ; fruit ovate, ribbed. /3. glaber. Bald , sheath very slightly hairy ; fruit rough- haired. y. compositus. Male spikes 3 or 4 ; female branched ; spikelets 2 or 3, crowded, with a leaflike bractea at their bottom. 9. CYPERACEiE. 33. Trasus. £9 PL end. ph. 9. Trasus filij or mis. Thread sedge.* Male spikes 2, very long ; female spikes 2, ovate, ob- long, distant, sessile ; fruit elliptical, woolly, apex 2-forked; glumes oblong, lanceolate, shortawned, as long as the fruit; leaves grooved. Carex filiformis, Lin. S. P. 1385. Carex tomentosa, Lightf. Scot. 2, 552. Carex hirta, FI. Dan. 379. Carex lasiocarpa, Ehr. Gram. 10. Carex splendida, Willdenouo Prod. 103. Slender leafed carex. Bogs ; perennial ; June. Root creeping ; culm upright, naked, 2 feet high, to- wards the top 3-sided ; leaves upright, stiff, narrow, not keeled : bractece leaflike, overtopping the culm ; male spikes distant, lanceolate ; glumes black with a yellow rib ; female spikes 1 or 2, distant, upright ; glumes pointed, bald ; fruit ribbed, blackish with strawcolour hairs. 0. simplex . Male spike 1. d. Bractece leafiike , amplexicaul ; spikes sessile , male many , upright ; fruit smooth. 1 0. Trasus vesicarius. Bladder sedge . Female spikes 2 or 3, footstalked, cylindrical ; fruit ob- long, inflated, beaked, apex 2-forked ; glume lanceolate, smaller than the fruit; bractece long; culm acutely 3-sided; leaves broad. Gramen cyperoides majus praecox, spicis turgidis teretibus flavescenli- bus, Rail Syn. 420, polys t. 14. Carex vesicaria, a and y, Lin. S. P. 1388. Carex infiata, Huds. FI. Angl. 412. Bogs and watery places ; perennial ; May. Root creeping ; culm 2 feet high, upright ; leaves upright, pale green, very long ; bractece sheathless ; male spikes 2 or 3, slender, acute, light brown ; glumes ovate, lanceolate, pale, ferruginous ; female spikes upright; glumes lanceolate, acute, green ; fruit very smooth, loosely spreading. 11. Trasus ampullaceus. Crewet sedge. Female spikes 2, cylindrical ; fruit subglobose, inflated, beaked, apex 2-forked; glumes lanceolate, smaller than the fruit; culm obtuse-angled ; leaves narrow, edge rough. 60 33. Trasus. 9. CYPERACEiE. Pl.end.ph. Gramen cyperoides polystachion majus, spicis teretibus erectis, Raii (S yn. 419, polyst. 9. Carex vesicaria, Hudson FI. Ang. 413. Carex rostrata. Withering B. Ar. ed. 2. 1059. Carex ampullacea, Goodenough L. T. 2, 207. Bogs and watery places ; perennial ; May. Root creeping; culm upright, 2 feet high, 3-sided; angles bald below, rough above the lowest spike ; leaves upright, slender, glaucous ; bractece without sheaths, long, the lowest overtopping the culm ; male spikes 2 or 3, close, very slen- der, pale brown; glumes obtuse, brown, rib yellow m, female spikes 2 or 3, distant, cylindrical, obtuse; glumes acute; fruit very smooth, apex longbeaked, beak diverging at a right angle. e. Bractece leaflike , sheathing ; spikes footstalked9 enclosed in the sheaths , upright , male solitary ; fruit smooth . 12. Trasus flavus . Yellow sedge . Female spikes 3, close, elliptical ; fruit ovate, beaked, beaks bent back, 2-toothed; glumes ovate, lanceolate, shorter than the fruit ; culm rather smooth. Gramen cyperoides q. Gramen palustre echinatum, Raii Syn. 421, polyst. 18. Gramen palnstre echinatum, Ger. em. 17. Gramen echinatum Germanicum, Park. 1187. Carex flava, Lin . S. P. 1384. Hedgehog grass. Bogs ; perennial ; May and June. Root creeping ; culm upright, a foot high, 3-sided, leafy below ; leaves pleasant green, upright, broadish, flat, longer than the culm; bractece much higher than the culm, the upper scarcely sheathing, the lower sheathing, and not much spread out ; male spike 1 or 2, lanceolate, upright ; female spikes 3, ovate roundish, the upper close, almost sessile, the lower rather distant, footstalk longer than the sheath ; glumes ovate, yellow, edge white, rib green ; fruit yellowdsh green, diverging every way. j3. scaber. Culm rough edged. 7. duplex . Male spikes 2. 13. Trasus Oederi. Oeder s sedge . Female spikes 4, roundish; fruit globose, beaked, beak rather straight, 2-toothed ; glume ovate, lanceolate, longer than the fruit ; culm smooth. 9, CYPERACE/E. 33. Trasus. 61 PI. end. ph . Carex extensa, Withering? Carex Oederi, Hoffm. Germ. 214. Carex flava jS, De Candolle Syn. FI. Gall. 1745. Carex flava y, Willd. Sp. Pi. 4, 268. Moist sandy meadows ; perennial ; all the year. Root fibrous, creeping, throwing up new culms all the year; cutm 12 in. high, lying down ; leaves slender, acute \ hractece. as long as the spike, at length reflexed ; male spike slender ; female spike ovate, conical, acute, crowded, the lower ones distant; fruit expanding, apex bluntish. f. Bractece leaflike , sheathing; spikes foot stalked^ the upper enclosed , the lower exserted , male 1 ; fruit smooth . 14?. Trasus extensus. Long sedge. Female spikes 3, elliptical, roundish, rather close, bractese very long ; sheath and footstalks very short ; fruit elliptical, ribbed, apex 2-toothed; glumes ovate, pointed, smaller than the fruit ; culm smooth ; leaves slender. Gramen cyperoides q. Cyperoides echinatum majus Petiver, Raii Syn . 421, polyst. 18.* Carex extensa, Gooderiough , L. T. 2, 175. Sea-side; perennial; June. Root fibrous; culm upright, 12 in. high, bluntly 3-sided; leaves recurved, slender, grooved; hractece very long, spreading, with very short, dilated sheaths; male spike single, nearly sessile, lanceolate ; female spikes 2 or 3, close, upright, ovate; glume ovate, 3-ribbed, pointed, ferruginous* back green; fruit spreading, scarcely beaked, angles smooth. |3. cylindraceus. Spike long, cylindrical* 15. Trasus Hostianus. Host9 s sedge. Female spikes 3, oblong, distant ; hractece leaflike, long ; ligula opposite to the leaves, long, acute ; sheaths half the length of the footstalk \ fruit 3-sided, beaked, beak 2-toothed, teeth acute ; culm smooth, roundish ; glumes obtuse. Carex fulva, Host Gram. Austr. 77. Carex Hostiana. De Cand. Hort. Monsp . Mountains; perennial; June. Culm rough and angular below the spikes, upright or bent, 2 feet high ; radical leaves keeled, light green, edge rough ; hractece not overtopping the culm, sheath ending in a membranous ligula ; male spikes 1 or 2, slender, sessile, upright, cylindrical ; glume rather blunt, chesnut brown : 6 62 S3. Trasus. 9. CYPERACE^. PI. end. plu edge white, scariose; rib yellow, ending below the tip; female spikes 3, distant, oblong, acute; glume ovate, lan- ceolate, acute, nearly as long as the fruit, keeled, rib yel- lowish, ending below the tip ; edge white, scariose ; fruit yellowish green, 3-sided, slightly striated, angles very smooth, beaks linear, slightly bent, apex 2- toothed, acute. Communicated by Mr. G, Don, as found on the Moun- tain Clova, Angus-shire, in Scotland. 16. Trasus fulviis. Tawney sedge . Female spikes ovate, oblong, distant ; Iraclece upright ; sheath hall the length of the footstalk ; ligula very short or 0 ; glumes ovate, blunt, larger than the fruit ; fruit el- liptical, beak upright, 2-toothed ; culm serrulate. Carex trigona, Allioni Pedern. 232, 5. Carex flava 2, Withering Rot. Arr . 134. Carex fulva, Goodenough L. T. 2, 177. Bogs ; perennial ; June, July. Root creeping; culm upright, afoot high, 3-sided, angles rough ; leaves upright, slender, dark green, shorter than the culm ; hradeee upright, not overtopping the culm ; sheath long, apex brownish ; ligula extremely short ; male spike linear, slender, upright; glume obtuse, brown, rib brownish, very faint ; female spikes 2 or 3, upright ; glume ovate, rib pale, ending below the tip ; fruit green, longer than the glumes, upright, spreading, faintly ribbed, angles smooth, beak linear, 2-toothed. 17. Trasus distans. Distant sedge . Female spikes 3, ovate, very distant ; hracteae upright ; sheaths half the length of the footstalk; ligula opposite to the leaf, short, blunt; glumes ovate, pointed, nearly as long as the fruit; fruit acutely pointed, bicuspidate, acute- angled. Gramen cyperoides spicis parvis longissime distantibus, Raii Syn. 420, polyst. 3 6. Carex distans, Lin. S. P . 1387. Bogs by the sea-side; perennial; June. Culm smooth, 2 feet high, upright, bluntangled, weak ; leaves broadish, short, fiat, light green, sheath long ; ligula opposite to the leaves, short, blunt, white; male spike thick, lanceolate, obtuse; glume ferruginous, pointed, rib broad; glumes of the female spike broad, ovate, pointed ; ribs three, closing at the apex; fruit longer than the glumes, brown, nearly 3-sided, many ribbed, edges raised, smooth, 2-cut? beaks short, diverging. 9. CYPERACEJE. 33. Trasus. 65 PL end. ph. 18. Trasus binervis. Tworibbed sedge. Female spikes 3, cylindrical, distant ; bractece long, very slender, sheaths long; glumes obtuse, pointed, smaller than the fruit ; fruit elliptical, 2-ribbed, apex 2-lobed, hyaline. Carex distans, Lightfoot FI. Sc. 561. Carex binervis, Smith L. T. 5, 268. Dry heaths ; perennial ; June. Cidm upright, 2 feet high, deep glaucous green, smooth, angles blunt ; leaves broad, glaucous ; bracterz distant, like the leaves ; male spike thin ; glume elliptical, blunt, blackish, slightly pointed, rib green ; female spikes 3 to 5, cylindri- cal, upright, lower very distant; glumes acute, blackish, smooth, pointed, rib green; fruit reddish brown, scarcely beaked, ribs green. ramosus. Lower female spike branched. y. androgynus . Female spikes with a few male flowrets above. 1 9. Trasus paniceus. Bread sedge . Female spikes 2 or 3, cylindrical, rather distant; sheaths long ; glumes ovate, smaller than the fruit ; fruit ovate, blunt, apex not notched ; culm smooth. Gramen cyperoides foliis caryophylleis, spicis e rarioribus et tumidi- oribus granis compositis, Raii Syn. 418, polyst. 3. Carex panicea, Lin. Sp. 1387. Damp meadows and pastures; perennial; May and June. Root creeping ; culm, weak, a foot high, angles blunt, sides rounded ; bractece much shorter than the culm ; male spike 1, bellied, acute; female spikes 2 or 3, distant, cylindrical; glumes long, ovate, acute, rib green ; fruit inflated. 0. Lcersii. Female spike roundish, footstalk very long. y. androgynus . Female spike having a few male flowers at the tip. 3*. distachyos. Male spikes two. 20. Trasus depauperatus. Starved sedge. Female spikes 2, 3 to 5-flowered, distant ; sheaths short ; glumes oblong ; fruit longer than the glumes, obovate, in- flated, beaked, apex oblique. Carex ventricosa, Curtis FI. Lond. 6, 68. Carex depauperata, Goodenough L. T. 2, 181, Carex triflora, Willd. Phytogr. 1,2. 64 33. trasus. 9. CYPERACEiE. PL end, phi Woods ; perennial ; May, June. Culm 18 in. high, upright; leaves with long sheaths, pale green ; hractece very like the leaves, sheaths shorter J male spike terminal* linear; gliimes obtuse, ferruginous* rib green ; female spikes 3 to 5, distant, loose, erect, 2 to 5-flowered ; fruit ovate, 3-sided, ribbed, longbeaked, apex scariose, not notched. g. Bracfece leaflike> amplexicaul ; spikes upright , upper sessile , lower footstalked, male 2 or 3; fruit smooth . 21. Trasus ripariusi Bankside sedge * Male spikes 3-sided ; female spikes 3, cylindrical, narrow at top ; glumes as long and broad as the fruit, ovate, acute, awned ; fruit oval, manyribbed, beak 2-forked. Gramen cyperoides cum paniculis nigris, Raii Syn. 417, polyst. 1. Carex acuta a, Huds. Ft. Ang. 413. Carex riparia, Curtis FI. Loud. 28 1 . Great common cyperus grass. Banks of rivers ; perennial ; April, May. Root creeping; herb blackish green, rather glaucous; culm acute-angled, 3 feet high, firm, upright; leaves in tufts, broad, long ; hractece very long, sheaths scarcely any, ears rounded, pale; male spikes 3 or 5, close, upright, 3-sided; female spikes 3 or 4, cylindrical, thick, footstalks long, lower sometimes hanging down \ glumes awned ; fruit brown, spreading, beak very short. 22. Trasus paliidosus . Bog sedges Male spikes 2 or 3. bellied; glumes blunt; female spikes 3, cylindrical, narrowed ; glumes lanceolate, awned ; fruit ovate, ribbed, as long as the glume, beak 2-toothed. Gramen cyperoides miuds angustifolium, Park. 1266, Raii Syn. 418, polyst, 2.* Carex acuta, Curtis FI. Lond. 4, 61. Carex rufa, Lamarcke Eric. Meth.3,394. Carex paludosa, Goodenough L. T. 2, 202. Carex acutiformis, Ehr. Gram. 2, 30. Small comrHon cyperus grass. River sides ; perennial ; May* Root creeping ; culm 2 feet high, upright, angles acute ; leaves very long, glaucous, upright ; hractece longer than the culm; male spikes 3 or 4, brownish black, glumes ovate, blunt, rib green ; female spikes slender, blunt; footstalks short; glumes lanceolate, acute; fruit ovate, brown. PL end. ph. 0. CYPERACE^E. 33. Trasus. 65 h. Bractece leaflike , sheathing ; spikes drooping when ripe , sessile , lower foot stalked^ exserted , male 1 ; fruit smooth . 23. Trasus pendulus . Drooping sedge. Female spikes 3 or 5, cylindrical, very long; sheaths long; glumes ovate, as long as the fruit, awns very short ; fruit elliptical, crowded ; beak short, 2-toothed ; leaves broad, stiff! Gramen cyperoides spiCu pendulS. longiora, Park. 1267 ; Raii Syn. 420, polyst. 13. Oarex maxima, Scop. Cam. 2, 229. Carex agastachys, Lin. Suppl. 414. Carex pendula, Hnds. FI. Ang. 411. Damp woods and hedges ; perennial ; May and June. Culm 6 feet high, firm, 3-sided ; leaves broad, dark green, stiff, hard, glaucous beneath ; Iractece drooping, lower very long, sheaths as long as the footstalks; spikes 5 to 7, droop- ing, cylindrical, very compact, uppermost male, others fe- male; glumes lanceolate, acuminated, brown, rib green; fruit smooth. (2. androgynus. Male spike with female flowrets at the upper part. 24. Trasus strigosus. Harsh sedge . Female spikes 3 or 4, threadlike, lax, distant; sheaths long; glume ovate, lanceolate ; fruit longer than the glume, oblong, lanceolate, ribbed, apex obliquely cut off ; leaves slender. Gramen cyperoides polystachium mnjusculum latifolium, spicis multis longis strigosis, Raii Syn. 419, polyst. 11. Carex leptostachys, Lin. Suppl. 414. Carex strigosa, Huds. FI. AnglAW. Wood and hedges; perennial; April and May. Culm upright, 2 feet high, smooth, slender ; leaves broad, light green, thin ; Iractece long, sheaths nearly the length of the footstalk ; ligula membranous, brown, amplexicaul; spikes 6 or 8, drooping, loose, uppermost male, others fe- male ; fruit green. i. Bractece leaflike , sheathing ; spikes drooping , footstalked , all exserted ; fruit smooth. 25. Trasus sylvaticus. Wood sedge . Female spikes 4, distant, long, threadlike ; Iractece sheath- ing, half as long as the footstalks ; glume ovate, mem- VOL. II. p 66 33. Trasus. 9. CYPERACEJE. Pl.cnd.ph . branous, awned ; fruit as long as the glumes, loose, ovate ; leak 2-cut. Gramen cvperoides sylvarmn tenuius spicatum, Raii Syn. 419, polyst. 10; Park. 1171. Carex vesicaria 0, Lin. S. P. 1389. Carex capiliaris, Leers Herb. 202. Carex patula, Pollich 2, 597. Carex Drymeia, Linn. Suppl.A 14. Carex sylvaiica, Huds. FI. AngAll. Woods; perennial; May and June. Culm 3 feet high, upright, leafy, 3-sided, sides convex ; leaves roughish, light green ; hractece longsheathed ; spikes 6 or 8, slender, loose, male 1 or 2 ; glumes ovate, acute, whitish, rib green ; fruit longbeaked. 26. Trasus capiliaris . Hair sedge. Female spikes 3, ovate, loose, about 12-flowered; sheaths half as long as the footstalk ; glumes ovate, shorter than the fruit, hyaline, deciduous; fruit elliptical. Carex capiliaris, Lin. S.P. 13S6. Alpine mountains; perennial ; July and August. Culm upright, naked; leaves short, narrow; hractece upright, terminal ; footstalks 3 or 4, nearly umbellate, af- terwards, by the growth of the rachis, distant ; male spike upright, linear, silvery-brown, about 10 -flowered ; female spikes drooping, short ; glumes brown, tip white ; fruit brown, smooth. 27. Trasus ustulatus . Burnt sedge . Female spikes 2, ovate; glumes elliptical, shorter than the fruit; hractece sheathing, very short; fruit ovate, pointed, 2-toothed, compressed, edge rough. Carex atrofusca, Scheuchzer Carex , 106. Carex ustuiata, Wahl. Act. Holm. 1803, 156. Moist micaceous mountains; perennial; July. Root tufted, scarcely creeping; culm almost naked, smooth, 6 in. high; leaves short, erect, striated, smooth; spike dark blackish brown, tumid, short; male upright. 28. Trasus Icevigaius. Smooth sedge . Female spikes 3, cylindrical, slender, distant; glumes oblong, ovate, nearly as long as the fruit, awned ; fruit ovate, pointed ; beaks 2, deeply cut, spreading ; sheaths of the bracteae very long. Carex laevigata, Smith L. T. 3, 272. . Carex helodes, Link in Scl\rad. Diar. Bot . 1799, 303 , 1 9. CYPERACEvE. 33. Trasus. 67 PL end . ph . Marshes; perennial; May. Root fibrous; culm 4* feet high, smooth; leaves upright, broad, light green, smooth, very long sheathed; bractece erect, overtopping the culm, pointed, upper with short sheaths or none; spikes cylindrical, long, acute; male usually 2, females with long footstalks ; fruit longer than the glumes, ribbed, green, smooth ; seed 1, filling the fruit, 3-sided. 29. Trasus erectus. Upright sedge „ Female spikes 3, distant, threadlike, upright ; sheaths short; glumes ovate, shorter than the fruit, submucronate ; fruit ovate, inflated, 3-sided, edge slightly hispid, apex membranous, 2-lobed. Carex Mielichoferi, mild S. P. 4,276. Carex ScopoJii a, Gaud. Agr. Helv. 2, 168. Carex erecta, De Cand Syn. FI. Gall. 1741. Alpine rocks ; perennial ; August. Root creeping; culm 1 foot high, angles obtuse; leaves very long, smooth, outer leaves broader and shorter; lower sheaths brownish, often leafless ; male spike slender, ferru- ginous, glumes obtuse, mucronate, brownish, rib broad, pale; female spikes 2 or 3, round, upright; sheaths of the bractese one third the length of the peduncle; glumes lax, rib green ; fruit green, apex purple, 2-lobed. 30. Trasus limosus. Mud sedge. Female spikes 2, ovate; glumes ovate, as long as the iruit, mucronate ; fruit elliptical, compressed, 3-sided ; beak very short, apex not nicked ; root creeping. Carex limosa, Lin. S. P. 1386. Green and gold carex. Turf bogs; perennial; June. Root shootbearing; herb rather sea-green; culm 1 foot high; leaves linear, shorter than the culm, sheathed at bottom with brown scales; bractece upright, brown, edge whitish ; male spike upright, shining reddish brown ; female spikes many flowered, compact ; fruit green, golden brown on the edge ; rarely flowering. 31. Trasus glaums. Sea green sedge. Female spikes 2, cylindrical, distant ; bracteee eared ; glumes blunt \ fruit elliptical, roughish ; apex very blunt; culm roundish ; root creeping. F 2 68 38. Trasus. 9. CYPERACEiE. Pl.end.ph. Gramen cyperoides, foliis caryophylleis, gpicis oblongis e pediculis longioribus pendulis, Raii Syn. 418, polyst.5. Carex limosa /3, Leers Herb. 201. Carex glauca. Scop. Cam. 2,223. Carex recurva, Huds. FI. Ang. 413. Moist grass lands and woods; perennial; May, June. Root creeping ; herb sea-green ; culm 1 foot high, sides convex ; leaves upright, shorter than the culm, broadish ; bractece. upright, equalling the culm in height ; male spike linear, lanceolate; female spikes cylindrical; glumes ovate, blackish, edge whitish, rib yellowish ; fruit bluntly 3-sided, almost ribless, brownish green, turning black. /3. Micheliana . Male spikes many ; fruit smooth. Carex Micheliana, Smith L. T. 5,270. y. ramosa. Spikes branched. 32. Trasus rari floras. Fewflowered sedge. Female spike loose, fewflowered; glumes ovate, acute; fruit obovate, obtusely 3-sided ; root creeping. Carex rariflora, Eng. Bot. 35,2516. Carex limosa rariflora, TVahlen. Act. Holm . 1803, 163. Alpine mountains; perennial; July. Culm a foot high ; glumes black, 33. Trasus chloros tacky os. Greenspike sedge . Female spikes 4, cylindrical, manyflowered ; glume as long as the fruit ; fruit ovate, lanceolate, furrowed, 2-cusped, spreading; root fibrous. Gramen cyperoides, spica pendula breviore, Rail Syn. 419, polyst. 12. Pseudo-cyperus, Ger. em. 29. Cyperus sen Pseudo-cyperus spica brevi pendula, Park. 1266. Carex Pseudo-cyperus, Lin. S. P. 1387. Bastard cyperus. Moist woods and river-banks ; perennial ; June. Culm a foot high, upright, leafy, acute-angled; leaves pale green, sheathing; peduncles very long; spikes cylin- drical, manyflowered, compact ; male spikes upright, red- dish ; female spikes drooping, greenish ; glumes awned ; awns very long, very rough. <3. bipedunculalus. Peduncles in pairs from the same sheath. 9. CYPERACEiE. S3. Trasus. 69 PL end. ph. 34. Trasus pallescens. Pale sedge . Female spikes 2 or 3, elliptical ; glumes as long as the fruit, ovate, acute ; fruit elliptical, inflated, obtuse ; root fibrous ; leaves pale. Gramen cyperoides polystachium flavicans, ?picis brevilms prope sum- mitatem caulis, Raii Syn. 419, polyst. 8. Carex pallescens, Lin. S. P. 1386. Grass lands and moist woods; perennial; May and June. Culm 18 inches high, leafy at bottom; leaves yellowish; Iractece much overtopping the culm ; male spike lanceolate, upright, pale, ferruginous; glumes ovate, yellowish, rib green ; fruit pale green. III. 34. COBRESIA. Willdenow. Colresia . Spathelles imbricate all round; spathellule 1, persisting, cartilaginous, involving the ovary ; stamens 3 ; stigmata 3, downy ; style dilated at the base, jointed ; akenium horny, smooth, crowned with the persistent base of the style, en- closed in the persisting hardened glumule. — Hoot perennial, tufted ; leaves linear, channelled, edge and keel rough ; culm round, naked above, angular; spike compound, mo- noicous; Iractece glumaceous, the lower one sometimes leaflike. Colresia caricina . Carexlike Colresia . Spike contracted, subovate; spikelets 3 or 4, alternate, imbricate, upper one male. Carex hybrida, Schkuhr Car . 161. Kobresia caricina, Willd. S. P. 4,205. Cobresia caricina, Persoon Syn. 534. Carex bipartita, Allioni Ped. 2301 . Sclicenus monoicus, Eng . Bot. 20, 1410. Subalpine mountains ; perennial ; July. Root scaly ; leaves recurved, narrow ; culm erect, single, 9 in. high ; spike erect ; Iractece ovate, membranaceous^, brown ; glumes brown, edge white. B. Cyperace^:. Glumes 2-rowed; flowers hermaphro- dite ; glumelles none or bristlelike. IV. 35. CYPERUS. Theophrastus. Cyperus . Spathelle 1, 2-rowed, keeled, all flowerbearing, equal; glumelle 0 ; stamens 3 ; style not jointed to the ovary, de- ciduous; stigmata 3; akenium oblong, 3-sided. — Root creep- ing; culm 3 -sided, base leafy; leaves linear, keeled, edge 70 35. Cyperus. 9. CYPERACEAE. Pl.end.ph. rough; sheath truncated, brown ; hractece 3 or 6, leaflike; bracteolce 2 or 4, bristlelike ; spikelet 2-rowed, hermaphro- dite, umbelled ; umbels compound. Cyperus longus . Long cyperus , Culm leafy ; umbels subcorymbose ; involucrum 3 or 4-leaved, unequal; radii unequal, very long, naked; invo - lucellum setaceous ; spikelets linear, alternate, distant, flat. Cyperus longus, Raii Syn. 425, 1 ; Ger. em. 30 ; Lin. S. P. 67. Cyperus longus odoratus. Park. 146. Sweet cyperus. English Galingale. Bogs; perennial; July to September. Root very long, brown; culm smooth, erect, slender, 2 or 3 feet high, base leafy ; leaves very long, light green ; sheath short, pale, scariose; umbels 6 in. high; spikelet 10 or 12-flowered ; involucellum white ; glume oblong ; apex nicked; edge pale, scariose; keel green, smooth. Root diuretic, emmenagogue, tonic; also sweet-scented, the scent improving by being kept in powder. V. 36. CLADIUM. Schrader. Pricklerush . Spathelle 1, imbricate, 1 -flowered, outer smaller and empty; glume lies none; stamens 2; style not jointed ; stig- mata 2, 3, or 4; drupe long, rather 3-sided; putamen brittle, thin; nut long, elliptical, rather 4-furrowed, upper part naked, nucleus white. — Root creeping, fistulous, round, branchy, tumid and knobby at the bottom; leaves flat, linear, edge and ridge prickly, sheath short; ligula none; corymbus terminal or axillary; spikelets 2 or 3-flowered. Cladium Germanicum . German Pricklerush . Culm round; corymbus crowded; spikelet fascicled. Cyperus longus inodorus sylvestris, Ger. em. 29; Raii Syn. 426, 4. Cyperus longus inodorus vulgaris, Park. 126:4. Pseudo-cy perus palustris, Micheli N. P. G. 55. Schcenus Mariscus, Lin. S. P 62. Cladium Germanicum, Schrader Germ. 7 5. Prickly bogrush. Marshes, especially saline; perennial; July and August. Leaves dry, very long; sheaths very smooth; corymbi in pairs; peduncles long; bractece ovate; spikelet shining, 2-flowered, ovate, crowded ; glumes light brown, obtuse ; drupe red, shining. PL end. ph. 9. CYPERACE/E. 37. Chaetospora. 71 VI. 37. CHiETOSPORA. R. Brown. Marshrush . Spathelle 1, imbricate, 1 or 2 outer smaller, empty; glumelles setaceous; setce 6, shorter than the glumes; sta- mens 2 or 3 ; style deciduous, not jointed; stigmata 2, re- volute; akenium lenticular, 3-sided. — Root creeping; culm roundish, base leafy; leaves flat, or half-round, channelled, edge smooth, ridge 0; ligula short; spike terminal, upright, 2-rowed, compressed, compound; spikelet alternate, sessile, 2 or many-flowered ; rachis flexuose. 1. Chce torpor a compressa. Compressed marshrush, Culm roundish ; leaves flat ; bractece leaiiike, acute, longer than the spike; spikelets inanyflowered. Gramen cyperoides spica smiplies compressa disticba, Rail Syn. 425 $ spic. 14. Cyperella, $ 2, Micheli N. P. G. 53. Carex uliginosa, Lin. S. P. 05. Scirpus caricis, Retz PrGd. 64. Scirpus coinpressus, Persoon Syn. 1, 66. Scirpus caricinus, Schrad. Germ. 1, 132. Turfy bogs; perennial; July. Root shootbearing; culm rather 3-sided, 9 in. high, up- right; leaves not channelled, smooth; ligula truncate; spike brown, shining; lower bractece 3, slender, leaflike; upper ovate, scariose, mucronate; spikelets 6 to 12, the lower sometimes branched. 2. Chcetospora rufa . Red marshrush , Culm round; leaves half-round, channelled; bractece leaflike, obtuse, shorter than the spike ; spikelet fewflowered. Sclicenus rufus, Hudson FI. Ang. 15. Schoenus brunnesis, Solanders MSS. Schceui compressi varietas, Light/. FI. Scot. 1138. Scirpus rufus, Wahl. Lapp. 15. Bogs; perennial; July. Root horizontal; culm 6 in. high ; leaves dilated at bot- tom, membranous, sheathing, full as long as the culm ; spike brown, shining ; spikelets 5 or 6, branched ; bractece some- times wanting. VII. 38. RHYNCHOSPORA. Vahl. Beakrush. Spathelle 1, imbricate, lower smaller and empty; glu- melles setaceous, setae 8 or 10, denticulate, shorter than the glumes; stamens 2 or 3 ; style subulate, dilated at the bot- tom, persisting; stigmata 2 or 3; akenium, bony, lenticular, conical, beaked. — Root perennial, fibrous, or creeping ; culm slender, triangular, base slightly tumid ; leaves linear, 72 87. Rhynchospora. 9. CYPERACEiE. Pl.end.ph. channelled, edge and ridge rough; sheaths short; ligula 0, or very short ; pikelets umbelled, axillary, or terminal, 2 or 3-flowered ; hractece leaflike, longer than the spikelets. 1. Rhynchospora alba. White beakrush . Culm rather acute-angled ; leaves very slender, channelled; spikelets fascicled ; root fibrous. Cyperus minor palustris hirsutus, paniculis albis paleaceis, Raii Syn. 427,6. Gramen jnnceum leucanthemum, Ger, em. 30. Cyperella ^ 1. No. 1. Micheli JV. P. G. 53. Schoenus albus, Lin. S. P. 65. Schcenus setaceus, Thuil. FI. Par. 19. Rhynchospora alba, Vahl Enum. 2,236. Bogs; perennial; July and August. Culm fascicled, in tufts, 1 2 in. high ; leaves shorter than the culm, erect; sheath 3-sided, white; ligula very short; spikelet oblong, erect, white, turning brownish ; akenium compressed, acute, white ; stigmata shorter than the style. 2. Rhynchospora fusca. Brown beakrush . Culm blunt-angled ; leaves bristlelike, channelled ; spike - lets fascicled ; root creeping. Cyperus minor angustifolia palustris capitulis fuscis paleaceis, Raii Syn. 427,6.* Cyperella ^ 1, No. 2, Micheli N. P. G. 53. Schoenus fuccus, Lin. S. P. 1664. Schoenus albus 8, Hudson FI. Ang. 16. Rhynchospora alba 8 , Vahl Enum. 2, 236. S hoenus setaceus, Thuil. FI. Paris, 19. Rhynchospora fusca, Rcemer Syst. Veg. 88. Turf bogs; perennial; August. Root hard, throwing up a single culm here and there; culm almost naked, slender; leaves very slender ; sheath round; ligula 0 ; spikelet 3 or 4-flowered, oblong, brown, acute ; akenium roundish, palebrown, shining ; stigmata longer than the style. VIII. 39. SCHCENUS. Theophrastus. Bogrush. Spathelle 1, imbricate, 3 or 6 outer small, crowded and empty, flowerbearing 3 or 4, alternate ; rachis flexuose ; glumelles bristlelike, bristles 3 to 6, smooth, shorter than the glumes ; stamens 3; style deciduous, not jointed; stig- mate 3 ; akenium 3-sided. — Root fibrous, perennial ; leaves all radical, tufted, bristlelike, ridged, planoconvex, shorter than the culm ; sheaths broad, slit lengthways, black, shining; ligula very short; culm round, not branched, apex thickened; head terminal, ovate; spikelets many; involu- crum 2-valved, valves unequal., 9. CYPERACEiE. 39. Schcenus. 7$ PI. end. ph. 1. Schcenus nigricans. Black logrush. Head ovate ; spikelels many ; lractece unequal, lower ending in an awlshape bristle longer than the head ; culm round, smooth. Scirpus q. Juncus laevis minor, panicula glomerata nigricante, Rail Syn. 430, 10. Melanoschcenus palustris, Micheli N. P. G. 46. Schcenus nigricans, Lin. S. P. 64. Cyperus nigricans, With. 78. Spongy bogs; perennial; May and June. Culm erect, 18 in. high; head terminal, black, shining; leaves rather rough ; lower lractece ovate ; stem clasping, black, enclosing the spikelets, cartilaginous, shining, ribbed, opake, ridged, rib green, ending in an awlshape seta longer than the head ; upper lractece small, similar to the lower, but the seta is very short, or even wanting; spikelets crowded, acute; glumes acute, keel rough; seed shining, white. 2. Schcenus ferrugineus. Brown logrush. Head linear; spikelets 2 or 3; lractece nearly equal; Iristle scarcely longer than the head; culm round, smooth. Scheenus ferrugineus, Lin. S. P. 64. Mountain bogs ; perennial ; August. Leaves slender, setaceous, very short, smooth; sheath brown, apex notched ; culm slender, 8 in. high ; head brownish, slender; Iracteolce at the base of each spike, ovate, 5-ribbed, back smooth ; lractece nearly equal, setae 4 or 5. C. SciRPiDEiE. Glumes imbricate all round ; flowers hermaphrodite ; glumelles more or less bristlelike. IX. 40. SCIRPUS. Tragus. Rush. Spathelles 1, imbricate all round, all fertile; spaihellules bristly, bristles 5 or 6, toothed, shorter than the glumes ; stamens 2 br 3; style 1, not dilated at the bottom, jointed, deciduous ; stigmata 2 ; akenium 3-sided. a. Bceotherion. Root fibrous, perennial; culm round , smooth , striated ; leaves none ; sheaths tubular , leafless; spikes solitary , terminal; lractece 2, glumaceous. 1. Scirpus ccespitosus. Turf rush. Spike ovate, 4 or 5-flowered ; lractece nearly equal, as long as the spike; lower ending in a very short blunt mucro; radical scales many. PI. end.ph. 74 40. Scirpus. 9. CYPERACEAS. Scirpus ruontanus capitulo brevior, Raii Syn. 429,9. Scirpus §. Scirpus csespitosus, Lin. S. P. 72. Leer’s hair. Turfy heaths; perennial; July. Culm densely tufted, very smoothly streaked, stiff, G in. high ; sheaths ending a short leaf ; lower hractece 3 or 5-ribbed ; mucro white, thick. 2. Scirpus pauciflorus. Fewflowered rush , Spike ovate, 6 or 7~dowered: traded unequal, shorter than the spike; radical scales very few. Scirpus, § 5, No. 1, Micheli N. P. G. 51. Scirpus Bceolhryon, Lin. Suppl. 108. Scirpus paucifiorns, Lightfoot Scot, 1078. Scirpus Kalieri, Villars JJelph. 2, 188. Hilly bogs; perennial; August. Culms many, 6 in. high, upright; barren culms taller; glumes obtuse, and apex whitish. 3. Scirpus campestris . Champaign rush . Spike linear, 3 or 4 -flowered ; hr act ece equal, as long as the spike ; radical scales very few. Scirpus campestris, Roth Catal. 1, 85. Splashy fields; perennial; August. Culm 4 in. high, upright; spike when flowering linear; when fruiting oblong; hr act ece as long, or 2 to 3 times longer than the spike. 4. Scirpus multicaulis . Many stemmed rush. Spike ovate, manyflowered ; hractece equal, not very short, obtuse ; radical scales 0. Scirpus cquiseti capitulis crassioribus et babitioribus, humiiis et multi- eaulis, Rupp. FI. Jen. a Hallero , 319. Scirpus palustris j8, Lin. FI. Lapp. Scirpus palustris, Ehr. Calam. 61. Scirpus multicaulis. Smith Ft. Brit. 48. Scirpus multicaulis, equiseti capitulis minoribus, Reliq. Ruddeck. 28, 2. Bogs; perennial; July. Foot thick ; culm 9 in. high ; sheath cylindrical ; spike ferruginous; glumes equal, ovate, obtuse, blackish, edge and point membranaceous, rib green. b. Scirpus. Spikes many, terminal; culm round or 3-sided * naked; leaves none ; root creeping ; hractece 2 or 3, leajlike. 5. Scirpus lacustris . Lake rush . Culm round, elongated, smooth ; panicle branched ; spikes ovate; lower hractece long, upright; upper hractece short, horizontal. Pl.end.ph, 9. CYPERACEiE. 40. Scirpus, 75 Scirpirs palustris altissimus, Raii Syn. 423, 1. Juncus aquaticus maxitnus, Ger.em.35. Juncus laevis maximus, Park. H9i. Scirpus $ 1, No. 1, Mich. N. P. G. 49, Scirpus lacustris, Lin. S. P. 72. Bull rush. Rivers and large pools ; perennial ; J uly. Root horizontal ; culm upright, 6 feet high, dark green, spongy; sheaths alternate, submembranaceous, brownish; branches of the panicle unequal ; bractece 2, lanceolate, shorter than the panicle ; upper bractece many, small, placed next the panicle; spikelets crowded, brownish; glumes keeled, edge fringed. 6. Scirpus medius. Middling rush . Culm round, smooth, glaucous; panicle scarcely branched; spike ovate ; bractece 3, lower erect, leaflike, 2 upper mem- branous, equal, prickly, as long as the panicle; stigmata 2. Scirpus q. Juncus sive Scirpus medius C. Bauhin, Raii Syn. 428,2. Scirpus laevis vulgaris, Park. 1 191. Scirpus § 1, No. 2, Mich. N. P. G. 50. Scirpus Tabernaemontani, Gmel. FL Bud. 1, 101. Scirpus palustris /3, Smith FI. Brit. 52. Scirp.us glaucus, Eng. But. 33, 2321. Less Bullrush. Pure waters; perennial; July. 7. Scirpus carinatus . Ridged rush . Culm below round, above 3-sided ; panicle nearly simple ; spike ovate; bractece prickly; stigmata 2; sheaths acute, leafless. Scirpus q. Juncus aquaticus medius, caule carinato Doody, Raii Sym. 428, 3. Scirpus lacustris y. Smith FI. Brit. 52. Scirpus Davilis, Hoppe in Strum. Germ. 36. Scirpus carinatus, Engl. Hot. 28, 1988. Banks of rivers; perennial; August. Upper bractece shorter than the panicle. 8 . Scirpus triqueter. Threesided rush , Culm 3-sided ; panicle cymose ; spikes sessile and pe- duncled; spikelets ovate, crowded; sheaths ending in short leaves; bractea 1, leaflike, upright, longer than the spike. Scirpus q. Juncus acutus maritimus, caule triquetro maximo moili, pro- cerior nostras Plukeneti, Raii Syn. 428, 4 Scirpus mucronatus j8, Huds. FI. Ang. 20. Scirpus triqueter a. Smith FI. Brit. 55. Scirpus triqueter. Withering. Bot.Arr, 78. Sea-shore and river-banks ; perennial ; August. 76 40. Scirpus. 9. CYPERACEiE. Pl.end.ph. Root yellow ; culm single or tufted, 4 feet high, upright, pale green, angles acute; hraeteola short, membranaceous; spikelets 3 or 5 ; glumes ovate, edge ciliated, apex blunt mucronated; apex of the anther cuspidate, small, white, diaphanous ; akenium obovate, edge rounded, very smooth. j3. foliaceus . Sheaths ending in a short leaf. 9. Scirpus pungens. Prickly rush . Culm 6-sided; spikes glomerate, sessile; glumes ovate, rounded, apex 2-cut; anther aristated; sheath ending in short leaves; hractea 1, upright, longer than the panicle. Scirpus q. Juncus acutus maritimus caule triquetro, rigido, mucrone pungente Plukenet, Raii Syn. 429, 5. Juncus acutus maritiuius caule triangulo, Park, 1196. Scirpus mucronatus, Wither. Bot. Arr. 2, 50. Scirpus mucronatus a, Huds. FI. Angl. 20. Scirpus triqueter #, Smith FI. Brit. 1, 55. Scirpus llothii, Hoppe Deutschl, FI. 3 6, 4. Sea-shore; perennial; August. Culm slender, firm ; sheaths all ending in leaves ; spikelets 4 or 6, sessile; hractea. 3 or 4 in. long; glumes chesnut co- lour, rounded, lobes acute, rib not prominent. 10. Scirpus maritimus . Sea rush . Culm 3-sided, leafy ; panicle cymose, simple, bracteate ; leaves many, ridged ; hractea 2 to 5, pungent ; glumes mu- cron ate. Cyperus q. Gratnen cyperoides palustris, panicula sparsa, Parkinson (1266), Raii Syn. 425, 2. Gramen aquaticum cyperoides volgatius, Ger . em. 22. Scirpus maritimus, Lin. S. P. 74. Scirpus cyperoides, La Marcke FI. Fr. 3, 553. Salt marshes ; perennial ; August. Root creeping, scaly ; culm upright, rigid, 3 feet high, angles acute; leaves channelled, pointed, upper largest; sheaths smooth; panicle cymose, branchy, spreading; spike sessile or peduncled; hractea unequal, pungent, lower longest. conglohatus. Panicle simple, conglomerate ; spikes all sessile ; hractea mostly 2. y. nodosus. Root knobbed. Cyperus rotundus littoreus inodorus, Raii Syn. 426, 3. Cyperus rotundus littoreus, Ger. em. 31. Cyperus rotundus littoreus inodorus Anglicus, Park. 1264. Round-rooted bastard cyperus. PLend.ph. 9* CYPERACE^E. 4*0. Scirpus. 77 11. Scirpus sylvaticus. Wood rush. Panicle very branched, corymbose, bracteate ; culm 3-sided, leafy ; spikelets crowded ; glumes not nicked, mu- cronate ; bractece 3, leaflike5 unequal. Cyperus gramineus, Rati Syn. 426, 5. Cyperus gramineus miliaceus, Ger. cm. SO. Pseudocy perus miliaceus, Park. 1171. Scirpus sylvaticus, Lin . S. P. 175. Millet cyperus grass. Damp woods; perennial; July. Culm single, upright, 2 feet high, hollow at top, leafy ; leaves broad, acute, shining; sheaths smooth ; ligula small; bractece 2 or 4*, lower longer than the panicle ; upper small, loose, truncated ; spikelets dark green. X. 41. ELEOCHARIS. R. Brown. Cluhrush . Spathelle 1 , all alike fertile ; glumelles bristlelike, bristles 4, denticulate; style dilated at bottom, jointed to the ovary ; stigmata 2 or 3; akenium lenticular, dilated at bottom, crowned with the hardened style.— Root annual, fibrous, or perennial, creeping, horizontal ; culm simple, round or angular, smooth; sheaths truncated, leafless; spike 1, ter- minal, upright, naked ; glume imbricate all round ; leaves 0, except on the barren culms. a. Culm bristly , thread shape ^ angular ; root fibrous. 1. Eleochcrris acicularis. Needlelike club rusk. Culm 4-angled, bristly ; spike ovate, acute ; bractea half the length of the spike; root fibrous; stigmata 3. Scirpus minimus capitulis equiseti, Rail Syn. 429, 8. Scirpus acicularis, Lin. S. P. 71. Cyperus acicularis. With. 78. Eleocharis acicularis, Rcemer Sys. Veg. 154. Wet heaths and bogs; perennial; August. Root fibrous, in tufts; culms many; sterile culms long, recurved, obtuse, threadshape, smooth, knotty ; sheaths very fine ; spikes 5 to 1 1-flowered, turning black ; glumes ovate, obtuse, rib green ; akenium white, shining ; bristles 4, fall- ing off. b. Culm round ; root creeping. 2. Eleocharis palustris . Marsh chibrush „ Culm round; spike oblong; glumes lanceolate, acute; root creeping ; stigmata 2 ; bractea very small, Q 78 41. Eleochark 9. CYPERACEiE. PL end. ph. Scirpus equiseti capitulo majori, Rail Syn. 429, 7. Junctts aquaticus capitulis equiseti, Park. l]96. Juncus minor capitulis equiseti, Ger. em. 34. Scirpus palnstris, Lin. S. P„ 70.. Eleocharis palustns, Reenter Sys. Veg. 151. Bulbostylis palustris, Steven Mem. Mosq. 5, 355. Rivers and ditches; perennial; June and July. Root horizontal, stoloniferous ; culms unequal, in tufts, very soft, spongy, thick ; sheaths coloured ; apex brown, obliquely truncated ; spike ovate, cylindrical, neatly imbri- cate ; glumes equal, brown, edge scariose, rib green ; akenium yellow. XL 42. ISOLEPIS. R. Brown. Smoothfush . Spathelles 1, all alike, fertile; glumelles none; stamens 3; style not jointed to the ovary, base simple, falling off; stig- mata 2 or 3 ; akenium lenticular or 3-sided. — Root fibrous or creeping ; leaves 0, except the barren round culms ; spikes terminal, single ; spikelets lateral, sessile or capitate, footstalked ; hractece 2, glumaceous. a. Spike 1, terminal ; hractece 2 -valued, 1. Isolepis fluitans . Floating smoot brush* Culm branched ; barren culms flaccid ; spike fewflowered. Scirpus equiseti capitulo ruinori, Raii Syn. 431, 12. Scirpus fluitans, Lin. S. P. 71. Isolepis fluitans, R. Brown Prod. 222. Ditches and ponds ; perennial ; July, August. Root fibrous ; culm very long, floating, rooting at the joints ; spike green, small ; stigmata 2. 0. stolonifera. Culm channelled, leafy at the bottom ; spike 2-flowrered. b. Spikelets terminal , aggregated , capitate; hractece 2, leajlike. 2. Isolepis paniculala . Panicled smoothrusk . Heads globose, sessile or footstalked ; hractece unequal, the lower channelled, edge sawed, the upper shorter, bent down; culm round, naked, smooth. Scirpus maritimus, capitulis rotundiorihus glomeratis, Raii Syn. 429,6. Scirpioides $ 1, No. I, Micheli N. P. G. 52. Scirpus Holoschcenus, Lin. S. P. 72. Scirpus Holoschcenus a. Smith FI. Br. 51. Isolepis Holoschcenus, Rcem.Sys. Veg. 151. Salt marshes; perennial ; August to November. PLetid.ph. 9. CYPERACEiE. 42. Isolepis. 79 Root horizontal, in tufts; culms many, sea-green, 3 feet high, stiff; sheaths 3 or 4, alternate brown, streaked, acute, apex ending in a short barren culm 2 or 3 in. long; panicle unequal, stiff, divaricating; lower hractea acute, upright, 6 in. long; upper green, short, divaricated; heads 5 to 8, verrucose; spikelets rounded ; stamens 3. 0. australis. Middle head sessile, the rest footstalked ; culm slender. Juncus minor acutus maritimus prolifer, P taken. Phyt. 40, 5. Scirpioides ^ 2, No. 2, Michel* N. P. G. 52. Scirpus australis, Lin. S. P. 72. Scirpus Hoiosclicenus i?, Smith FI. Br. 53. y. Romana. Head all sessile; culm very slender. Scirpioides § 3, No. 2, Micheli N. P. G. 52. Scirpus Romamis, Lin . S. P. 72. Scirpus Holoschoenus y. Smith FI. Br. 53. Isolepis Holoschoenus romamis, Roem. S. V. 151. c. Spike terminal , solitary or aggregate; hracteos 1 or 2-leaved ; akenium streaked longitudinally. 3. Isolepis setacea . Bridle smoothrush. Culm bristlelike, slender, unbranched ; spikes 1 to 4, nearly sessile, horizontal; hractea 1, leaflike, long, upright, much shorter than the culm ; akenium roundish. Scirpus foliaceus humilis. Rail Syn. 430, 11. Juncellus Lobellii, Park. 1192. Grainen jtinceum maritimum exile Plimmoslii, Park. 1270 Scirpus S 2, No. 5, Micheli N. P. G. 50. Scirpus setaceus, Lin. S. P. 73. Isolepis setacea, R. Brown Prod. 222. Plymouth rush. Small clubrush. Wet sandy ground; annual ; July and August. Root fibrous, in tufts; culms many, 3 in. high, rather stiff; sheaths ending in a short, channelled, barren stem; spike apparently lateral, ovate, 1, 4, 6, or 1 2-fiowered, va- riegated with white, green, and purple ; hractece sheathing, dilated at bottom, edge scariose, concave; akenium obovate, very small. XII. 43. TRICHOPHORUM. Persoon. Hares-tail Spathelle 1 , imbricate, all round ; glumetles bristlelike ; bristles 6, woolly, crisp, smooth, longer than the glumes, becoming exserted; stamens 3; style 1, not dilated at bot- tom, jointed, falling off’; stigmata 2 or 3; akenium ovate.— Root creeping, perennial, in tufts; culm angular, rough. SO 44. Triohophor. 9. CYPERAC£y£. Pl.end.ph . slender, leafy at bottom ; leaves short, linear, obtuse, chan- nelled ; sheaths tubular ; scales many ; spike terminal, single; hermaphrodite or unisexual ; hractece 2, unequal, glu- maceous. Trichophorum alpinum. Alpine hares-tail . Culm 3 or 4 angular, angles rough ; hractece shorter than the spike ; spike few-flowered. Linagrostis § 1, No. 3, Micheli N. P. G. 54. Eriophorum alpinum, Lin. S. P. 77. Trichophorum alpinum, Persoon Syn. 1,70. Turf bogs; perennial; April, May. Culms erect, 9 in. high ; leaves 1 in. long, blunt ; spike ovate; hractece ovate; upper bractea mucronate; mucro short, blunt ; lower bractea awnless. XIII. 44. ERIOPHORUM. Theophrastus. Cotiongrass . Spathelle 1, imbricate, all fertile; glumelles bristly, bristles many, smooth, woollike, longer than the glumes, becoming exserted; stamens 3; style 1, not dilated at bot- tom, jointed, falling off; stigmata 2 or 3; akenium 3-sided, ovate. — Root creeping, mostly in tufts, perennial; culms round or angular, mostly smooth ; spike manyflowered, hermaphrodite ; glumes scarcely ribbed, very thin, scariose, dark, edge white. a. Spikes single , terminal ; hractece 3 or 4, like the glumes . 1. Eriophorum capitatum . Headed cotiongrass. Culm round ; sheaths slightly inflated : spike sub- globose ; anther heartshape, ovate, short ; root creeping. Linagrostis § 1, No. 2, Micheli N. P. G. 54. Eriophorum capitatum, Hoff. Germ. 3, 26. Eriophorum Scheuehzeri, Persoon Syn. 1,70. Eriophorum vagiuatum #, Suter FL Helv. 1,28. Eriophorum alpinum, Villars Dauph. 2, 184. Marshy heaths ; perennial ; March. Root long; culms few, thick, soft, deep green, sheathed below; leaves in bundles, bristlelike, awlshape, spongy, shorter than the culms. 2. Eriophorum vaginatum. Sheathed cotiongrass . Culms 3-sided; sheaths inflated above, bellied; spike oblong, ovate; anthers linear, long; root fibrous, in tufts. PLend.ph. 9. CYPERACEJE. 44. Eriophorum. SI Linagrostis q. Juncus Alpinus cum cauda leporina Joh.Bauhin, Raii Syn. 436, 2. Gramen juneoides lanatum alterum Danicum, Park. 1271. Gramen junceum raiontanum, subcseiulea spica, Cambro-britannicum, Park. 1188. Linagrostis, § 1, No. 1, Micheli N. P. G. 54. Eriophorum vaginatum, Lin . S. P. 76. Linagrostis vaginata, La Marck FI. Fr. 555. Eriophorum caespitosum, Schrader Germ. 1, 150. Harestail rush , Moss crops. Turf bogs; perennial; Roots in dense tufts ; culms 1 foot high, hard, slender, angles black and smooth ; sheaths long, tubular, leafless, brown above, inflated, reticulate; leaves upright, 3-sided, shorter than the culms. b. Spike many peduncled, paniculate ; bracteee leajlike , unequal . 3. Eriophorum latifolium. Broadleaved cotton grass* Culms roundish; leaves flat; spike drooping; peduncles rough. Linagrostis, ^ 2, No. 1, Micheli N. P. G. 54. Eriophorum polystachyon, Lin. S. P. 76. Linagrostis paniculata a. La Ma-cut; stigmata 2; panicle compound . Apera. 90. Lower spathellules ending in a bristle; glume truncated, fringed; axis digitate .... Mibora. 99. Lower spathellules awned below the middle; bristles 2, at the top; panicle spiked Lagurus. 96. c. Glumes imperfectly 2-jlowered j spathellules 2, awnless . Rudiment of the abortive flowret sessile, subulate ; glumes nearly equal, boatshaped, gibbous PiiALARis. 84. Rudiment of the abortive flowret pedi- celled, filiform; glumes equal; lodicule lan- ceolate, small Chilochloa. 82. Rudiment of the abortive flowret pedi- celled, clavate ; glumes very short, persist- ing ; axis digitate Cynodon. 51. G 2 U 10. GRAMINEJE. Pl.end.ph . d. Glumes 2 -flowered; flowers polygamous ; spathellules 2. Spathellules awnless ; lower glumes very minute; axis digitate; locusta unilateral.. Digitaria. 100. Spathellules awnless; lodicule obtuse; axis panicled; locusta involucrated with bristles Setaria. 101. Spathellule lower, ending in a bristle; glumes and glumelles of the lower flowret hairy Echinochloa. 102. Lower spathellule awned on the back below the middle; apex 2-lobed; lower flowret male Arrhenatherum. 75. e. Glumes 3, or many-flowered ; flowers polygamous . Spathellules awnless ; glumes 5 or 7-flowered ; upper flowret hermaphrodite, base girt with woolly hairs Arundo. 71. Lower spathellule awned ; glume 3-flowered ; middle flowret s hermaphrodite, awnless Anthoxanthum. 78. f. Glumes 2 or many -flower ed ; flowers hermaphrodite . Spathellules awnless ; locust ce 2 in each in- volucrum; involucrum 1 -leaf, globed; lobes pin- natifid Cynosurus. 68. Spathellules awnless, cordate, not notched ; involucrum 0 ; glumes compressed, base cor- date, subauriculated Briza. 55. Spathellules awnless, ovate, not notched; in- volucrum 0; glumes ovate; upper floscule abor- tive, pedicelled Melica. 57. Spathellules awnless, lanceolate, acute; invo- lucrum 0 ; stigmata aspergilliform ; seed bimu- cronate Mon ilia. 56. Spathellules awnless; upper 2-cut, toothed; involucrum 0; stigmata villose; lodicule ovate, smooth Poa. 54. Lower spathellule mucronate, 2-lobed ; upper 2- toothed ; locus tee elongated ; flowret s 2-rowed, imbricate Megastachya. 53. Lower spathellule mucronate; locus tee shorter than the glumes; lodicule lanceolate Triodia. 58. Lower spathellule ending in a bristle; spike involucrated ; style simple ; lodicule subulate Sesleria. 69. 10. GRAMINEiE. 85 PL end.plu Lower spatkellule with a very short seta below the tip; itpper 2-cut; panicle spiked Koeleria. 67. Lower spathellule with a short seta below the tip, nicked; upper 2-cut; panicle com- pound, glomerated Dactylis. 66. Lower spathellule with a long seta below the tip, nicked ; upper 2-cut ; locusta few- flowered; panicle compound Zerna. 61. Lower spathellule with a straight awn and cordately nicked below the tip; locustce many- flowered ; panicle loose Bromus. 62. Lower spathellule with a flexuous awn on the back; Jlowrets dissimilar, lower almost awnless Holcus. 79. Lower spathellule with a flexuous awn above the middle ; Jlowrets all alike; apex 2-bristled Trisetum. 72. Lower spathellule with a plaited awrn above the middle ; Jlowrets all alike ; bristles none ; seed husked Avena. 74*. Lower spathellule torn, awned below the middle; awn filiform, plaited, twisted; seed free Aira. 77. Lower spathellule not notched, awned be- low the middle; middle of the awn jointed, woolly ; below twisted ; above clubshape CoRYNEPHORUS. 81. Lower spathellule many-toothed, awned at the base; awn straight, scarcely longer than the glumelle Deschampsia. 80. Lower spathellule 2-toothed, apex awned ; upper obtuse, truncated; lodicule ovate . . Danthonia. 73, B. Axis jointed or toothed ; glumes inserted parallely » a. Locustce many-Jlowered ; Jlowrets hermaphrodite, Spathellules awnless; lower erose, many- toothed ; glumes margin hyaline ; lad . hearth- shape Glyceria. 65. Spathellules awnless, lower truncate, erose, toothed ; glumes 3-toothed ; lodicule lanceolate Catabrosia. 76. Spathelhdes awnless ; lower heartshape, nicked, obtuse; upper not nicked; lod. nicked; locusta unilateral Sclerochloa. 52. IQ. GRAMlNEiE. PI, end. ph . S6 Lower spathellule with a bristle below the apex; apex nicked; proper peduncle inflated, wedgeshape . ; . . . Schedonorus. 6Q, Lower spathellule ending in a very short bristle ; apex not nicked ; stamens 3 ; locusta panicled; prop. ped. inflated, wedgeshape .. Festuca. 63. Lower spathellule ending in a long bristle; apex not nicked; stamen. 1 ; locusta panicled; prop. ped. inflated, wedgeshape . « Vulpia. 64. Lower spathellule ending in a bristle ; Upper obtusely truncated ; edge stiff-haired ; locusta 1 in each joint of the rachis . . Brachypodium. 59. Lower spathellule ending in a short seta; upper nicked, 2-cut; ovary bald; locusta 1 in each tooth of the rachis Agropyron. 49. Lower spathellide ending in a short seta; 2-cut, toothed ; lodicide unequally 2-toothed ; locusta 1 in each tooth of the rachis ; lower 1-glumed Lolium. 48. Lower spathellule ending in a short seta, toothed ; lodicide not notched ; glumes broad, boatshaped, nearly equal; locustce 1 in each tooth of the rachis; ovary bearded Triticum. 50. Lower spathellule ending in a long bristle, entire; lodicide entire; glume awlshape; lo* CUStce 1 in each tooth of the rachis Secale. 46. Lower spathellule ending in a seta, not nicked ; lodicide not notched ; locustce 2 or 3 irt each tooth of the rachis, ail 2-glumed .... Elymus. 47. b. Locustce \-Jlowered . Spathellules ending in a seta ; locustce 3 in each tooth of the rachis; all fruitful Hordeum. 44. Spathellules ending in a seta ; locustce 3 in each tooth of the rachis ; 2 lateral barren Zeocriton. 45. Spathellules membranaceous, awnless ; glume cartilaginous, half immersed ; spike cylindrical Ophiurus. 43. Spathellules convolute; lower subulate, awniess ; glumes none ; spike 1 -rowed Nardus. 42. 10. GRAMINEiE. 42. Nardus. 87 PL end . ph. 2. Locust (R dissimilar , enclosed in its proper receptacle . Polythalama, A. yte’s whole , pointed , nor toothed; glumes often unequal , inserted alternately. a. Axis androgynous ; locust ce l -flowered . N^ut. flow, remote; spathelle 1; her m. flow. Eeduncled; loiver spathellule with a bristle elow the apex . Chrysurus. 70. A. HoRDEACEiE. Rachis spiked; spikelet solitary, in pairs, or many, 1 or many-flowered ; glumes opposite, equal ; lower spathelle bearded or awnless ; upper spathelle 2-keeled ; styles 2. I. 42. NARDUS. Theophrastus. Mat grass. Glume 0 ; spathellules 2, oblong, convolute ; lower spa - thellule awlshape; styles and stigmata simple, hairy; ca- riopsis free, furrowed. — Rachis toothed, spiked; spike sim- ple, filiform; locustce 1-rowed. Nardus strict a, Stiff mat grass. Spike setaceous, straight, 1-rowed, Gramen sparteum juncifutiura, Raii Syn. 393, 2. Spartum nostras, parvum Lobclio, Ger. em. 43. Spartum pai vum, Bafavicum et Anglicum, Parle. 1199. !Nardus stricta, Lin. S. P. 77. Small matweed. Moist sandy heaths; perennial; July. Culm bent at top, 6 in. high, stiff, rather angular, smooth; leaves radical, closely tufted ; spike terminal, single, slender, II. 43. OPHIURUS. Gsertner. Snaketail. Glume cartilaginous, half immersed in a hollow of the rachis, longer than the glumelles ; glumelles membranous, hyaline; ovary rather naked, cordate ; stigmata feathered. — Rachis jointed, toothed, spiked; spike simple, awlshape; culm branchy. 1. Ophiurus incurvatus. Bent snaketail . Spike round, awlshape, incurved; spathelles adpressed; 1 -flowered ; leaves flat ; floscules awnless, iEgilops incurvata, Lin. S. P. 1491. Agrostris incurvata. Scop. FI. Cam. 1, 62. Rottbollia incuryata, Lin. Supplem , 114. Sea hqrd grass. 88 43. Ophiurus. 10. GRAMINEiE. PL end. plu Fields and meadows near the sea ; annual; August. Culm rather compressed, very smooth, shining, kneed, procumbent at bottom; leaves spreading, short smooth on the back; sheaths rather tumid, compressed ; Li gala very short, truncate; spike and rachis smooth; spat Julies when in full flower patent, nearly equal, 3-ribbed ; outer spat he lie larger, 1 -ribbed. 2. Ophiurus er ectus . Upright suakdaiL Spike round, subulate, rather compressed, upright ; spa - thelles 2, swordshape, 1 -flowered; fiowret awnless; leaves channelled, subulate. Rottbollia erecta, Savi Giorn. Pis. 4, 230. Rottbollia filiformis, Willd. S. P. 1,464. Rottbollia incurvata 0, De Gand. Syn. FI. Fr. 1653. Fields near the sea ; perennial ? August. III. 44. HORDEUM. Theophrastus. Bere« Locusice 3 in each tooth of the rachis, 1 -flowered, all the florets fertile ; spathelles 2, awlshape ; loner spatheliule bristle pointed; upper spatheliule not nicked, rather ob- tuse; lodicule blunt, not nicked, smooth ; ovary bearded at the tip ; stigmata villose; cariopsis husky, furrowed. — Raphis jointed, toothed, spiked; spike not branched. Cultivated largely for malting, especially in Scotland. 1. Hordeum hexastichum . Six-row here . Seeds disposed in six rows. Hordeum polystiehum hybernum, Raii Syn. 388, 3, confounded with hordeum tetrastiehum. Hordeum hexastichon, Lin. S. P. 125. Hordeum vulgare j9, Lam. FI. Fr. 623. Full 6-sided big or here. Round barley. Winter barley. Greek barley. Cultivated, sown in autumn; biennial; June and July. Root and leaves like hordeum distichum ; culm 3 feet high ; spike cylindrical, nearly erect ; beards more than twice as long as the spikes ; cariopsis spread out. Used as food for horses in warm countries, and for malting. 2. Hordeum tetrastichum. Four-row here • Seeds in four row2 * * * * 7s. Hordeum polystiehum, Raii Syn. 388, 3 ; Park. 1130. Hordeum polystiehum vernum, Ger. cm, 10. Hordeum vulgare, Lin. S. P. 125. Triticum vulgare, Salis. Prod. 27. Square Barky. Big . Bear . PLend.ph. 10. GRAMINEiE. 44. Hordeum. 89 Cultivated like the preceding, with which it is generally confounded. Spike slightly compressed; beards nearly twice as long as the spike; cariopsides 20 to 45, those on the sides spread out, the others adpressed, more numerous but many im- perfect. 0. nudum. Glume not adhering to the cariopsis. Triticum spica hordei, Raii Syn, 387, 7. Hordeum nudum, Ger. em. 72. Zeopyrum, sive Tritico-speHum, Park. 1123. Hordeum vulgare j8 cceleste, Lin.S. P. 125. Naked barley. Black barley. Barley wheat. Grown by few, but praised by them as excellent for malting. JV. 45. ZEOCRITON. C. Bauhin. Barley . Locuslce 3 in each tooth of the rachis, 1 -flowered; the middle floret fertile, the two lateral florets neutral or bar- ren ; spathelles 2, awlshaped ; lo>ver spathellules bristle- pointed ; upper spa the Hide not nicked, blunt; lodicule blunt, not nicked, smooth ; ovary bearded at the tip ; stigmata villose; cariopsis husked, furrowed, — Rachis toothed, joint- ed, spiked ; spike simple. 1. Zeocriton distichon . Two-rowed barley . Lateral flowers beardless; cariopsides angular, lying one over the other. Hordeum distichum, Raii Syn. 388, 1 ; Ger. em. 70; Park. 1130; Lin. S. P. 125. Zeocriton distichum, Palis, de Beauvais, Barley. Spring barley . Cultivated largely for malting, especially in England: the decorticated seeds make a cooling and demulcent drink by being boiled in water; and the flour is made in some parts into bread, which must be baked almost as soon as it is made up, as it grows sour very soon. The wort made of the malt is antiseptic, and still more the yeast, or froth that collects during the fermentation, which is also a va- luable febrifuge. The fermented wort, of which there are many varieties, is stimulant, cordial, and well supplies the want of wine. Beard more than twice as long as the spike. /3. nudum . Spathelle not adhering to the cariopsis. Turkie barley, Park. 1129. Seeds elliptic, tawny, glabrous. 1 SO 45. Zeocriton. 10. GRAMINEiE. PL end.ph „ 2. Zeocriton vulgar e. Common barley . Lateral flowers beardless; cariopsidps angular, patent. Hordeum distichum, spica breviore et latiore, granis confertis, Raii Syn. 388, 2. Hordeum distichum minus, Park. 1129. Hordeum Zeocriton, Lin. S. P. 125. Sprat barley Battledore barley. Cultivated, but not commonly. Spike compressed, ovate, lanceolate ; beard terminal, sometimes more than three times as long as the spike. 3. Zeocriton murinum. Wall barley. Flowrets three; spathelle of the intermediate flowret linear, lanceolate, ciliated ; spathelles of the outer flowrets bristled, rough ; sheaths smooth. Gramen secalinum, Secale sylvestre, Raii Syn, 391, 1 ; Ger. era. 73. Hordeum spurium vulgare. Park. 1147. Hordeum murinum, Lin. S . P. 125. Triticum murale, Satis. Prod. 27. Zeocriton murinum, Palis.de Beauvois. Way bennett. Wild Rye. Mouse barley . Ruins and waysides; annual; the whole summer. Culms many, a foot long, erect, bent at bottom, leafy; leaves light green, rough; sheaths nearly as long as the leaves, rather bellied, very bald ; stipula very short ; spike about 3 in. long. 4. Zeocriton secalinum. Rye barley. Flowrets three; side-Jlowrets with short aristae; spathelles of all the flowrets setaceous, rough ; locustce smooth ; sheaths smooth. Gramen secalinum, Raii Syn. 392 ; Ger. era. 29 *. Gramen secalinum majus et minus, Park. 1144. Jlordeum nodosum, Lin. S. P. 126. Hordeum murinum Lin. S. P. 126. Hordeum pratense, ffuds. FI. ^ ing . 56. Hordeum secalinum, Willd. S. P. 1,45. Zeocriton secalinum. Pal. de Beauv. Tall meadow rie- grass . Meadows and pastures ; perennial ; June. Culm 18 in. high, erect, slender, leafy below, naked above; leaves spread, acute, roughish; sheaths a little bellied ; ligula very small ; spike short, narrow ; setae short. 5. Zeocriton maritimum. Sea barley. Spathelles rough, inner spathelle of the lateral flowrets ^emilanceolate ; the rest setaceous ; leaves flat, soft. 10. GRAMINEiE. 45. Zeocriton. 91 PL end.ph. Gramen secalinum palustre et maritirrsum, Raii Syn. 392,3. Hordeum m iritimum, With. Rot. Ar. 172. Hordeum marinum, Huds. FI. Ang. 57. Zeocriton maritirnum, Pul. de Beauvois. Squirrel-tail grass. Marsh rye-grass. Grass lands by the sea; annual ; June, July. Leaves rather glaucous; locustce pyramidal, compact; setce long, stiff, and strongly barbed. V. 46. SEC ALE. Pliny. Bye , Locusta 1 sessile in each tooth of the rachis, 2 or 3-flowered, 2 lower fertile, sessile, opposite, uppermost abortive; spalhelles subulate, opposite, not notched, shorter than the glumes; lower spath llule not notched, ending in a very long bristle; upper 2-cut, toothed; lodicule ob- ovate, not notched, pilose; ovary bearded; styles 2; stigmata feathered; cariopsis husked, furrowed. — Rachis jointed, toothed, spiked; spike simple; locustce crowded, imbricate. Secale cere ale. Harvest rye . Outer spathellule prickly, ciliated. Secale, Raii Syn. 388, 1 ; Ger. em. 68. Secale vulgatius, Park. 1128. Secale cereale, L. S P. 124. Triticum cereale, Salis. Prod. 27. Cultivated in fields; annual; sown in autumn, for bread either alone, or mixed with wheat to form meslin bread, not drying so soon as wheat bread : and still more for fer- mentation, and the manufacture of rye, malt, or corn- spirit. The straw is split, and plaited into women’s hats,&c. Root fibrous ; culm above naked, smooth, erect; leaves erect; sheaths long, smooth; ligula very short; spike erect; locustce glaucous, smooth. |3. compositum . Spike branching. 7. vernum . Spike small, slender ; plant smalh Secale vernum seu minus, Raii Syn. 388,2. Secale aestivum seu minus, Park. 1129. Sown in the spring. VI. 47. ELYMUS. Micheli. Lymegrass . Locustce 2 or more in each tooth of the rachis, 3 to 9-flowered ; spathelles in pairs nearly equal ; lower spa - iheliule not notched, bristled ; bristle sometimes very short ; Upper spathellule 2-cut, toothed; lodicule ovate, whole. 92 47. Elymus. 10. GRAMINEiE. PLe?id.pk. hairy; ovary bearded; stigmata feathered; cariopsis husked, farrowed.- — Rachis jointed, toothed, spiked; spike simple; locustce crowded. a. Locust a more than 2-flowered . Elymus. 1. Elymus arenarius . Sand lymegrass. Spike erect, close; locustce mostly 3 -flowered, downy; in two rows in the top and bottom of the spike, in three in the middle ; scarcely shorter than the ciliated glume ; Jlowrets awnless ; leaves involute, stiff. Elymus arenarius, Lin. S. P. 122. Hordeum villosnm, Moench Meth. 199. Sandy sea-shores ; perennial ; July. Root creeping; culm 4 feet high, upright, stiff; leaves upright, firm, glaucous; lignla very short, crenulate; spike about 7 in. long, subcompressed, closely set. 2. Elymus geniculatus. Bent lymegrass . Spike loose, first erect, afterward bent and drooping; locustce 3 or 4-flowered, pubescent, lower ones remote; spalhelles , short, smooth ; leaves involute, stiff. Elymus geniculatus, Curtis JBr. Gr. 46. Culm 6 feet high, slender; leaves very narrow; spike IS in. to 2 feet long, fiowrets remote, so that the rachis is visible, the lower fiowrets at a great distance from one another ; rachis bent twice, so that the tip hangs perpen- dicularly down; spathelles half as long again as the lo- custse, smooth ; locustce 4-flowered. b. Locustce 2-flow ei'ed. Cuvieria. 3. Elymus P europceus . Europe lymegrass*, Spike erect ; locustce in threes, 1 or 2-flowered, bearded, rough ; spathelles linear, awlshape, bearded, as long as the locustm ; leaves flat, smooth ; sheath hairy. Gramen secalinmn majus sylvaticum, liaii Syn. 392,3. Gramen secalinmn maximum. Park. 1144. Elymus europeeus, Lin. Mant. 35. Hordeum sylvaticum, Buds. FI. Jngl. 51. Tritieum sylvaticum, Salisb. Prod. 27. Secale villosum, Buds. FI. ed. 1 , 46. Cuvieria European, Kosl. Grain. 328. Great wood rys-grass . Woods on chalky soils; perennial; Jnne^ PL end. ph. 10. GRAMlNEiE. 47. Elymus. 9S Culm erect, 2 feet high, striated, bald, leafy at bottom ; leaves spreading; sheaths ribbed, rather bellied; ligula small, crenulate ; spike about 2 in. long, blunt, close set ; Jlowrets mostly perfect, bearded ; beards twice as long as the flowret ; locust ce subpedicelled, twoflowered, often only oneflowered, as long as the spathelles. VII. 48. LOLIUM. Pliny. Darnel Locus tee sessile, 1-glumed ; terminal locusta 2-glumed ; glumes opposite ; lower spathelle pointed at the tip, or with a bristle ; upper spathelle membranous, 2-cut, toothed ; lodicule 2-teethed ; teeth unequal; ovary rather 3-sided; stigmata feathered ; cariopsis husked, furrowed. — Rachis jointed, toothed, spiked; spike compound. 1. Lolium perenne, Lasting darnel Spike beardless; locustce longer than the glume; root perennial. Lolium q. Gramen loliaceum, angustiore folio et spica, Raii Syn. 395,2. Lolium rubrum, Ger. em, 78. Lolium rubrum, sive Phoenix, Park. 1145. Lolium perenne, Lin. S . P. 122. Ray-grass. Red, darnel. Crap . Meadows, pathsides, and cultivated ; perennial ; June. Culm a foot high ; leaves deep green ; spike nearly erect, 2-rowed, compressed ; rachis bent alternately to take in the locustae; locustce alternate, erect, ovate, compressed, many- flowered ; glume of one spathelle, lanceolate, not bearded, smooth, sometimes viviparous. 0. tenue. Locustce few-flowered. Lolium tenue, Lin. S. P. 122. Leaves and spike thin ; locustce 3 or 4 -flowered, not much compressed, yet longer than the glume. In barren soils. y. paniculaium. Spike branched at bottom. Lolium q. Gramen loliaceum paniculatum, Raii Syn. 39 5,3. Phoenix multiplici spicata panicula, Park. 1146. £. compositum . Spike compound, very short, 7 to 9-flowered, compressed, crowded. e. viviparum. Glume and glumelle changed into leaves. L purpurascens . Locustce purplish green. 94* 48. Lolium. 10. GR AMINE Ai PL end . phi 2. Lolium temulentum . Intoxicating darneh Spike bearded ; locustce smaller than the glume ; root annual ; culm rough above. Lolium album, Rail Syn. 395, 1 ; Ger.erii . 78; Park. 1145. Lolium temulentum, Lin. S. P. 122. Lolium annuum. Lamarck FI. Franc. Craclialia temulenta, Schrank FI. Bat. 255. Bromus temulentus, Bern. Erfurd. 49. Bearded darnel. Corn-fields and among flax ; annual * June. Culm erect, 2 feet high, very bald below, but rough above ; leaves rough ; ligula very short, blunt, crenulate ; spike erect, large; fachis rough; flowrets many, awned a little below the tip ; awn twice as long as the flowret. Seeds ground with bread-corn produce headach and vertigo, if the bread is eaten hot; malted with barley, and made into malt-liquor it renders the liquor very intoxica- tive : if eaten by itself, or with but a little wheat-flour, it is even deleterioiis. 3. Lolium arvense. Corn darneh Spikes mostly awnless; locustce and glumes of equal length; root annual. Lolium arvense, With. 1G8. Lolium temulenium, Huds. Fl.Ang. 55. Lolium annuum, Bern. Erford. 1801. White darnel. Fields; annual; July. Culm and rachis entirely bald ; leaves bald, but some- times rough at top 5 glume mostly of one spathelle, some- times of two ; locustce rather longer than the glume ; flowret apparently awnless ; awns extremely short. VIII. 49. AGROPYRUM. Gaertner. Wheat grass. Locustce sessile or with short footstalks; glume 3 to 9-flowered, acute, not notched, opposite, shorter than the flowret ; lower spathellule not notched, sometimes toothed ; bristled ; bristles sometimes very short or none 5 upper spa - thelbde nicked or 2-cut, toothed ; lodicule ovate, not nicked* hairy; ovary smooth; stigmata feathered ; cariopsis husked, furrowed. — Rachis jointed, toothed, spiked; spike compound* 1. Agropyrum junceum. Rush wheat grass. Glume mostly 9-ribbed, blunt, 4 or 5-flowered ; flowret awnless ; rachis smooth ; root creeping. Pl.end.ph. 10. GRAMINEiE. 49. Agropyrurn. 95 Graraen caninum, q. Gramen maritimum, spica loliacea, foliis pungent tibus Plukenet, Raii Syn. 391,4. Triticum junceum, Lin.S. P. 128. Triticum glaucum, Re Cand. Syn. FI. Gall. 1662. Bromus truncatus, Scopolt FI. Cam. 121. Agropyrurn jiinceum, Pal. de Beauvois. Sea-shores, on the sands ; perennial ; July. * Root creeping ; culm purplish at bottom, naked top and bottom, leafy in the middle ; leaves glaucous, very smooth underneath, rough on the upper face ; ligidce Very short ; spike upright, 1 inch long ; spaihelles boatshape, furrowed* blunt. /3. crassum. Leaves less acute, convolute ; spike thick. Gramen caninum q. Gramen loliaceum supinum, spica crassiore Tourne* fiortii, Raii Syn. 391, 5. y. foliosum. Spike leafy. Gramen caninum maritimum, spica foliacea, Raii Syn. 391, 6. 2. Agropyrurn caninum . Dogs ’ wheatgrass . Glume with a short awn, 3 to 5-ribbed, mostly 5-flowered; Jlowrets bearded ; root fibrous, perennial. Gramen caninum aristatum, radice non repente, sylvaticum, Raii Sun, 390, 2. Elymus caninus, Lin. S. P. 124. Triticum caninum, Huds. Fl.Ang. 58. Festuca nutans, Moench Meth. 191. Agropyrurn caninum, Pal. de Beauvois. Bearded dcg-grass. Woods and hedges in chalky soils ; perennial ; July. Root not creeping ; culm 2 feet high ; leaves ribbed, green, rough on both faces ; sheaths smooth ; ligula. very short ; spike 3 or 4 in. long, rather upright, then drooping, loose; lower locustce often double, the rest alternate; spa - thelles equal, 3 or 5-ribbed, opposite ; awns purplish, as long as the spathelle, or longer ; spathellules ciliate. 3. Agropyrurn cristatum . Crested wheatgrass . Glume 3 to 5-flowered, awned; locustce lanceolate, im- bricate ; culm pubescent. Triticum cristatum, Schreb. Gram. 12. Bromus crisiatus, Lestib. Anvers. 339. Agropyrurn cristatum, Rcem. Sys. Veg. 758. Rocks by sea-side; perennial; July, August. Root creeping; culm upright, 18 in. high, procumbent at bottom, and taking root ; leaves erect, close, striated ; sheaths smooth ; ligula short, truncate; rachis white, alter- nately toothed ; locustce, compressed ; pale green, 3 to 5-flowered ; spathelles with short awns ; spathellules 5-rib- bed: Jlowrets crowded so as to depress each other. 96 49. Agropyrunr. 10. GRAMINEiE. Pl.end.ph. 4. Agropyrum pun gens. Pricking wheat grass. Spike continued; rachis hispid; locustce alternate 2-rowed; spathelles equal, acute, 5 to 7-ribbed ; spat/iellules very short, mucronate ; leaves flat at bottom, edge convolute at top, rather stiff, pungent ; root creeping. Gramen caninum maritimum spica triticea, Raii Syn. 390,3-. Triticum repens y, Smith FI. Brit. 1, 15S. Triticum pungens, Lamarck FI. Fr. Sapp. 1662. -Agropyriim pungens, Roem. Sys. Veg. Sea-side. Boot creeping ; leaves flat, apex rolled, smooth or hairy. 5. Agropyrum repens. Creeping wheatgrass. Boot creeping, white, jointed, soboliferous ; locustce ob- long, mostly 4 -flowered ; spathelles awnless ; spathellules mucronated, as long as the spathelles. Gramen caninum q. Gramen spica triticea repens vulgare, caninum dic- tum, Raii Syn. 390, 1. Gramen caninum, Ger. em. 23, Gramen caninum vulgatius, Park. 1173, Gramen of the medical writers. Triticum repens, Lin. S. P. 121. Bromus glaber, Scop. Cam. 1, 84. Triticum arvense, Schreber. Triticum infestum, Salis. Prod. 27. Agropyrum arvense, Rcemer Sys. Veg. 754. Dogs grass. Couch grass. Quitch grass. Fields and gardens ; perennial ; July to August. Boot creeping ; culm erect, 2 feet high, slender, leafy ; leaves very spreading, nearly 1 -rowed, rough on the upper surface and edge ; spike rather erect, 2 to 3 in. long ; lo- custce small ; spathelles often awned ; awns of different lengths. Boot sweet, used as food for horses in many countries, also for man in time of scarcity, or medicinally as a demul- cent and aperient, has also been proposed as a saccharine matter for brewing ; but being a troublesome weed in gar- dens is mostly burnt ; leaves eaten by dogs as an emetic, probably acting mechanicalfy. /3. sululatum. Locustce oblong, mostly 6-flowered ; spa- thelles awlshape ; spatkeilules mucronate, longer than the spathelles. Triticum subulatum, Schreber. y. dumetorum. Locustce either single, in pairs or in threes, oblong, 5 or 6-flowered; spathelles and spathellules awned ; awns not a line long. Triticum dumetorum, Schreber. Triticum repens 3, With. Bot.Arr. 1,229. Pl.end.ph. 10. GRAMINEAS. 49. Agropvrum. 97 & Leersianum . Locust (B oblong, mostly 5-flowered ; spa- thelles and spathellules awned ; awns twice the length of the spathelle. Triticum Leersianum, Schreber. Triticum repens, FI. Dan. 748. Triticum sepinum, Thuill. FI. Par. 67. IX. 50. TRITICUM. Pliny. Wheat: Locusta 1 sessile in each tooth of the rachis, 3 or 4-flowered ; 2 lower flowerets sessile, opposite, fertile ; up- permost often abortive ; spatkelles broad, boatshaped, nearly equal, opposite, toothed, ending in a short bristle; spathellules lower, toothed, ending in a short bristle ; upper slightly nicked ; lodicule ovate, not notched, hairy ; ovary bearded at the tip; style 2-parted ; stigmata feathered; cariopsis husked, furrowed. — Rachis toothed, jointed, spiked; spike simple ; locust ce crowded, imbricate. Farina of the seed is in general use as food for mankind* very nutritious on account of the gluten which it contains, and which is in greater proper: ion in the wheats- grown in warm countries than in cold ; seed used for the manu- facture of starch, and it is malted and fermented into a kind of beer called mum ; husks of the seeds used as a food for horses and swine ; straw cut into chaff given to horses as a mechanical stimulus to the appetite. a. Cariopsis Jree ; rachis flexible; glume coriaceous . 1. Triticum cestivum . Summer wheat . Spike parallel, compressed, bristled ; glumes glabrous, bristled, truncated ; base contracted, plaited ; bristle from the base, obtuse, very short. Triticum aestivum, Raii Syn. 387, 6 * ; Lin. S. P . 126, Triticum trimestre, Park. 1121. Triticum vulgare, Fill. Delph. 2, 153. Triticum segetale, Salts. Prod. 27. Triticum vulgare a, Willd. Hort. Berol. 1, 135. Triticum sativum, Lam. Enc. Meth. 2, 554. Cultivated in fields ; annual ; sown in spring. Culm erect, many, glabrous ; leaves flat ; sheath round, smooth ; ligula truncated ; spike subquadrate ; locusta smooth. £. album. Spike white ; cariopsides white. y. albo-rubrum. Spike white ; cariopsides red. S', rubro-album. Spike red ; cariopsides white. s. rubrurn. Spike red ; cariopsides red. YOL. II. H 98 50. Triticura. 10. GRAMINEiE. PI. end.ph. 2. Triticum compositum. Mamjeared wheat . Spike compound; locusia 3'flowered, turgid, ventricose, roundish, imbricate, bristled; uppermost flowret barren, awnless. Triticum spica multiplici, Raii Syn. 387, 6 ; Ger. em. 66 ; Park. 1120,4. Triticum compositum, Lin. Suppl. 115. Egyptian wheat. Cultivated in fields ; annual ; Culm not hollow at top ; leaves smooth, flaccid ; spike thick, less 2-rowed than summer-wheat, mostly villose, bristled ; bristle long, coloured. 3. Triticum turgidum . Turgid wheat . Spike parallel, compressed ; locusta 4-flowered, ventri- cose, pubescent, imbricate, bristled; uppermost flowret barren ; glumes obtuse. Triticum aristaturn spica maxima cinericea, glumis hirsutis, Raii Syn . 387, 4. Triticum turgidum, L. S. P. 126. Duckbill wheat. Square gray wheat. Gray pollard wheat . Cultivated in fields. Leaves smooth ; locusia very turgid, velvety, villose, purplish ; bristle red, shining. j8. submuticum . Glumes awned ; awns short, y. aristaturn . Glumes awned ; awns as long as the spike. Triticum spica villosa quadrata longiore aristis munitum, Raii Syn . 387, 3 *. Triticum lucidum, Park. 1120. Triticum aristis circumvailatum, Ger. em. 66. Cone wheat. Normandy wheat. Red wheat. 4. Triticum hybernum . Winter tv he at. Spikes parallel, compressed, nearly awnless ; glumes gib- bous, truncated, mucronate ; base contracted, plaited ; rib obtuse, prominent. Triticum spica mutica, Raii Syn. 386, 1 ; Ger. em. 65 ; Park. 1120. Triticum h , hernum, Lin. S. P. 126. Triticum segetale, var. Salisb. Prod. 27. Triticum vuigare £?, JVilld. Hort Berol. 135. Triticum sativum /■?, Lam. Enc. Meth. 554. Cultivated in fields ; sown in autumn, and reaped the following year. 0. aristaturn . Spikes bristled. Triticum aristis circumvailatum, grains et spica rubescentibus, glumis laevibus et splendentibus, Raii Syn. 387, 2. Red-eared bearded wheat. 7 10. GR AMINES. 50. Triticum. 99 PL end. pit . b. Cariopsis free ; rachis flexible ; glume leaflike . 5. Triticum P Polonicum . Polish wheat . Spi&e irregular ; locust a 3 or 4-flowered, ventricose, rough, imbricate ; awn long ; 2 intermediate flowrets bar- ren, awnless ; glumes unequal, ciliated. Triticum majus longiore grano gUimis foliaceis incluso, seuT. Poloniae dictum, Baii Syn , 387, 5. Triticum Polonicum, Lin. S. P. 478. Triticum giaucum, Moench Method . Spike irregular, grey ; locusta 3 to 5-flowered, long; awns very long; spathelles long; outer spathellule double the length of the inner ; cariopsis long ; apex pubescent. c. Cariopsis husky ; rachis brittle ; spike obtusely compressed . 6. Triticum monococcum. One-seeded wheat . Spike simple, compressed ; locusta 2-flowered, ventricose, imbricate, 1 -seeded; awn of the fertile flowret long ; apex of the glume 3-toothed ; rachis bearded ; barren flowret awnless. Briza monococcos, Ger. em. 73. Zea monoccos aristis munita, Park. 1124, Triticum monococcum, Lin. S. P. Brant barley. St. Peter's corn. Cultivated in fields; annual; sown in autumn. Culm 1 or 2 feet high : leaves ciliated : ligula toothed ; spike like rye, white, very smooth, margin of the rachis pubescent ; locusta shining. & rulrum . Spike pale red, pubescent. d. Cariopsis husked; rachis brittle; spike par allelly compressed . 7. Triticum spelta. Spelt wheat. Spike simple, compressed ; locusta 3-flowered, ventricose, rough, bristled ; middle flowret barren, awnless ; glumes obtuse ; margin of the rachis very smooth. Triticum amvleuin, Ger. em. 69. Olyra, Park. 1 126. Zea verna, Raii Hist. 1243. Triticum spelta, Lin. S. P. 127. Starch corn. Cultivated in fields ; annual ; sown in spring. Culm short, pubescent; leaves woolly; spike slender, long, 2-rowed, smooth. h 2 PL mid, p hi 100 50. Triticum. 10. GRAMINEiE. <3. muticum. Spike awnless* Zea, sive Spelta, Ger . em. 69. Zeadicoccos spicamutica, Park. 1124. Spelt corn. B. Chlorides. Rachis spiked ; locust ce solitary, rarely many-flowered, upper-flow ret abortive, 2-form ed ; glumes keeled, not opposite ; lower spathellule very often awned, rarely awnless, upper 2-keeled ; styles 2. X. 51. CYNODON. Richard. Dogsfoth. Spathelles alternate, half2-flowered, membranaceous, per- sisting, shorter than the flowrets; glumelle awnless; upper spathellule 2-cut, toothed ; rudiment of the abortive flower pedicelled, smooth, clavate ; lodicule obtuse, truncated ; stigmata aspergilliform ; cariopsis not furrowed ; spike digi- tate ; locus tee 4 or 5, filiform, simple, slender, unilateral, in a single row. Cynodon sarmentosum. Creeping Dogs tooth. Runners creeping; spike digitate, spreading, inner base villose ; loeustee single, sessile ; glumes very spreading, rough ; edge of the leaves ciliated. Gramen Dactylon q. Gramen repens cum panicula graminis Mannas, Itaii Syn. 399, l. Gramen Canarium ischaemi paniculis, Park 1179. Gramen dactyldid.es radice repente, Ger. em. 28. Panicum dactylon, Lin. S. P. 85. Pigitaria littoralis, Salisb. Prod. 10. Pigitaria dactylon, Scop. Cam. 73. Pas pal urn dactylon, Lam Ench. Meth. 5,32. Pigitaria stolonifera, Schrad. Germ. 1, 165. Fibichia umbellata, Koel, Gram. 309. Cyuodon dactylon sarmentosum, Per. Syn. 1,85. Creeping cocksfoot grass. Sandy sea-shore ; perennial ; July, August. Root sarmentose, jointed ; runners prostrate, many ; culm ascending, 9 in. long ; leaves short, glaucous, spread- ing, slightly 5-ribbed, edge scariose, back hirsute ; sheaths hirsute; ligula pilose ; spike filiform, spreading, purplish. PL end. ph. 10. GRAMINErE. 52. Sclefoch. 101 C. Bromeje. Rachis panicled ; locusta solitary, 1, 2, or many-flowered j glumes keeled ; glumelle< of the same con sistence as the glumes ; lower spathellule concave or cari- nate, awned or awnless ; upper 2-keeled ; styles 2. XI. 52. SCLEROCHLOA. Beauvois. Spraygrass. Spathelles parallel, unequal, 3 to 5-flowered, obtuse, shorter than the flowrets ; lower spathellule cordately nicked, obtuse; iLpper not nicked; lodicule nicked? ovary beaked ; stigmata feathered ; cariopsis free, furrowed ? beaked, beak 2-cut; rachis panicled or spiked; locustcB 2-rowed, sessile, hermaphrodite. Sclerochloa procumbens . Procumbent spray-grass . Panicle lanceolate, contracted, unilateral, rough ; rachis round ; locustce 3, 4, or 5-flowered ; flowrets bluntly ribbed. Poa procumbens, Curtis Lond. 11. Prt a rupesiris, With. 146, 126, Sclerochloa procumbens. Pal. de Beauvois. Inundated sea-rocks and ruins; annual; July, August. Root fibrous, tufted ; culm prostrate, mostly 6 in, long ; leaves glaucous, very long sheathed, broad, acute, flat, acutely ribbed, rather rough ; ligula torn ; panicle stiff ; locusta lanceolate, glaucous; spathelles obtuse, very unequal, keeled, outer 5-ribbed; spathellules linear, 5-ribbed, apex membranaceous, torn, inner ciliated. XII. 53. MEG AST ACHY A. Beauvois. Ferngrass . Spathelles alternate, 5 to 20-flowered ; shorter than the flowrets ; lower spathellule nicked, mucronate between the teeth ; upper 2-cut, toothed ; stigmata villose ; cariopsis free, not furrowed ; panicle compound ; locusta long, pedi- celled ; flowrets 2-rowed, imbricate, hermaphrodite. Megastachya rigida. Stiff ferngrass. Panicle 2-ranked, 1-rowed, contracted, stiff, smooth; locusta linear, acute, 5 to 1 1 -flowered ; rachis margined; spathellules free, obsoletely 5-ribbed ; root fibrous. Gramcn pratense q. iramen exille duriusculum in minis et aridis pro- veniens, Raii Syn . 410,8. Gr^mcn minus duriusculum, Ger. cm. 4. Gramen panioula multi plica. Park. 1157. Poa rigida, Lin. S. P. 101. ^legastachya igida, Pal.de Beauv. T4. Small hard grass . 102 53. Megasta. 10. GRAMINEiE. PLend.ph . Dry sandy places and walls; annual; June, July. Culm many, 1 to 6 in. high, erect, stiff, rather com- pressed, smooth ; leaves slender, acute, short, often con- volute ; sheath shining, bluish red ; ligula short, obtuse, torn ; panicle deep green, or purplish ; peduncle short, alter- nate, 2 -rowed ; spatkelles very slender, acute ; spathellules very smooth, outer obsoletely 3 to 5-ribbed. /3. maritima . Culm prostrate, thick, stiff, glaucous, small. Triticum maritimum, WulJ inJacq. Collect. 3, 34. XIII. 51'. POA. Theophrastus. Meadow grass . Spatkelles alternate, 2 to 20-flowered, shorter than the floscules; glumelles sometimes joined at the base with wool; lower spathellule awnless; upper 2-cut, toothed; lodicule obtuse, not notched, smooth ; stamens 2 or 3 ; style short, 2-parted ; stigmata villose ; cariopsis free, furrowed ; panicle compound, more or less branchy and effused. a. Locustce very smooth ; spathellules obtuse. 1. Poa aquatica . Water meadow-grass. Panicle equal, erect, very large, much branched ; locustce linear, 5 to 9-flowered ; glumelles free at the base, 7-ribbed ; leaves very broad, base spotted ; root creeping. Gramen pratense q. Gramen aquaticum majiis, Rail Syn, 411, 13. Poa aquatica, Lin. S. P. 98. Poa altissiraa, Moench Mcth. 185. Reed meadow-grass. Marshes and banks of rivers; perennial ; June and July. Culm thick, smooth, bald, 6 feet high, erect, compressed, 2-edged ; leaves ensifbrm, smooth ; base having 2 or 3 an- gular spots ; sheaths smooth, bald ; ligula truncated ; panicle obtuse ; peduncle very long, rough ; glume all white ; lo- cust(E green and purple. |3. vivipara. Flowers viviparous. 2. Poa maritima . Sea meadow-grass . Panicle equal, branchy, or rather spreading, becoming contracted; locustce 5 to 12-flowered, roundish; flowrets distant, obtuse, obsoletely 5-ribbed ; culm ascending ; root creeping. Gramen pratense q. Gramen paniculatum maritimum vulgatissimum, Ran Syn. 409, 6. Poa arundinacea, Mcencli Meth . 186. Poa maritima, Hudson Ft. Angl . 42, 10. GKAMINEiE. 54. Poa. 103 PL end . ph. Sandy shores ; perennial; July. Culm decumbent at bottom, 1 foot high, very smooth, round, leafy ; leaves involute, glaucous ; ligula obtuse ; panicle erect; peduncles slightly flexuous, first spreading, then erect becoming divaricated ; locus tee purplish. 3. Poa distans. Loose-flowered meadow grass. Panicle equal, becoming divaricated ; fruit-bearing branches deflexed ; loeustee 4 to 6-flowered, roundish ; flow rets distant, very obtuse, obsoletely 5-ribbed ; culm ascending ; root fibrous. Aira aquatica Hudson FI. Angl. 34. Poa salina ? Pollich. vi. 89. Poa retroflexa, Curt. Lond. 6, 1, Poa distans, Lin. Munt. 32. Reflexed meadow-grass. Sandy fields near the sea ; perennial ; July. Culms many, 18 inches high, leafy, smooth; leaves longly sheathed, smooth, flat; radical leaves slightly in- volute ; ligula obtuse ; panicle erect ; locusta green, or green and purple: lower spalhelle 1-ribbed ; upper 3-ribbed. <3. glauca . Glaucous , very stiff. Salt marshes. b. Loeustee pubescent ; ligula truncated , or nearly wanting . 4. Poa nemoralis . Grove meadow-grass . Panicle long, few-flowered, drooping; loeustee 2 or 3-flowered, pale, ovate, small, as long as the glumes ; glumes acute ; glumelles acute, free, subvenose ; leaves flat, plaited at bottom; culm weak. Poa nemoralis, Lin. S. P. 102. Poa angustifolia j S, Huds. FI. Angl. 41. Poa nemoralis vulgaris, Gaudin Agr. Helv. 179. Woods; perennial; June. j Root slightly creeping, tufted; culm light green, 18 in. long, slender, smooth ; leaves flat, slender, base pleated ; sheaths shortish, smooth ; panicle slender ; peduncles in pairs or threes ; loeustee green ; spathelles nearly equal, very acute, 3-ribbed. 5. Poaflrmula . Stiffish meadow-grass , Panicle pyramidical, many-flowered, erect ; loeustee 2 or 3-flowered, slightly coloured, ovate, longer than the glumes ; glumes acute ; glumelles acute, free, subvenose ; leaves flat, plaited at bottom ; culm firm. PL end. ph . 104 54. P on. lO.-GRAMINEJE. Poa nemoralis /3, Smith Flor,. Brit. 106. Poa angustifolia a,, Huds. FL Angl. 40. Poa pratensis 2, With. Bot. Arr. 142. Poa nemoralis, Fill. Delph. 2* 129. Poa nemoralis firmula, Gaud. Agr. Helv. 181. Woods; perennial; June, July. Culm erect, 2 feet high, naked above; panicle spreading; peduncles nearly verticillate, branchy, naked below. 6. Poa glauca . Seagreen meadow-grass. Panicle spikeshaped, straight, few-flowered; locustce 2 or 5-flowered, coloured, much longer than the glumes; glumes acute; glumelles obtuse, villose; leaves flat, plaited at bot- tom ; culm stiff, in bundles. Poa glauca, Smith Flor . Brit. 1388. Poa nemoralis glauca, Gaud. Agr . Helv. 182. Mountains; perennial; June, July. Root tufted ; culms many, 2 feet high, smooth, leafy be- low, compressed; leaves flat, slender; sheath almost as long as the leaves; ligula very short, crenate; panicle almost 1 -sided ; peduncles short, 1 to 2-flowered, adpressed, in pairs or threes ; locustce ovate, small, violet, scarcely ribbed. 7. Poa ccesia. Gray meadow-grass . Panicle pyramidical, many-flowered ; locustce 4 or 5-flow- er ed, elliptical, acute, coloured, larger than the glumes ; glumes acute; glumelles constricted or free; leaves and culm glaucous. Poa cassia, Smith Fl. Brit. 103. Poa glauca, Poiret Ench. Meth. 5,78. Poa nemoralis caesia, Gaud. Agr. Helv. 184. Mountains; perennial; June, July. Root fibrous, tufted ; herb glaucous ; culm 1 foot high, erect, round, striated, above naked ; leaves flat ; sheath round, keeled ; Ugida short, lanceolate, torn ; panicle erect, diffused; peduncles nearly verticillate, branchy; locustce ovate, erect, glaucous, and purple. c. Locustce pubescent ; glumelles free at bottom. 8. Poa annua . Annual meadow-grass. Panicle 1 -sided ; peduncles in pairs, divaricated; locustce oblong, ovate, 5 to 7-flowered ; ligulce short, obtuse ; culm oblique, slightly compressed ; root fibrous, annual. Gramen pratense minus seu vulgatissimum, Rail Syn. 408. Gramen pratense minimum album et rubrum, Park. 1156. Poa annua, Lin . S. P. 99. 10. GRAMINEJE. 54. Poa. 105 PL end,ph. Fields, pastures, and roadsides ; annual ; all the year. Culm ascending, 9 in. long, leafy; leaves 2-rowed, spread- ing, flat, flaccid, obtuse ; sheaths light green, compressed ; panicle erect, smooth ; peduncles slightly branched ; locustce compressed, white and green, with short, footstalks ; spa ^ thelles carinate, acute, edge scariose, upper 3-ribbed, lower 1-ribbed; outer spathellule 5-ribbed, obtuse, edge scariose. |3. rubra . Locus Ice variegated with purple, white, and green. y. vivipara. Panicle viviparous. & crispa. Leaves transversely crisp and waved. 9. Poa alpina. Alpine meadow-grass . Panicle equal, diffused ; peduncles in pairs, many-flowered; locus tee ovate, 5 or 6-flowered ; lower ligulce truncated, very short; upper lanceolate; culm round, ascending, shining; root fibrous, perennial. Poa pratense /3, Huds. FI. Angl. 39. Poa brizoides, Wohllenb. Suppl. 5. Poa Alpina, Lin. S P . 99. Poa Badensis. Willd. Sp. PL 92. Poa glomerata, Knapp Gram. Alpine meadows ; perennial; July. Culm 18 in. high, erect, with 2 or 3 knots, naked above, purple ; radical leaves many, spreading, flat, glaucous be- neath, obtuse ; sheaths short ; stem leaves 2 or 3, short ; sheaths very long; panicle broad, short, roundish; locustce compressed, green, violet, and yellow; lower spathelle 3-ribbed ; outer spathellule obsoletely 5-ribbed, acute; edge scariose. vivipara. S pikelet vegetating. Poa vivipara, Lin. S. P. 99, %? glomerata. Tall; leaves long, flaccid; panicle clus- tered, many-flowered ; locustce pubescent. d. Glumelle connected at the base with wool ; culm bulbose at the base. 10. Poa bulbosa. Bulbose meadow-grass. Panicle ovate, almost 1-sided; peduncles mostly in pairs; locustce ovate, lanceolate, turgid, 4 or 5-fiowered ; ligula elongated, acute ; culm bulbose at bottom. Poa bulbosa, Lin. S. P 102, « et y. Sandy fields and pastures near the sea ; peren.; Apr. May. 106 54. Poa. 10. GR AMINEVS. Pl.end.ph. Root fibrous; culm 12 in. high, erect, smooth, round ; leaves short, flat; radical very slender, convolute; upper- most very short ; sheaths very long, smooth, angular ; pa - nicies slender, spreading before flowering, and afterwards contracted ; peduncles usually in pairs, rarely solitary or ternate ; loeustee glaucous, purple and white, large. ? jS. vivipara. Viviparous , panicle large; sheaths roughish. Poa ciispa, Thuil. Paris. 45. Poa prolifera, Schmidt in Mayer Plujs. Sam. 1, 188. May, June. e. Loeustee pubescent ; glumes connected at the base with wool ; peduncles in pairs ; culm not bulbose. 1 1 . Poa laxa. Loose meadow-grass. Panicle subracemose ; apex drooping, flexuous ; pe- duncles few-flowered ; loeustee broad, ovate, pubescent, 2 or 3-flowered ; spathelles free or connected ; ligula long, acute ; culm erect, compressed ; root fibrous. Poa laxa, Willd. S. PI. 1,386. Poa flexuosa, Smith Flor. Brit. 99. Poa elegans, De Cand. FI. Fr. 1615. Alpine mountains ; perennial ; July. Root tufted ; culm many, smooth, 6 in. high, slightly glaucous ; leaves flat, slender, acute ; sheaths long, dilated below, very smooth, coloured ; panicle contracted ; loeustee broad, oval, green, white, and violet ; glumes nearly as long as the flowrets. 0, vivipara. Flowrets viviparous ; loeustee 2-flowered. 12. Poa compressa. Squeezed meadow-grass . Panicle contracted, 1 -sided; peduncles many-flowered, ligula short, very obtuse ; loeustee lanceolate, 3 to 9-flowered, pubescent ; spathelles connected ; culm ascending, com- pressed ; root creeping. Grarnen pratense paniculatum medium Tournefort, Rail Syn. 409, 5. Poa compressa, Lin. S. P. 101. Poa muralis, Web. Werth. 114. Walls and dry pastures; perennial; July, August. Root jointed ; culm rooting, leafy, erect above, naked ; leaves flat, short, rather glaucous ; sheaths smooth, 2-edged ; ligula exserted ; panicle oblong ; peduncles sometimes semi- verticillate, branchy, short; loeustee. green and purple. p. erecta. Culm erect; panicle large, very branchy. Gardens. 10. GRAMINE^. 54. Poa. 107 PI. end. ph. f. Locustce pubescent . Glumelles connected with hairs ai the base; peduncles mostly semiverticillate . 13. Poa trivialis . Wayside meadow-grass. Panicle pyramidical, diffuse; locustce ovate, 3 to4-flowered, black green ; glumelles pubescent at bottom ; leaves all flat, rough ; sheaths and culm rough ; ligula long, acute ; root fibrous. Gramen pratense paniculatum medium C. Bauhin, Rail Syn. 409,2. Poa trivialis, Lin. S. P. 99. Poa pratensis, Ruth Germ. 2, 1, 113. Poa scabra, Koel . Gram. 161 ; Chr. Gram. 8,72. Poadubia, Leers Herb. 28. Fields and pastures ; perennial ; May, October. Culm rooting at the base, decumbent, weak, 2 feet high ; leaves erect, flat, flaccid ; sheaths pale green ; panicle large, erect, very spreading; peduncles many-flowered; locustce small, rather obtuse. 14. Poa setacea . Bristly meadow-grass. Panicle pyramidical, diffused ; locustce ovate, 2 or 3-flowered, dark green; glumelles pubescent at bottom; lower leaves involute, setaceous, rough ; culm and sheaths rough ; ligula long, acute; root fibrous. Poa setacea, Muds. FI. Angl. ed. 1 , 34. Poa trivialis ; var. Huds. ed. 2, 210. Dry sandy places ; perennial ; June, September. Culms decumbent at bottom, 18 inches high, round; leaves not broader than the sheath ; sheaths slightly com- pressed. 15. Poa pratense. Field meadow-grass. Panicle pyramidical, very spreading; locustce ovate, 3 or 4-flowered, variegated ; leaves all flat, smooth, the upper much shorter than the sheaths ; sheaths smooth ; ligula abbreviated, truncated ; root creeping. Gramen pratense paniculatum majus latiore folio, Rail Syn. 409, 3. Poa pratensis, Lin. S. P. 99. Poa pratensis vulgaris, Gaudin Agr. Hclv. 212. Meadows ; perennial ; May and June. Root creeping, shoot-bearing; culm erect, smooth, round, 2 feet high; leaves obtuse, spreading; panicle becoming- divaricated ; locustce numerous, green and white. 108 54. Poa. 10. GRAMINEJE. PL end . ph. 16. Poa an gust i folia. Narrow-leaved meadow-grass. Panicle pyramklical, very spreading; locustce ovate, 3 or 4-flowered, slightly coloured; radical leaves very long, slender, roughish ; culm and sheaths smooth ; ligula short, truncated ; root creeping. Poa ang-jsrifolia, Lin. S. P. 99. Poapratense angustifoiia, Gaud. Agr. Helv. 214. Poa pratense /S, Smith Flor. Brit. 105. Fields and meadows; perennial; May and June. Culm erect, smooth, 18 inches high; radical leaves 2 or 3-bundled, flat, very slender, long; stem leaves short, broad, both light green; panicle becoming divaricated, smaller than poa pratensis ; spathelle green, or green and white. 17. Poa strigosa, Stiff meadow-grass. Panicle contracted, almost, spike-shdped ; locustce ovate, 3-flowered, coloured; leaves slender, glaucous, becoming convolute; sheath and culm smooth; ligula short, trun- cated ; root creeping. Poa strigosa, Hoff. Germ. 111,44, Poa angustifoiia, Poinet Enel. Metli. 5, 72. Poa pratensis strigosa. Gaud. Agras. Helv. 214. Dry sandy places; perennial; May, June. Culm 3 feet high ; radical leaves very slender, setaceous, involute ; culm broad, involute, all glaucous ; panicle strigose. 18. Poa humilis. Dwarf meadow-grass. Panicle diffused; locustcB ovate, 3-flowered, glaucous; leaves flat, expanding, glaucous, smooth ; sheaths and culms smooth, glaucous; ligula short, truncated; root creeping; glumes acute. Poa humilis, Ehr. Gram. 115. Foa subcaerulea, Eng. Bot. 1004. Poa c?e ru lea, Knapp. 118. Poa pratensis alpiua, Huds. FI. Ang. 39. Poa alpina y, Wiihl. Sp. PI. 1,386. Mountainous pastures; perenial; June. Plant glaucous, purple; culm 8 in. high, ascending, naked above; leaves short, straight; sheaths long, com- pressed ; locustce broad, ovate ; spathelles green, apex purple; glume lies white, purple, and green. PL end. ph. 10. GRAMINEiE. 55. Briza. 109 XIV. 55. BRIZA. Greeks. Cowquake. Spatlielles alternate, boatshaped, compressed, cordate at bottom, rather eared, 3 to 12-flowered; flowrets 2- rowed, imbricate; glumelles awnless; lower spathellute cordate at bottom; upper almost orbicular, very short; lodicule ovate, lanceolate, not notched, smooth; style 2-parted ; stigmata aspergilliform : ovary hemispherical, 2-beaked ; coreopsis free, 2-beaked ; beaks filiform, short ; panicle com- pound; peduncles pendulous, very slender ; flowrets herma- phrodite. 1. Briza minor . Small cowquake . Panicle erect, base involuted in the upper leaves; pe- duncles rough; locustce greenish, 3-angular, 5 to 7 -flowered; glumes larger than the flowrets ; ligula long, lanceolate. Gramen tremulum minus, panicula ampla, locustis parvis triaugulis, Raii Syn. 412, 2. Briza minor, Lin. S. P. 102. Briza aspera, Knapp. 61. Fields; annual; July. Root fibrous; culm erect, 9 in. high, round; base often branched; leaves erect, acute, flat, light green; sheaths smooth; ligula stem-clasping; pan ic le diffused ; peduncles green ; lo- custce very numerous, green and white. 2. Briza media. Middling cowquake . Panicle erect, base naked ; peduncles smoothish ; locustce coloured, ovate becoming cordate, 7-flowered; glumes shorter than the flowrets ; ligula very short, obtuse. Gramen tremulum, Raii Syn. 412, 1. Phalaris pratensis, Ger. em. 86. Briza media, Lin. S. P. 103. Quaking grass. Lady’s hair . Shaker. Fields and pastures; annual; May and June. Root fibrous; culm erect, 1 foot high, naked above; leaves erect, acute, flat ; sheaths very long ; ligula obtuse ; panicle diffused; peduncles brown; locustce 10 to 30, ovate, smooth, white and brown. (3. virens . Ijocustce green, small ; panicle contracted. 3. Briza maxima. Large cowquake . Panicle ramose, drooping; base naked; Locustce oblong, cordate; 15 to 1 7-flowered ; ligula; long, acute. 110 55. Briza. 10. GR AMINEiE. Pl. end.ph. Phalaris pratensis altera, Ger.em. 8T. Briza maxima, Lin. S. P. 103. Briza grand is. Salts!/. Prod. 21. Pearl-grass or Garden- shaker. Garden-quaker. Dunghills; perennial; June. A doubtful native. Culm 2 feet high, naked above ; leaves soft, lax ; locustce 4 to 8, nearly an inch long. XV. 56. MONILIA. Moench. Singlejoint. Spathelles alternate, 2 or 3-flowered, shorter than the flowrets; glumelles awnless, lanceolate, acute; lodicnle rather truncated ; style 2-parted ; stigmata aspergilliform ; cariopsis bimucronate with the persisting vestiges of the styles, slightly furrowed, furrows broad; panicle compound; locustce roundish ; culm with only one joint at the base. Monilia ccerulea. Blue singlejoint . Panicle long, contracted, equal; locustce erect, oblong, cylindrical. Gramen miliaceum q. Gramen pratense serofinum, panicula longa pur- purescens. Rati Syn. 404, 8. Gramen pratense spica lavendulS3, Merret Pinax. Aira cserulea, Lin. S. P. 95. Melica cserulea, Lin . Mant. 2, 325. Monilia cserulea, Moench in Keel. Gram. 145. Festuca cserulea, Be Candolle FI. Fr. 1578. Enodium cseruleum, Persoon in Gaud. Agrost. Ilelv. 145. Monilia varia, Schrank. Monilia variahilis, Web. fVerth. 115. Purple melic grass. Knotless grass. Boggy barren meadows and pastures; peren.; June, July. Root tufted ; culm erect, 2 feet long, base thickened into a bulb, naked above; leaves stiff; ligula densely hairy; pa- nicle erect; locustce. violet, smooth. The culms are made into a neat sort of broom. |3. sylvatica . Panicle pale ; culm 2 to 3 feet high. y. multiflora. Locusta 5 to 6-flowered. XVI. 57. MELICA. Dodonaeus. Melich. Spathelles alternate, unequal, membranous, almost the length of the flowrets, 3 to 5 -flowered ; upper flower incom- plete, abortive, pedicelled; glumelles awnless; lodicle trun- cated, fringed ; style short, 2-parted; stigmata villose ; ca- riopsis free, not furrowed ; panicle few-flowered, compound or simple ; culm angular. PL end.ph. 10. GRAMINEJE. 57. Melica. ill 1. Melica uniflora. One-flowered rnelick. Panicle branchy, spreading, 1 -sided; locustce ovate, erect, long footstalked; hermaphrodite flower single; cidm very smooth. Gramen miliaceum q. Gramen avenacemn nemorense, glumis rarioribus ex fusco xerampelinis, Rail Syn. 403, 6. Melica nutans, Huds. FI. Ang.SI. Melica uniflora, Retz. Obs. Hot. 1, 10. Melica Lobelii, Fill. Delph. 2,90. Wood melick-grass. Woods and hedges; perennial; May and June. Culms 12 in. high, filiform, slender, very smooth, leafy, ascending; leaves flat, thin, light green; sheaths short; ligula very short, truncated ; panicle irregular ; glumes purple. 2. Melica nutans . Drooping m click. Panicle scarcely branched, contracted, 1 -rowed; locustce ovate, pendulous; hermaphrodite flowers 2; culm rough above. Gramen miliaceum q. Gramen avenaceum locustis rubris montanum, Rail Syn. 403, 7. Gramen locustis rubris, Park. 1151. Melica nutans, Lin. S. P. 98. Melica montana, Huds. FI. Ang.SI. .Aira nutans, Willd. Prod. 143. Mountain melic-grass. Mountainous woods; perennial; June, July. Root creeping; culm erect; leaves erect, short; ligula very short, torn; panicles racemose, few-flowered; glumes scariose, white, edge purple. XVII. 58. TRIODIA. R. Brown. Three-cut . Spathelles alternate, 3 to 5-flowered, boatshaped, longer than the flowrets ; glumelles 2-cut, toothed ; lower spathel - lule toothed, with a mucro between the teeth ; mucro thick, toothshape ; lodicle lanceolate, not notched, smooth ; ovary beaked; beaks 2-cut, diverging; style 2-parted; stigmata aspergilliform ; panicle not branched, few-flowered. Triodia decumlens . Downlying three-cut . Panicle contracted; locustce oblong, ovate, 3 or 4-flowered; leaves flat, pubescent. 112 58. Triodia. 10. GRAMlNEiE. Pl.end.pk. Gramen avenaceura parvum procnmbens, paniculis con aristatis, Raii Syn. 408, 1 1. Festuea decumbens, Lin. S. P. 110. Poa decumbens, With. Bat. Arr. 147. Bromus decumbens, Koel. Gram. 242. Melica decumbens, Salisb . Prod . 20. Meiic t rigida, Web. Werth. 117. Sieglingia decumbens, Bern. Erf. 44. Danthonia decumbens, De Cand. FI. Fr. 1543. Triodia decumbens, Pal. de Beauv. Mountainous fields and pastures; perennial; June. Root fibrous, rather creeping; culm ascending, becoming upright, 9 in. high, smooth, bald; ligula very short, longly ciliated ; racemus oblong ; locustce swelled, green, grey, and purple. XVIII. 59. BR ACHYPQDIUM. Beauvois. Shortfoot . Spathelles parallel, 3 to 15-flowered, shorter than the flowrets ; glumelles not notched ; apex of the lower spa- thelluie ending in a bristle ; upt>er spathellule obtuse, trun- cated, scarcely nicked, generally edged with stiff hair; Zo- dicule ovate, not nicked, pilose; ovary obtuse ; stigmata fea- thered ; cariopsis slightly husked, furrowed ; rachis jointed, spiked; spike notbranched ; locustce hermaphrodite, 2-rowed, alternate. a. Locustce footstalked ; footstalk broad , thick. 1. Br achy podium pinna turn. Featherlike shortfoot. Spike upright, 2-rowed; locustce rather distant, becoming spread, pubescent, bristled ; bristle shorter than the glu- melle; spathellules blunt; leaves and sheath rather naked; root creeping. Gramen spica brizce majus, Raii Syn. 392. Bromus pinnatus, Lin. S. P. 1 15. Festuea pinnata, Hnds. FI. ring. 48. Avena laeta, Salisb. Prod. 22. Tritieum pinnatum, Moench Enum. 102. Triticum bromoides, Web. Wirtli. 104. Chalky fields and heaths; perennial; July. Culm 2 feet high, jointed, slightly villose; leaves flat, rather stiff ; sheaths smooth ; spathelles acute ; lower 5-rib- bed ; spathellules blunt. 0. brevius. Bristle as long as the glume. y. pubescens. Locustce pubescent. PL end. ph. 10. GR AMINE/E. 59. Brachypod. 113 2. Brachypodium sylvaticum. Wood shortfoot . Spike rather drooping, 2-rowed ; locustce villose, rather remote, upright, bristled; bristles short; upper longer than the glumelle; spathellules pointed; leaves pilose; sheaths pubescent. Gramen avenaceum dumetorum spicatum, Rail Syn. 394. Festuca pinnata jS, Hue's. FI. Ang. 48. Festuca gracilis, Moench Mcth . 191, Festuca sylvatica, Huds A. 1. Bromus gracilis, Weigel Obs. 15. Bromus pinnatus, FI. Dan. 164. Bromus dumosus, Villars Delph. 2, 119. Bromus sylvaticus, Pollicfi. 1, H8. Triticum sylvaticum, De Cand. Syn. FI. Fr. 1665. Triticum tereti folium, Web. Werth. 104. But all the synonymes are doubtful. Woods, hedges, and fields ; perennial ; June. Boot fibrous, tufted ; culms 3 feet high ; knots very vil- lose; leaves flat, long, soft; ligula short, obtuse; locustce 6 or 9-flowered ; spathelles acute, lower 5-ribbed ; spathel- lules acute, outer 7-ribbed. pubescens. Locustce pubescent. Bromus gracilis, Willd. Sp. PI. 1,45S, Festuca gracilis, Koel. Gram. 267. Triticum gracile, De Cand. Syn. FI. Fr. 1664. Bromus sylvaticus 0, Gaud. Agr. Helv. 281. Festuca gracilis, |3, Schrad. Germ. 1, 343. b. Locustce sessile, facing one way. 3. Brachypodium loliaceum. Darnel shwifoot ; Spike upright, not branched; rachis flexuose; locustce smooth, oblong, blunt, awnless, facing one way; glume 3-ribbed, manyflowered ; root fibrous ; culms many, tufted. Lolium q. Gramen pumilum loliaeeo simile, Raii Syn. 395,4. Poa loliacea, Huds. FI. Angl. 43. Triticum unilaterale, Alton Hort. Kew. 1, 122. Triticum loliaceum, Engl. Bot. 221. Triticum Rottbollia, De Cand. Syn. FI. Fr. 1669. Dwarf sea wheat-grass. Sea-shore ; annual ; June and July. Culm stiff, branchy, ascending, smooth, 3 in. high; leaves flat, becoming revolute ; sheaths smooth ; ligula short ; spike stiffs in sunny places brownish. 4. Br achy podium ramosum. Branched shortfoot. Spike branched at bottom; rachis compressed; locustce. oblong, smooth, blunt, awnless, facing one way; glume 3-ribbed, manyflowered ; root fibrous. VOL. II. i PL end . pk. 114 59. Brachypod. 10. GR A MINE.®. Triticum maritimum, Lin. S. P. 128? Triticum loliaceum ; var. Knapp Gram. 114,2. Sandy shores near the sea. Culm ascending, 9 in. high ; spike 2 in. long ; branches alternate. XIX. 60. SCHEDONORUS. Beauvois. Schedonorus . Spathelles parallel, 5 to 15-flowered, shorter than the flowrets; glumelles bristled; lower spathellule slightly notched below the apex, toothed ; teeth often ending in a bristle ; upper 2-cut, toothed ; lodicule lanceolate, awlshape, not notched, smooth ; stigmata villous ; cariopsis rather husked, furrowed.- — Rachis jointed, panicled; panicle racemose, branched; pedicle inflated, wedgeshape; ligula rather eared; leaves all flat. 1 . Schedonorus loliaceus. Darnel schedonorus . Panicle racemose, spiked, long, rather drooping ; locustce remote, becoming spreading ; root fibrous. Triticum patens, Brot . FI. Lus. Festuca loliacea, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 1 , 38. Festuca fiuitans /3, Huds. FI. Ang. 47. Festuca elongata, E hr. Beitr . 133. Poa loliacea, Koel. 207. Moist pastures ; perennial ; June, July. Culm 2 feet high, smooth ; leaves flat ; ligula exserted, blunt; rachis angular, rough; spikelet linear, oblong, roundish, becoming compressed, 2-rowed ; cariopsis ad- pressed to the rachis, flat ; outer spathellule 4 to 5-ribbed ; inner 1 -ribbed. £. compositus. Lower spikelets in pairs. 2. Schedonorus pratensis. Meadow schedonorus. Panicle spreading, branchy, rather upright, loose ; locusts linear, compressed, blunt ; root fibrous. Gramen pratense q. Gramen paniculatum elutius, spicis lougis muticis, squatnosis, Raii Syn. 411, 16. Festuca pratensis, Huds. FI Ang. ed. 1,31. Festuca elatior, Lin. FI, Suec. 32. Festuca elatior 2, With. Bot. Arr. Festuca fiuitans y, Huds. FI. Angl . 4T. Brotnus elatior, Koel. 214. Poa curvata, Koel. 207. Damp fields and meadows; perennial; June, July. Culm ascending, 2 feet high; leaves pointed; sheaths streaked, very smooth ; ligula short ; panicle upright ; branches mostly simple, rough ; locustoe manyfiowered ; Muter glumes 3-ribbed ; spathellules scarcely ribbed. 1 10. GRAMINEiE. 60. Schedon. 115 PL end . ph. 3. Schedonoras elatior. Tall schedonorus . Panicle rather diffuse, drooping, very much branched; locustce ovate, lanceolate, acute; Jlowrets cylindrical, scarcely ribbed ; leaves linear, lanceolate ; root rather creeping. Gramen pratense q. Gramen paniculatuin nemorosum, latiore folio glabrum, panicula nutante non aristata, Dillen in Raii Syn. 411, 15. Festuca elatior, Lin. S. P. 111. Festuca arundinacea, Schreb. Spicil. 57. Festuca spadicea, Moench. M&th. 190, Bromus littoreus, Willd. Sp. PI. 433. Bromus arundinaceus, Roth Germ. 2, 141. Aveua secunda, Salisb. Prod. 21. Damp fields ; perennial ; June, July. Culm 4* feet high, smooth ; leaves broad, ribbed, smooth ; panicle becoming slightly erect; locustce very numerous, ovate, acute, slightly flattened. 4*. Schedonorus sylvaticus . Wood schedonorus . Panicle facing one way, upright, very much branched, becoming contracted ; locustce oblong ; glumes much shorter than the glumelles ; outer spathellule 3-ribbed; leaves ensi- form ; root fibrous. Festuca sylvatica, Villars Dauph. 2, 105. Festuca calaniaria, Smith FI. Brit. 121. Poa trinervata, Koel Gram. 17 1. Poa sylvatica, Pollich 1, 83. Hilly woods ; perennial ; July. Roots in tufts ; culm, erect, 3 feet high, very smooth ; joints purple ; leaves flat, upright ; sheaths cylindrical, hairy; ligula very short ; panicle small, manyflowered ; locustce small, whitish green or purplish. 5. Schedonorus deciduus. Falling schedonorus . Panicle facing one way, erect, very much branched, be- coming contracted ; locustce 2 or 3-flowered, oblong ; outer spathellule 3-ribbed ; leaves linear, streaked. Festuca decidua, Eng. Bot. 32,2266. Mountain woods; perennial; August Plant small and slender; leaves acute; panicle many- flowered; locustce small, purplish; upper Jlowrets falling off. XX. 61. ZERNA. Panzer. Drank. Glumes 3 to 6-flowered, flowrets 2-rowed, imbricate; spathelles alternate, linear, lanceolate, acute; lower short, 1 -ribbed; upper large, 5, 7, or 9-ribbed, tip bristled; glumelle bristled: lower spathellule linear, convolute, 3 to i 2 116 61. Zerna. 10. GRA.MINEJE. PI. end. ph. 9-ribbed,heartshape lobed at the tip; Iristle straight, placed below the tip; upper short; lodicule ovate, not notched, smooth ; ovary blunt ; stigmata feathered ; cariopsis husked, furrowed.— Panicle very much branched; branches semi- verticillate, all one way; locustce linear, lanceolate; pedum cles rather wedgeshape. Zerna erect a. Upright drank. Panicle erect ; peduncles simple, semiverticillate ; locust ce upright, flattened; jlowrets wedgeshape; Iristle straight, shorter than the glume ; radical leaves very slender, ciliate, pilose. Bromus erecfus, Huds. Fl.Angl.ed. 1,39. Bromus agrestis, Allioni Pedcm. 2, 249. Bromus perenuis, Vill. Delph. 2, 122. Bromus pseudo-arvensis, Koel. Gram. 241. Bromus angustifolia, Schrank Bavar. 236. Bromus arvensis, Pollich Palat. 113. Bromus montanus, Flor. Wetter. 147. Dry fields ; perennial ; May to September. Roots in tufts; culm 3 feet high, erect, round; radical leaves very long ; stem leaves broad, flat ; sheaths long ; li - gula short; panicle contracted; peduncles upright, very unequal ; locustce 5 or 6-flowered. 2. Zerna gigantea . Giant drank. Panicle drooping, loose; peduncles long, in pairs, facing- one way; locustce flattened, bald ; Jlowrets imbricate ; bristles flexuose, longer than the glume ; leaves broad, bald. Festuca avenacea q. Gramen avenaceum glabrum, panicula e spicis rari« strigosis composita, aristis tenuissimis, Rail Syn. 415, 11. Bromus giganteus, Lin. S.P. 114. Festuca gigantea, Vill. Daupli. 2, 110, Bromus aquaticus, Gmel. Syst. Veg. 1, 189. Avena gigantea, Salisb. Prod. 22. Schedonorus giganteus, Gaud. FI. Helv.MSS. Damp woods and hedges; perennial; July, August. Root fibrous; culm 4 feet high, firm, smooth; leaves nging, swordshape, firm; sheaths bald; ligula short; panicle a foot long ; peduncles in pairs ; locustce small, whitd and green, 4 to 7-flowered. #. triflorus. Plant smaller ; panicle drooping and spread* ing; locustce 3 or 4-flowered. Bromus triflorus, Lin. S. P. 115. Festuca tri flora, Eng. Bot. 1919. Dry barren places. 10. GRAMINEJE. 61. Zerna. 117 PI. end. ph . 3. Zerna asper. Roitgh drank. Panicle drooping, loose ; peduncles very long, in pairs, feeing one way; locustce compressed, pubescent; jlowrets becoming remote; bristle straight, shorter than the glume; leaves villose, rough. Festuca avenacea q. Gramen avenaceum dumetoriun panicula sparsa, Rail Syn. 415, 10. Bromus asper, Lin. Suppl. 111. Bromus ramosus, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 13, 102. Bromus nemoralis, Huds. Fl.Ang. 51.. Bromus liirsutus, Curtis FI. Lond. 8. Bromus nemorosus, Fill. Dauph. 2, 117. Bromus altissimus, Web. Ilolsat. 94. Bromus montanus, Scop. Cam. 117. Schedonorus asper, Gaud. FI. Helv. MSS. Moist woods; annual or biennial ; July. Root fibrous, horizontal ; culm firm, upright, 3 feet high ; knots blackish ; hairs short, deflexed ; leaves flat, broad ; sheaths rough ; ligula short, torn ; locustce green, or green and purple, 7 or 9-flowered, hanging. 4. Zerna sterilis. Barren drank . Panicle spreading, drooping at top ; peduncles semiverti- cillate, mostly simple ; locustce oblong, rough ; Jlowrets becoming remote; bristle straight, longer than the glume; leaves pubescent. Festuca avenacea sterilis eiatior, seu Bromos Dioscorides, Raii Syn , 412, 1. Bromus sterilis, Lin. S. P. 113. Bromus grandiflorus, Weig. Obs. 9. Bromus distichus, Moench Meth. 192. Avena sterilis, Salisb. Prod. 22. Fields and hedges; annual; June and July. Root fibrous ; culm 3 feet high, upright, smooth ; leaves flaccid, soft, hairy at bottom ; sheaths pubescent, hairs de~ flexed; ligu.la short, blunt; panicle a foot long, loose; locustce hanging, green. 5. Zerna Madritensis. Madrid drank. Panicle upright, rather spreading; peduncles simple, in bundles; locustce oblong, rough; jlowrets becoming re- mote; stamens 2; bristles straight, not so long as the glume; leaves bald. Festuca avenacea sterilis, paniculis confertis erectioribus, aristis bre* vioribus, Raii Syn. ed. 2,261, omitted in the 3d edition. Bromus Madritensis, Lin. S. P. 114. Festuca Madritensis, Desfart. Atlant. 1,91. Bromus diandrus, Curtis FI. Lond. 6,5. Bromus gynandrus, Roth Cat. 1, 15. Bromus muralis, Hudson FI. Angl.5Q. Bromus ciliatus, Hudson ed. 1, 40, 118 61. Zerna. 10. GRAMINEiE. Pl. end. ph . Sandy places, sides of walls; annual; June. Root fibrous ; culm 1 foot high, upright, slender, leafy ; sheaths rather keeled ; ligula short ; peduncle 3 inches long, upright, bundled ; branches 3 to 6, mostly simple, one- flowered, upright; locustce upright, brownish. /3. triandra . Stamens 3. XXL 62. BROMUS. Theophrastus. Brome, Glumes manyflowered \jlowrels crowded, imbricate, much shorter than the glumelles; spathelles alternate, oval, lanceolate ; lower 5-ribbed ; upper many-ribbed, bristled ; glumelles awned; lower spathellule , ovate, 5 to 9 -ribbed, apex cordately lobed, awn straight below the tip ; upper flat oblong ; lodicule ovate, not notched, smooth ; ovary obtuse; stigmata feathered; cariopsis husked, furrowed. — Panicle compound ; locustce ovate. 1. Bromus aryensis . Field hrome . Panicle spreading, drooping, compound ; peduncles branched, long ; locustce lanceolate, acute ; spathellules el- liptical, imbricate, depressed, smoothish, with 2 close ribs on each side ; awn straight, shorter than the flowrets ; leaves slightly downy. Festuca avenacea q. Festuca elatior, paniculis minus sparsis, locustis ©blongis strigOsis, aristis purpureis splendentibus Doody, Raii Syn. 414, 9. Bromus arvensis, Lin . S. P. 113. Avena arvensis, Salisb. Prodr. 23. Bromus versicolor, Pollich Paint. 109. Bromus spicula tenuata, Knapp Gram. 81. Bromus leptostacbyos, Hull Brit. FI. ed. 2, 32. Corn-fields; annual; August. Root fibrous; culm 3 feet high, upright; leaves spreading; peduncles first upright, afterward drooping, with 6 to 12 locustse ; lower bracteate Iractece 2, falling off. 2. Bromus pratensis . Meadow brome* Panicle ' spreading, rather erect, branched ; peduncles long, scarcely branched ; locustce ovate, turgid ; spathellules elliptical, broad, imbricate, smoothish, with 3 equidistant ribs on each side; awn as long as the flowret; leaves pilose; lower sheath tomentose. Bromus pratensis, Ehrk. Calam. 116. Bromus arvensis, Engl. Bot. 920. Bromus elongatus, Gaud. Agrost. Helv. 305. Fields; annual; June. Culm 2 feet high; panicle small, upright , 10. GRAMINEJE. 62. Bromus. 115 Tl. end. ph . 3. Bromus secalinus . Ztye home. Panicle lax, drooping; peduncles semiverticillate, not branched ; locustce oblong, ovate, compressed, bald ; jlowrets turgid, becoming distinctly remote ; awn flexuose, shorter than the flowret ; sheaths smooth ; leaves rather hairy on their upper face. Festuca avenacea spicis habitioribus, glumis glabris, Raii Syn. 414, 8, Bromus secalinus, Lin. S. P. 112. Bromus polymorphus y, Huds . FI. Angl. 49. Bromus vitiosus, Weigel Obs. 4, 1. A vena secalina, Salisb. Prod. 22. Corn-fields; annual; July. Culm 3 feet high, smooth ; leaves long, broad, eared at bottom, plaited ; sheaths angular; upper always bald; ligula short; panicle 6 in. long, erect at first; locustce large, smooth. 4*. Bromus multiflorus. Manyflowered Irome. Panicle spreading, drooping ; peduncles scarcely branched, stiff, semiverticillate; locustce ovate, lanceolate, ventricose, pubescent, becoming distant ; jlowrets depressed ; awn straight, pubescent, nearly as long as the glume. Festuca avenacea, q. Festuca graminea glumis hirsutis et glabris C. Bauhin, Raii Syn . 414, 8. Bromus secalinus 2, Lin. FI. Stiec. 96. Bromus secalinus. Leers Herb. 36. Bromus multiflorus, Weigel Obs. 2. Bromus grossus, Desfont. Bromus velutinun, Schrader Germ. 1,349. Fields; annual; July. Culm upright, smooth, shining; panicle 9 in. long, at first upright, afterwards drooping ; peduncles very unequal ; locustce ovate, 10 or 12-flowered. 5. Bromus mollis. Soft Irome. Panicle upright, contracted; peduncles branchy, semi- verticillate ; locustce ovate, oblong, rather compressed, pu- bescent; jlowrets imbricate, depressed; awn straight, as long as the glumeiles ; leaves soft, pubescent, Festuca avenacea hirsuta, paniculis minus sparsis, Raii Syn. 413, 5. Bromus mollis, Lin. S. P. 112. Bromus polymorphus a, Huds. FI. Angl. 48. Bromus hordeaceus, Lin. Sp. ed. 1,11. Avena mollis, Salisb. Prod. 23. Lobgrass. Oatgrass. Meadows and pastures ; perennial ; July. Root fibrous ; culm 2 feet high, upright ; leaves acute, dark green ; sheaths pale ; lower ligula obtuse , panicve ovate j peduncles 2 or 4-flowered; locustce upright. 120 62. Bromus. 10. GRAMINE.ZE. PI. end. ph . 0. nanus. Culm 2 in. high ; panicle fewflowered. Bromus nanus, Weigel Obs. 8. 6. Bromus racemosus. Bunched Irome. Panicle upright, diffuse; peduncles not branched, semi- verticillate ; locustce ovate, oblong, rather compressed, bald ; jlowrets imbricate, depressed ; awn straight, as long as the glumelles; leaves scarcely pubescent. Festuca avenacea spicis strigosioribus, e guimis glabris compactis, Raii Syn. 414,7. Festuca avenacea, q. Gramen avenaceum pratense, gluma tenuiore gla- bra Bobarti, Raii Syn. 414, 6. Bromus racemosus, Lin. S. P. 114. Bromus polymorphus /3 et 8, Huds. FI. Angl. 49. Fields and pastures ; annual; June. Culm slender, smooth; leaves pilose; sheaths hirsute; panicle not branched ; peduncles long, not branched ; locustce shining, white and green. 7. Bromus squarrosus. Scurfy hrome . Panicle loose, not branched, nearly facing one way, drooping at top ; peduncles not branched, in pairs ; locustce ovate, lanceolate, rather compressed, very smooth ; jlowrets imbricate, depressed; awn becoming divaricated; leaves pubescent. Bromus squarrosus, Lin. S. P. 112. Fields; annual; July. A doubtful native. Roots fibrous; culm 18 in. high, upright, smooth; leaves and sheaths pubescent ; panicle rather racemose ; locustce very large, shining. XXII. 63. FESTUCA. Fescue. Glume 2 to 15-fiowered; spathelles parallel, nearly equal; lower many-ribbed ; glumelles bristled ; lower spathellule not notched, ending in a seta shorter than the glumelle ; upper 2-cut, toothed ; lodicule ovate, not notched, hairy ; stamens 3 ; stigmata villose ; cariopsis mostly husked, fur- rowed.— Rachis jointed, panicled ; panicle branchy, facing one way ; pedicels inflated, wedgeshape. a. Ligula very short , truncated , 2-eared ; leaves all Irisllelike ; culm 4- angular . 1 . Festuca ovina. Sheeps fescue. Panicle spreading, becoming contracted; locustce ovate, 4 or 5-flowered, bristled ; spathellules roundish, smooth at bottom, inner margin very smooth ; leaves setaceous, rough. 10. GEAMINEiE. 63. Fesluca. 121 FI. end. ph. Festuca ovina, Lin. S. P. 108. Avena ovina, Salisb. Prod. 22. Meadows and hills ; perennial; June. Root fibrous, in tufts ; radical leaves many, upright, glau- cous; stem-leaves few, short; sheaths very long; culm 8 in. high ; panicle spikeshape ; peduncles solitary ; Iocustce very small. 2. Festuca tenuifolia . Fineleaved fescue . Panicle facing one way, spreading, becoming contracted; Iocustce ovate, 4 or 5-flowered, awnless, rough ; spat hellnles roundish, upper edge very smooth ; leaves hairlike, flaccid, rough. Gramen pratense q. Gramen capillaceum locustellis pennatis non aris- tatis, Itaii Syn. 410, 9. Festuca tenuifolia, Sibthorp. 44. Festuca ovina jS, Leers Herb. 33. Meadows ; perennial ; June. 3. Festuca vivipara. Childing fescue. Panicle contracted ; Iocustce ovate, lanceolate, pubescent ; flowrets compressed, keeled, awnless, pubescent ; inner margin of the spathellules pubescent; culm rather naked; leaves very slender, smooth. Gramen pratense q. Gramen spartemn montanum spica foliacea grain) nea majus et minus How. Raii Syn. 410, 11. Festuca ovina jS, Lin. S. P. 108. Festuca vivipara, Smith FI. Brit. 114. Alpine mountains ; perennial; July. Root fibrous, in tufts; leaves recurved, angular, light green; panicle short, scarcely branched, upright; Iocustce green ; glume and glumelle changing into leaves. 4. Festuca violacea. Violet fescue. Panicle branched, slightly spreading; Iocustce oblong, smoothish, bristled ; leaves hairlike, soft; stem-leaves very short, doubled, capillary ; culm threadlike. Festuca rubra, With. Bot. Arr. 202. ? Festuca violacea, Gaud. Agr. Helv. 231. Festuca ovina jS, Smith Ft. Br. 1 13. Meadows and hills; perennial; June. Root in tufts ; culm very smooth, 4 in. high ; leaves light green ; stem-leaves 2 or 3 ; sheaths very long, smooth ; panicle oblong ; peduncles in pairs, violet ; Iocustce violet. 122 63. Festuca. 10. GRAMINEiE. PI. end. ph . 5. Festuca ccesia. Grey fescue. Panicle contracted, glaucous; locustce roughish, bristled; fiowreis cylindrical; margin of the inner spathellule pu- bescent ; leaves compressed, channelled ; ligula minute ; root fibrous. Festuca caesia, Engl. Bot. 1917. Dry barren heaths; perennial; June. Roots in tufts; culm 9 in. high; naked above, sides con- vex; leaves narrow, carinate, smooth, channelled ; panicle ovate, very glaucous, tinged with purple; flowrets 4? or 5, round ; awn straight ; glumelle downy at the edge. b. Ligula very short , truncated , 2-eared; radical leaves bristlelike ; stem leaves flat , broad ; culm round. 6. Festuca rubra. Red fescue. Panicle facing one way, spreading, erect ; locustce oblong, elliptical, smooth, bristled, reddish ; bristle long ; leaves glaucous, stem-leaves woolly above; root creeping. Festuca rubra, Lin. S. P. 109. Alps and sea-coasts; perennial; July. Root creeping, jointed; radical leaves glaucous, upright, smooth, stiff, bristlelike, angular ; stem-leaves broader, closely villose above ; culm smooth ; locustce purplish. 0. vivipara. Spikelet viviparous, 7. Festuca glauca. Seagreen fescue. Panicle compact, becoming loose and spreading, glau- cous; locustce oblong, elliptical, 7 to 20-flovvered, bristled; bristle short ; leaves seagreen ; culm stiff ; root creeping. Festuca glauca, Winch Bot. Guide , 2, 1102, not of Lamarck. Loose sands of the sea; perennial ; June. Root creeping ; leaves narrow, involute, acute, in tufts \ culm reedlike, 12 in. high. 8. Festuca Cambrica. Welsh fescue. Panicle oblong, upright, branched; locustce ovate, smooth, bristled ; leaves glaucous ; stem-leaves smooth ; roots fibrous. Festuca Cambi ica, Huds. FI. Angl. 45. Festuca rubra jS, Smith Ft. Br . 1 16. Mountains of Wales; perennial; May, June. Root fibrous; culm 9 in. high, cylindrical, smooth; radical leaves upright, channeled, acute; stem-leaves 2 or 3, acute, smooth ; locustce, 6 or 7-fiowered. 10. GRAMINEiE. 63. Festuca. 123 PL end. ph. @. glair a. Locust ce 3-flowered. Festuca glabra, Lightf . FI. Scot. 1085. Festuca rubra y, Smith FI. Brit. 116. 9. Festuca duriuscula . Stiff-' fescue. Panicle facing one way, upright, spreading ; locust ee lan- ceolate, smoothish, bristled ; leaves stiff, bristlelike, sea- green; root fibrous. Festuca avenacea q. Gramen pratense panicula duriore laxa, unam partem spectantia, Raii Syn. 413,4. Festuca duriuscula, Lin. S. P. 108. Festuca dura, Host Gram. Austr. 2,87. Festuca duriuscula laevigata, Gaudin Agr. Ilelv. 251. Dry pastures; perennial; June. Roots in tufts; radical leaves many, hard, smoothish; stem- leaves flat, stiff, short ; sheaths smooth ; ligula short, brown ; panicle obldng, broad, green and white; peduncles single. 10. Festuca dumetoruin. Hedge fescue. Panicle upright, spikeshape, facing one way ; locust cc pubescent, bristled ; Iris tie shorter than the glumelle ; leaves threadlike, seagreen ; root fibrous. Festuca dumetorum, Lin. S. P. 109. Festuca duriuscula, var. Huds. FI. Ang - 45. Dry pastures; perennial; June. Roots in tufts ; leaves many ; stem-leaves slender, flattish, rather stiff; panicle slender; locustae smaller than festuca duriuscula; glumelle entirely pubescent. XXIII. 64. VULPIA. Gmelin. Capons-tail. Glumes 4, 6, or 8-flowered ; spathelles parallel, very un- equal; inner 3 or 4 times shorter than the outer; glumelle bristled ; lower spathellule ending in a bristle longer than the glumelle; upper 2-cut, toothed; lodicule ovate, entire, hairy; stamen 1 \ stigmata villose; cariopsis rather husked, furrowed. — Rachis jointed; panicle racemose, facing one way; pedicels inflated, wedgeshape; leaves bristlelike. 1 . Vulpia murorum. Wall capons-tail. Panicle long, rather contracted, drooping, spiked, many- flowered ; loeustee smoothish ; inner spathelle half the length of the outer; culm inclosed in a sheath nearly to the panicle; ligula short, 2-eared. Festuca avenacea q. Gramen murorum spica longissima, Ger. em. Raii Syn. 415, 12. Festuca myurus, Lin. S. P. 109. Yulpia myurus, Gmel. FI. Bad. 1,8. 124 64}. Vulpia. 10. GRAMINEiE. PI. end.ph. Walls and barren places; biennial; May to September. Root fibrous, in tufts; culms many, 12 in. high, upright, very smooth; radical leaves nonet; stem-leaves 3 to 6, short; sheaths bellied above, inclosing part of the panicle ; ligula white; panicle 6 in. long, pale green; lower peduncle many- flowered. 2. Vulpia hromoides. BromeUke capons- tail. Panicle short, spikeshape, fewflowered, upright; loeustee smoothish ; inner spathelle half the length of the outer ; culm naked above; ligula scarcely visible. Festuca hromoides, Lin. S. P. 110. Bromus Derloniensis, Altioni Fed. 2,2225. Bromus ambiguus, Cyrilli. Walls and barren places; biennial; May to September. Culm 6 in. high, usually branched at bottom ; leaves bristlelike, short ; ligula brown ; panicle 3 to 9-flowered ; peduncle 1 -.flowered ; margin of the inner spathellule pu- bescent. $. sciuroides. Culm very high. Festuca sciuroides, Roth Germ. 1,46, et 2, 130. 3. Vulpia maritima. Sea capons-tail , Panicle scarcely branched, spikeshape, upright, few- flowered; locust 10, 334. Deschampsia laevigata, Roemer Sys. Feg. 687. Mountains and sea-coasts in the North ; per.; June, July. Culm 18 in. high. p. vivipara . Panicle viviparous* 2. Deschampsia ccespitosa . Tufted pearlgrass. Panicle spreading; base of the spathellules pilose ; pedicells of the upper fiowrets long, hairy ; leaves furrowed above ; sheaths roughish ; ligula lanceolate, acute. 10. GRAMINEiE. 79. Holcus. 137 PI. end.ph. Gramen miliaceum segetale majus, Raii Syn. 403, 5. Gramen segetum panicula speciosa, Park. 1158. Grameu segetale, Ger. em. 5. Aira caespitosa, Lin. S. P. 96. Aira altissima, La March FI. Tr. 3, 581. Deschampia caespitosa, Pal. de Beauvois. Hassocks. Rough caps. Bulls’ faces. Woods and damp fields ; perennial ; J uly. Roots in thick tufts ; culm 3 feet high? upright; leaves slender; ligula long, 2-cut; panicle greenish purple; locustce small. /3. argentea . Panicle silvery white. y. vivipara. Panicle viviparous. 3. Deschampsia Doniana . Don's pearl grass. Panicle rather spreading ; base of the spathellule longly pilose; pedicell of the upper flowret long, pilose; leaves fur- rowed above ; sheaths very smooth ; ligula truncated at top. Aira glomerata. Geo. Don. Mountain Clova, Angus-shire; perennial; July. Roots in tufts; culm erect, 2 feet high, very smooth; leaves stiff, flat, narrow, become revolute; sheaths short, lower white with a membranous edge; ligulce long; panicle upright, villous. XL. 81. CORYNEPHORUS. Beauvois. Club-awn. Glumes 2-flowered ; spathelles alternate, membranous, longer than the flowrets ; lower spathellule not notched, awned at bottom; awn woolly, jointed in the middle; the lower part coriaceous, twisted, threadshape ; the upper clubshape, smooth ; upper spathellule 2-cut toothed ; stig- mata villous. — Panicle branched. Corynephorus canescens. Grey club-awn. Leaves bristlelike; culm leafy; panicle spreading, be- coming spikeshape, sheathed. Gramen miliaceum maritimum molle, Raii Syn. 405, 16. Aira canescens, Lin. S. P. 97. Avena canescens, Weber Holsut. 9. Weingaertneria canescens, Bern. Erford. 51. Corynephorus canescens, Pal. de Beauvois. Sands by the sea ; perennial ; July. Root fibrous, in tufts; culm upright or ascending, 6 in. high, smooth; leaves erect, stiff j rough, glaucous; ligula lanceolate, acute; panicle upright, rather facing one way, rarely coming out of the sheath ; locustce silvery-grey. 138 81. Coryneph. 10. GR AMXNEiE. Pl.end.ph. F. Agrostide^:. Rachis panicled ; panicle sometimes contracted, spikeshape ; locustce solitary, one-flowered ; glumes and glumelles of nearly the same consistence, often keeled ; lower spatkellule awned or awnless ; upper some- times 2-keeled ; styles 2. XLI. 82. CHILOCHLOA. Beauvois. Cals-taiL Spathelles alternate, unequal, acute, longer than the flowrets, the edge and back often pilose ; glumelles awnless, rather cartilaginous ; rudiment of an abortive flowret pedi- celled, threadshape ; upper spatkellule notched'; lodicule lanceolate, not notched, bald ; style short, 2-parted; stigmata villous; cariopsis detached, not furrowed. — Spike branched, cylindrical. 1. Chilochloa aspera. Rough cats-tail. Spike cylindrical, lobed, loose; glumes naked, thickened above; glumelles blunt; culm branchy. Phleum paniculafum, Huds. FI. Angl. 26, omitting the synonyms, Phaia.fi s paniculata, Aiton Hort. Kew. 6, 87. Phalaris aspera, Retz Obs. 414. Phleum asperum, Villars Delph. 1, 61. Chilochloa aspera, Pal. de Beauvois , 37. Fields, walls, and heaths; annual; June and July. Root fibrous; culms 9 in. high; leaves smooth, the upper- most very short; sheaths inflated, smooth; ligula long, acute; spike stiff, rather acute ; peduncles verticillate ; glumes with very short awns, keeled, gibbous above, edge opake, very bluntly truncated; smell like that of anthoxanthum. 2. Chilochloa Boehmeri. Boekmer’s cats-tail . Spike cylindrical, lobed; spathelles rather smooth, inner edge turned up ; spathellules acute ; sheaths slightly bellied ; culm not branched. Phalaris phleioides, Lin. S. P. 80. Phleum phalaroides, Koel. Gram. 182. Phleum Boehmeri, Wibel Werth. 125. Sandy fields; perennial; June and July. Root fibrous; culm mostly single, purple, shining, 18 in. high ; leaves and sheaths rather rough ; spike dense, ovate- cylindrical. 3. Chilochloa arenaria. Sand cats-tail. Spike ovate, lanceolate, scarcely branched, obtuse ; spa- thelles ciliated; spathellules short, torn-edged; sheaths bel- lied ; culm branchy. Pl.end.ph. 10. GRAMINEiE. 82. Chilochloa. 139 Gramen typhinum maritimum minus, Raii Syn. 398, 4, Phleum arenarium, Lin. S. P. 88. Phalaris phleioides 0, Aiton Hort. Kew. 1,86. Phalaris arenaria, Huds. FI. Angl. 23. Chilochloa arenaria, Pal. de lieauvois. Sandy places near the sea ; annual ; June. Roots fibrous ; culm many, leafy below, naked above, 9 in. high, purple, shining; leaves glaucous; sheaths smooth ; spike scarcely lobed. 4. Cliilochloa hirsuta . Rough cats-lail. Panicle cylindrical, lobed, loose; spaihelles lanceolate, keeled, ciliate hairy, with very short bristles ; spathellules oblong, hairy. Phleum phalarideum. Fill. Delph. 2, 60. Phleum Michelii, Allioni Pedem. 2138. Phalaris alpina. Be Cand. Syn. FI. Fr. 1489. Chilochloa Michelii, Pal.de Beauvoisy t. 7, f. 2. Alpine rocks ; perennial ; July. Root creeping, thickened above; culm erect, very smooth, 18 in. high; leaves smooth, edge membranous, white; sheaths lax ; upper very long, purplish ; ligula obtuse ; pa- nicle soft, green or purplish. XL1I. 83. PHLEUM. Pliny. Timothy . Spaihelles alternate, boatshaped, compressed, nearly equal, twice as long as the spathellules, truncated at the tip, pointed with a prominent, bristlelike, intermediate rib; glumelle awnless; lower spathellule truncated, many toothed, inclosing the upper twotoothed spathellule; lodicule lan- ceolate, acute, not nicked, bald ; ovary beaked ; beak in- clined ; style 2-parted ; stigmata nearly aspergilliform, vil- lous ; cariopsis free, not furrowed, beaked ; beak 2-parted. — Spike cylindrical. 1. Phleum pralense. Meadow timothy. Spike cylindrical, very long ; spathelle much longer than the beard ; keel ciliated ; culm upright ; root fibrous. Gramen typhinum majus sive primum, Ger. em. 11 ; Raii Syn. 398, 1. Gramen typhinum medium seu vulgatissimum, Park. 1170. Phleum pratense, Lin. S. P. 87. Fields and pastures; perennial; July to September. Culm 3 feet high, naked above, smooth, bald; leaves flat, very acute, bald, rough; ligula obtuse; spike 3 to 5 in. long, green, rather blunt; locustce very much crowded. (3. viviparum. Glumes and glumelles changed into leaves. y. minus . Culm short, not bulbose at the base. 140 83. Phleum. 10. GRAMINEiE. PI. end. ph. 2. Phleum nodosum. Knotted timothy. Spike cylindrical, short; spathelles much longer than the beard ; keel ciliated ; culm ascending, bulbous at bottom ; root fibrous. Gramen typhinum q. Gramen nodosum spica parva 0. Bauhin, Ilaii S yn. 398, 3. Phleum nodosum, Lin. S. P. 88. Phleum pratense, var. Hnds. FI. Angl. 26. Barren places ; perennial ; July to November. Culm 9 in. high, rather naked above; leaves very acute; spike 1 to 2 in. long, obtuse. 3. Phleum alpinum. Alpine timothy. Spike ovate, cylindrical; spathelles the length of the beard ; keel ciliated ; culm ascending ; root rather creeping. Phleum alpinum, Lin. S. P. 88. Mountains in the North; perennial; July. Root jointed ; culm 18 in. high ; upper sheaths very long, inflated; lower ligula very short; upper slender, acute; spike 1 in. long, blackish purple. XLIII. 84. PHAL ARIS. Dioscorides. Phalaris. Spathelles alternate, nearly equal, boatshape, gibbous on the back, often membranous winged, longer than the flow- rets ; glumelles awnless, hardened, leathery ; rudiment of an abortive flowret sessile, like an appendix, awlshape, bald or hairy ; upper spathellule slightly nicked ; lodicule ovate, not notched, hairy ; style short, 2-parted ; stigmata villous ; cariopsis free, included in the hardened glumelle, not fur- rowed.—-PV/mc/e spikeshape, or effused ; locustce crowded ; peduncle often involucrated. a. Panicle spikeshape ; keel of the glumelles winged. 1 . Phalaris Canariensis. Canary phalaris. Panicle ovate ; margin of the upper spathelle truncate ; culm rather upright; root fibrous. Phalaris major, semine albo, Raii Syn. 394, 1. Phalaris, Ger. em. 86. Phalaris Canariensis, Lin. S. P. 79. Phalaris ovata, Moench. Meth. Canary grass. Roadsides, ruins, also cultivated ; annual ; June to Sept. Culms many, 2 feet high, smooth; leaves flat, lanceolate, edge white ; upper sheaths inflated ; ligula large ; panicle very dense; peduncles short; locustce broad, ovate, whit© with 2 lunate green lines. Seeds used as food for singing birds. PI. end.ph. 10. GRAMINEiE. 84*. Phalaris. 14*1 b. Panicle loose ; keel of the spathelle sharp . 2. Phalaris arundinacea . Reedy phalaris . Panicle upright, oblong, bellied, contracted ; locustce facing one way ; spathelles acute ; leaves flat ; culm upright ; root creeping. Gramen ariindinaceura, acerosa gluma, Jerseyanum, Raii Syn. 400, 2. Phalaris arundinacea, Lin. S. P. 80. Arundo colorata, Soland&r in Aiton Ilort. Kevo. 1, 116. Calamagrostis colorata, Sibthorp FI. Ox. 37. Typhoides arundinacea, Moench. Meth. 99. Baidigera arundinacea, Flor. Wetter. 99. Calamagrostis variegata, With. Bot.Arr. 2, 124. Bogs and river-sides ; perennial; July. Roots in tufts; culm upright, 3 feet high, knots smooth; leaves very broad, flat ; sheaths round, long ; ligula short, obtuse ; panicle large, glomerate ; peduncles in pairs or threes; involucrum small, white; locustce compressed, whitish or purplish ; ribs 3, green. 0. glauca. Leaves glaucous. y. picta. Leaves elegantly streaked with white. Ladies ’ laces. Gardeners’ garters. Ribband grass. XLIV. 85. ALOPECURUS. Theophrastus. Foxtail . Spathelles alternate, lower larger, distinct or grown to- gether at the bottom; spathellule one, pitchershape, split on one side, awned below the middle ; lodicule linear, not nicked, bald; style 2=parted, nearly simple at bottom; stig- mata very long, nearly aspergillifbrm.-— Spi&e compound, stiff, cylindrical, not involucrated ; peduncles very short. a. Spathelles soldered together above the middle ; keel dilated, bald above ; awn long. 1. Alopecurus agrestis. Wild foxtail . Spathelles acute, rough, almost bald; spike cylindrical, attenuated, acute; peduncles not branched, 1 -flowered; culm erect, rather rough. Gramen myosuroides majus, spica longiore, aristis rectis, Raii Syn. 397,1. Gramen alopecuroides minus, Ger. em. 10. Gramen alopecuroides spica longa majus et minus, Park . 1169. Alopecurus agrestis, Lin. S. P. 89. Alopecurus myosuroides, Muds. ed. 1,23. Great mouse-tail grass. Fields and ways; annual; July. Roots fibrous ; culm 18 in. high, leafy ; leaves rough above ; ligula lanceolate; spike 3 in. long, slender, purplish. 142 85. Alopecurus. 10. Gil A MINERS. Pl.end.pk, &. minor. Small , brown; spike short. Gramen myosuroides minus, spica breviore, arislis recurvis, Raii Syn. 397 , 2. b- Spathelles soldered at the base ; keel ciliated ; awn long. 2. Alopecurus pratensis . Field foxtail. Spathelles acute, villose ; awn longer than the spathelles ; spike cylindrical, obtuse ; peduncles branched, many flowered ; culm upright, smooth ; root fibrous. Gramen alopecuroides q. Gramen alopecuro simili, glabrum cum pilis longiusculis in spica, Onocordon mihi denominatum, J. Bauhin, Raii Syn. 396,1. Gramen alopecuroides majus, Ger. em. 10. Gramen phalaroides majus sive Italicum, forte etiam Gramen phala- roides spica molli sive German i cum, C. Bauhin, Park. 1164. Alopecurus pratensis, Lin. S. P. 72. Common foxtail grass. Fields and pastures ; perennial ; May. Culm 2 feet high, thick, very smooth ; leaves broad, long ; sheaths smooth ; ligula short, blunt ; spike 2 or 3 in. long, whitish. 0. hiatus. Spike much lobed. 3. Alopecurus alpinus. Alpine foxtail. Spathelles rather acute, villous ; awn as long as the spa- thelles; spike ovate; peduncles branched, manyflowered ; culm upright, smooth; root creeping. Alopecurus alpinus, Eng.Bot . 1126. Alopecurus ovatus, Knapp Gram. 15. Scotch Alps; perennial; June and July. Culm 1 foot high, upright; radical leaves linear, slender; stem-leaves short, broad, acute ; sheaths long, bellied ; ligula short; spike blunt, whitish. c. Spathelles free j keel ciliated . 4. Alopecurus hullosus . Bullous foxtail. Spathelles acute, villose; awn longer than the spathelles; spike cylindrical, attenuated ; culm upright, bulbose at bot- tom. Gramen myosuroides nodosum, Raii Syn. 397, 3. Alopecurus bulbosus, Lin. S. P. 1665. Alopecurus geniculalus j6, Huds. FI. Angl. 27. Salt-water marshes; perennial; July. 6 PLend.ph. 10. GRAMINEiE. 85. Alopecurus. 143 Roots in tufts ; culm 9 in. high, smooth ; radical leaves smooth, short ; stem-leaves smooth, linear, spreading ; ligula short ; spike 2 in. long, dark sea-green ; anthers deep greenish blue. 5. Alopecurus geniculatus . Kneed foxtail . Spathelles blunt, villose; awn longer than the spathelles; anthers linear; spike cylindrical, blunt; peduncles scarcely branched, 1 or 2-flowered ; culm ascending, knee-jointed. Grarnen alopecuroides q. Gramen aquaticum geniculatum spicatum, Raii Syn. 396, 2. Gramen fluviatile spicatum, Ger. cm. 14. Gramen aquaticum spicatum, Park. 1275. Alopecurus geniculatus, Lin. S. P. 89. Watery places; perennial; May and June. Root fibrous ; culm floating, very long, leafy, lower joint rooting; leaves rather smooth; ligula short; spike short, purplish; anthers linear oblong, purple, becoming dull yellow. 0. lulbosus . Culm rather upright, bulbous at bottom ; spike dark green. 6. Alopecurus fulvus . Flamecolour foxtail . Spathelles blunt, villous ; awn as long as the spathelle ; anthers nearly round ; spike cylindrical ; peduncles branched, manyflowered ; culm ascending, knee-jointed. Gramen alopecuroides q. Gramen fluviatile album Tabernaemoutani, Dillen in Raii Syn. 396, 2 * . Alopecurus geniculatus 4, With. Rot. Arr. 120. Alopecurus fulvus, Engl. Rot. 1467. Duck-grass. Spike flote-gr ass. Watery places ; perennial ; August and September. Root fibrous; leaves broader than those of alopecurus geniculatus; sheaths inflated; spike 2 in. long, pale green; anthers fine orange, becoming quite white ; awn very slen- der, soft. XLV. 86. PSAMMA. Beauvois. Marram . Spathelles alternate, acute, lower smallest ; spathellides hairy below the tip, mucronate, nearly as long as the spa- thelles, acute ; lodicule lanceolate, awlshape, acute, bald ; ovary topshaped, rather 3-sided ; style 3-parted ; stigmata 3, featherlike; cariopsis top-shape, rather 3 -sided, free; cor - culum terminal? — Spike branched, erect, cylindrical; pe- duncles branched, very short ; locust ce many, crowded. 144 86. Psamma. 10. GR A MINEAE. PI. end . ph . Psamma arenaria. Sand marram . Spike long ; leaves involute, pungent ; root creeping. Gramefi sparteum spicatuin foil is niucronatis longioribus, vel spici secalina, Raii Syn. 393, 1. Spartum Anglicanum, Ger. em. 38. Spartum marinum nostras, Park. 1198. Arundo arenaria, Lin. S. P. 121. Calamagrostis arenaria, With. But. Arr. 123. Ammophilla arundinacea, Host Gram. Austr. 4,41. Psamma arenaria, Roem. Sys. Veg. 845. Sandy sea-shores ; perennial ; July. Roots spreading; culm 4 feet high, stiff, leafy; leaves upright, spreading, glaucous, very smooth, bald ; sheaths smooth; ligula long, acute; panicle 6 in. long; locustoe light glaucous green. XLVI. 87. SPARTINA. Schreber. Sea-grass . Spathelles alternate, very acute; lower smallest; spa- thellules 2-cut, nicked, toothed, shorter than the spathelles, awnless ; lodicule rather truncated, fringed ; style very long; stigmata 3, villous.- — Spike branched; spikelets alternate; locustoe 1 -sided, sessile, in two rows. Spartina stricta . Rough sea-grass . Spathelles rather longer than the spathellules, keel rather smooth ; spikelets adpressed ; locustoe loosely tiled, upright ; leaves convolute, pungent. Gramen sparteum, q. Spartum Essexianum, spicagemina clausa Petiver, Raii Syn. 393, 4. Dactylis cynosuroides, Huds. FI. Angl. 43; but not of Linnaeus. Dactyl is stricta, Solander in Ait. Hort. Iieio. 6, 104. Limnetis pungens, Persoon Syn. 1,72. Spartina stricta, Roth N. Beytr. 101. Marshy fields at the mouth of large rivers; per.; July, Aug. Root creeping; culm upright, 2 feet high, not branched, stiff, very smooth; leaves stiff, upright; sheaths long, very smooth, shining, very close to the culm, upper partly en- closing the lower spikelet; ligula very short; spikelets 2, hairy, soft; spathelles mostly mucronate below the tip. {3. triplex . Spikelets three. XJLVIL 88. VILFA. Adanson. Bent* Spathelles alternate, not notched, rather longer than the spathellules, lower largest ; lower spathellule 3 -cut, toothed, acute or ending in a bristle ; upper 2-cut ; lodicule acute ; stamens (1 to) 3; style 2-parted, short; stigmata villous ; cariopsis free, not furrowed.— Ptfrciefe branched, more or less contracted or effused ; peduncles semiverticillate. PI. end. ph. 1. Viifa alba . 10. GRAMINEiE. 88. Viifa. 115 While bent. Culm creeping, branched, rooting ; panicle loose, spread- ing ; spathellules smooth, nearly equal, toothed, serrulate ; locustce lanceolate; leaves ft at, rough; sheaths smooth. Gramen miliaceum majus panicula spadicea, Rati Syn. 405, 11. Gramen miliaceum majus panicula viridi, Raii Syn. 404, 12. Agrostis alba, Lin. S. P. 93. ‘ Agrostis polymorpha seu palustris, IFuds. FI. Angl. 22. Marsh bent grass. While Squitch. Squitch. Marshes and woods ; perennial; July. Root creeping, thick, white; culm naked above, 3 feet high, smooth ; ligula obtuse. |3. conferta. Short ; peduncles crowded at bottom, long, naked, not branched ; both spathelles serrated on the back. 7. ramosa. Short ; peduncles crowded at bottom, long, naked, branched ; upper half only of the inner spatheile serrated. nuda. Peduncles all naked at bottom, and branched ; upper half only of the inner spatheile serrated. £. sylvatica. Glumes and glumelles growing longer after flowering ; lower branch of the panicle naked at bottom. Gramen miliaceum sylvestre glumis oblongis, Raii Syn. 404, 13. Agrostis sylvatica, Lin. S. P. 1665. Agrostis polymorpha 77, Iluds. FI. Angl. 32. 2. Viifa nigra. Black bent. Stolones creeping, branchy ; culm upright ; panicle scat- tered, fewflowered ; locustce lanceolate ; peduncles bare at bottom ; spathelles unequal ; upper part of the lower spa- thelle serrulate ; upper spatheile smooth ; leaves nearly smooth, slender; sheaths smooth. Agrostis nigra, With. Bot. Arr. 173. Agrostis stolonifera, Leers Herb. 26 ; not of Linnaeus. Black squitch. Woods and moist places; perennial; July. Culms many, slender, 2 feet high ; leaves flat, weak ; ligulcz blunt; panicle 2 to 4 in. long; peduncles deep purple; locustce brown, scattered. 3. Viifa stolonifera. Running bent. Culm creeping, taking root, branchy ; panicle compact, lower branches spreading, densely crowded at bottom with flowers ; locustce ovate, lanceolate ; spathelles nearly equal, pubescent; lower spatheile serrulated at the upper part; leaves flat. VOL. IT. L 146 88. Vilfa. 10. GRAMINE.ZE. Pl.end.pk. Gramen miliaceum q. Gramen montanum miliaceum minus, radice re- pente C. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 402,2. Gramen canimim supiuum, Ger. em. 261. Agroslis stolonifera, Lin. S. P. 93. Agrostis polymorpha 8, Huds. FI. Angl. 31. Black Squitch. Fiorin grass. Fields and damp pastures; perennial; July and August, Root fibrous ; culm smooth, blackish purple , leaves rough ; sheaths rather smooth ; ligula rounded ; panicle upright, rather 1 -sided; spathelles rather blunt, purplish. /3. marina. Culm stiff’, glaucous, 3 in. high; sheaths rather smooth. brevis. Panicle pale red becoming dull green,, branches very short; leaves and sheaths rough. Agrostis brevis, Knapp Gram , 116. & maritima. Branches of the panicle long, naked, short, crowded at bottom ; leaves and sheaths rough. Agrostis maritima, With. Bot.Arr. 2, 175. 4. Vilfa vulgaris . Common lent. Culm upright; panicle hairlike, upright, spreading; pe- duncles threeforked, naked at bottom ; pedicells upright, locustce ovate, crowded ; outer spathelle serrate at the tip ; inner smooth; inner spathellule very short, blunt; stem-leaves rough ; sheaths very smooth; ligula truncated. Gramen miliaceum locustis minimis, panicula fere arundinaeea, Rail $yn. 402, 4. Agrostis vulgaris. With. Bot. Arr. 132. Agrostis tenuis, Sibthorp , Oxf. 36. Agrostis eapillaris, Iluds. ed. 1 ; but not of Linnaeus. Agrostis polymorpha a, Huds. FI. Angl. 31. Agrostis hispida, Willd. S . P. 1,370. Fine bent grass. Pastures; perennial; July and August. Culm 2 feet long; leaves long, slender; lower leaves smooth; panicle oblong; peduncles rather smooth ; locustce small, coloured. 5. Vilfa divaricata. Spread bent . Culm upright; panicle spreading out wide; peduncles hairlike, naked above half their length, 3-forked ; pedicells spread out wide; locustce ovate, spread; outei' spathelle serrulate ; inner smooth ; inner spathellule very short, ob- tuse ; stem-leaves rough ; sheaths very smooth ; ligula trun- cated.- PI* end'ph, 10. GRAMINEJE. 88. Vilfa. 147 Agrostis tenella, Hofftn. Germ » 3, 1, 36 ? Agrostis divaricata, Hoffni. Germ . 3, 1, ST. Agrostis capillaris, Wiild. S. P. 1, 369. Agrostis vulgaris tenella, Gaud . Agr. Helv. 84. Agrostis vulgaris seminuda, Knapp Gram. 115. Fields and meadows ; perennial; July. Culm 2 feet long ; leaves slender ; panicle pyramidical, large ; peduncles rather rough ; locustce pale ; style falling off. pumila . Culms 2 in. high, in tufts; cariopsis long, covered with a dust (ustilago ?) style remaining. Agrostis pumila, Lin. Mant. 1,31. Agrostis vulgaris y, Smith FI. Brit. 97. Agrostis divaricata; var. Hoffm. Germ. 3, 1,37. In barren ground. XLVIII. 89. AGROSTIS. Theophrastus. Fiorin . Spathelles alternate, membranous, longer than the spa- thellules, nearly equal or lower largest ; lou er spathellule 2-cut at the tip, lobes often nicked, awned below the middle ; awn plaited, twisted ; upper much shorter, 2 or 4-cut, toothed ; lodicule obovate, not nicked, smooth ; style short, 2-parted ; stigmata villous ; cariopsis free, not furrowed. — Panicle branched more or less, contracted or effused. 1. Agrostis canina . Dogs fiorin. Spathelles nearly equal ; tip of the outer serrate ; of the inner smooth ; panicle upright, spreading ; peduncles hair- like, three-forked ; pedicles upright ; locustce ovate, crowded ; awn twice the length of the spathellule ; culm upright. Agrostis canina, Leers Herb. 21. Agrostis vulgaris ; var. Smith FI Brit. 79. Agrostis capillaris; var. Fill. Delph. 2,73, Fields; perennial; July. Culm 18 in. high, branchy at bottom, smooth ; stem^leaves rough ; ligula truncated ; panicle 3 in. long, coloured ; pe- duncle naked at bottom, smooth ; locustce coloured. 2. Agrostis laxa . Loose-panicle florin . Spathelles nearly equal ; tip of the outer serrate, of the inner smooth ; panicle spreading ; peduncles hairlike, three- forked ; pedicells spread ; locustce ovate, spread ; awn twice as long as the spathellules; culm upright. Agrostis vulgaris y; var. Smith FI. Brit. 80. Fields; perennial; July. l 2 148 89* Agrostis. 10. G RAMIN EiE. PLend.ph , Root creeping; culm 18 in. high, smooth, branchy at bottom; I'lgula very shortly truncated; panicle oblong, be- coming, pyramidical; peduncles rather long, naked; locustce pale. 0. pumila. Culms in bundles, 2 in. high ; cariopsis long, covered with a dust (ustiiago ?) Agrostis vulgaris -/; var. Smith FI. Brit. 80. 3. Agrostis puhescens. Downy florin . Spat/ielles nearly equal, pubescent, tip of the outer spa- thelle serrate, of the inner smooth; panicle contracted; pe- duncles short ; locustce lanceolate, crowded ; awn short : culm branchy, upright. Agrostis stolonifera ; var. Smith Ft. Brit. 81. Fields and pastures ; perennial ; July, August. XLIX. 90. AFERA. Adanson. Silk-grass, Spathelles alternate, nearly equal, rather longer than the spathellules ; lower spathellule not nicked at the tip, bristled below the tip ; upper 2-cut, toothed ; lodicule lanceolate, not nicked, bald; stamens 1 or 3; style short, 2-parted; stigmata villous ; cariopsis free, husked, not furrowed.— Panicle branched, large. 2. Apera effusa . Large-panicled silk- grass. Panicle spreading, rather 1 -sided, manyflowered ; shorter peduncles crowded with flowers ; longer naked at bottom ; leaves smooth; culm upright; awn 5 times as long as the spathellules. Gramen miliaceum majus. glumis aristatis, spadiceis et pallidis. Raii $yn. 405, 17. Gramen arundinaceum, Ger. cm. 5. Gramen agrorum spica venti, Pari;. 1158. Agrostis Spica venti, Lin. S. P. 91. Apera Spica venti, Palis, de Beauvais. Corn-fields in moist sandy soils; annual ; June and July. Root fibrous ; culm smooth, 3 feet high ; leaves rather smooth ; sheaths smooth ; ligula torn ; panicle very large ; locustce minute, green or yellowish. 2. Apera P paluslris. Marsh silk-grass. Panicle spreading, manyflowered ; shorter peduncles crowded with flowrets; longer naked at bottom ; awn shorter than the spathellules; culm creeping, taking root; leaves rough. 149 Pl.end.ph. 10. GRAMINEJE. 90. Apera. Agrostis palustris, With. Bot. Arr. 168. Swampy places ; perennial; June and July. Culm rather smooth, branched ; leaves broad ; sheaths rough; ligula rough, long; panicles 6 in. long; spathelles equal; keel serrate, of the inner only half way down; spa - thellules one fourth shorter than the spathelles, the inner shorter and narrow. L. 91. AGRAULUS. Beauvois. Field-grass. Spathelles alternate, longer than the spathellule, nearly equal; spathellule 1, nicked at the tip, awned below the middle ; awn twisted, plaited ; lodicule ovate, lanceolate, bald, not nicked ; stigmata villous; cariopsis free, furrowed. — Panicle more or less spreading; radical leaves bristlelike ; stem-leaves fiat, broad. 1 . Agraulus caninus. Fogs field-grass. Tips of the outer spathelle serrate, of the inner smooth ; glumelles naked; locuslce ovate, acute, coloured; panicles spreading ; peduncles 3-forked, manyflowered ; leaves in bundles, smooth; culms ascending. Agrostis canino, Lin. S. P. 92. Agrostis vinealis, Schreher Spic. 57, 977. Ischodium eaninnm, Schrader Germ. 198. Damp fields and pastures ; perennial ; July. Culm prostrate, often branched, leafy, smooth ; leaves flat, smooth; uppermost broader, rough; sheaths short; upper very long, roughish ; ligulce long, obtuse, fringed ; panicle upright, hispid ; locustce small, violet. 2. Agraulus pallidus . Pale-green field-grass. Keel of the outer spathelle serrate, of the inner at the tip only ; glumelles naked ; locustce lanceolate, pale ; panicle rather spreading ; peduncles branchy, fewflowered ; leaves rough. Agrostis pallida, With. 169. Forests ; perennial ; May and June. Culm 18 in. high, smooth; ligulce long, acute; panicle 3 in. long; peduncles capillary ; locustce pale green. 3. Agraulus setaceus. Bristle field-grass. Spathelles serrate at the tip ; spaihellules hairy at bottom ; locuslce lanceolate; panicle contracted; peduncles upright, manyflowered ; culm ascending. PL end . ph. 150 91. Agraulus. 10. GR AMINE/E. Agrostis setacea, Curtis Land. 6, 12. Agrostis alpina, With. Bot.Arr. 128. Agrostis mutabilis, Sihth. Oxf. 10 ? Agrostis canina 6 et y, Huds. FI. Angl. 88. Dry heaths; perennial; July and August. Culm 1 fool high ; leaves pale, rather glaucous ; radical leaves in tufts, upright ; ligula long, torn ; panicle whitish ; peduncles branched, rough, semiverticil late; spathelles slen- der, acute; spatliellules mucronated gt the tip; awn longer than the spathelle. (3, purpureus. Locustce slightly coloured. LI. 92. ACHNATHERIUM. Beauvois. Bushgrass, Spathelles alternate, lower largest ; spatliellules membra- naceous; lower slightly nicked, awned; upper not nicked, pointed ; awn terminal, not jointed, plaited, twisted; lodicule lanceolate, not nicked, bald : style short, 2-parted ; stigmata villose ; cariopsis furrowed. — Panicle branched, loose. Achnatherium lanceolatum . Spear bushgrass. Panicle diffuse; locustce rather spread, upright; spathelles lanceolate, longer than the awn; culm rather branched; leaves linear. Arundo q. Calamagrostis minor glumis rutGs et viridibus Petiveri, Dil- len in Raii Syn. 401 , 3. Arundo Calamagrostis, Lin . S. P. 121. Arundo epigejos, Huds, FI. Ang. 54. Calamagrostis epigejos, With. Bot. Arr. 123. Calamagrostis lanceolata, Koel. Gram. 58. Wood and hedges ; perennial ; July. Hoot fibrous ; culm erect, 4? feet high, leafy, very smooth ; leaves slender, pointed, light green; sheaths long; ligula lanceolate; panicle rather upright; locustce small, purple or light brown. $, pilosum . Leaves hairy above. LIE 93. CALAMAGROSTIS. Dioscorides. Reedgrass, Spathelles alternate, very acute, longer than the spathel- lules; lower largest; spathellules membranous, often villous; lower 2 or 4-toothed; bristled between the teeth; upper 2-cut, toothed; bristle awlshape; lodicule lanceolate, not nicked, bald; style short, 2-parted; stigmata villous; ca - riop-As free, not furrowed.- — Panicle branched, becoming effused. Pl. end. ph. 10. GR AMINE2E. 93. Calamagrostis. 151 1 . Calamagrostis epigejos. Creeping reedgrass. Panicle upright ; locustce imbricate, bundled, facing one way; spatheiles longer than the spathellules, linear, bristled; bristle shorter than the hairs; leaves lanceolate; ligida long. Aruudo q. Gramen arundinaceum panicula molli spadicea majus, Raii Syn. 401,2. Gramen tomentosum arundinaceum, Ger. em. 9. Calamagrostis si ve Gramen tomentosum, Park, 1182, Arundo epigejos, Lin, S. P. 120. Arundo calamagrostis, Huds. FI. Angl. 54, Calamagrostis lanceolata, With. Bot. Arr. 122. Banks and damp woods ; perennial ; July. Root jointed, creeping; culms in bundles, upright, 6 feet high ; leaves very long, bald, dry, glaucous ; sheaths long, bald ; ligula lanceolate ; panicle manyflowered, oblong, green or blackish violet, becoming grey, woolly; locustce long, drooping. 2. Calamagrostis neglecla. Neglected reedgrass . Panicle upright, spread; locust cc upright, spread; spa- theiles the same length as the spathellules; bristles and hairs shorter than the spathellules ; leaves linear ; ligula very short, truncated. Arundo neglecta, Ehrh. Calam. 118. Arundo stricta, Schrad. Germ. 1,215. Calamagrostis neglecta, Flor. Wett. 1,84. Marshy places ; perennial; June. Root creeping; cidm 2 feet high, ascending, slender, bald ; leaves narrow, acute, rough above and on the edge, when dry convolute ; sheaths bald, ligula not notched ; panicle slender, 3 to 6 in. long, purplish or reddish brown ; glumes acute, not bristled. LIII. 94. GASTRIDIUM. Beauvois. Lentil-grass . Glumes 1 -flowered; spatheiles alternate, bellied at bot- tom, 3 times as long as the spathellules; lower largest; spathellules leathery, hardening ; lower 3 or 4-toothed, bristled beneath the tip ; upper 2-cut, toothed ; style short, 2-parted ; stigmata hairy ; cariopsis husked. — Panicle branched, contracted, approaching to a spike shape. Gastridium auslrale. Southern lentil-grass , Bristle much longer than the spatheiles. 152 94>. Gastridium. 10. G RAMIN EzE. Tl.end.ph> Gramen pauiceum q. Panicum serotinum arvense, spica pyramidal* Tournefort, Raii Syn. 394, 4. Milium lendigei um, Lin. S. P. 91. Agrostis australis, Lin . Mant. 1,30. Agrostis rubra, Huds.ed. 1,26. Alopecurus ventricosus, Huds. FI. Angl. 28. Agrostis ventricosa, Gouan Hort. 39. Agrostis panicea, Lamarck Enc.Meth. 1, 58. Agrostis lendigera, De Land. Syn. FI. Gall. 1508. Sandy meadows and pastures; annual; August. Root fibrous; culm branchy, upright, very smooth; leaves flat, slender, short, bald, rough ; sheaths smooth ; ligula long, 2-parted; panicle greenish white; peduncles branched; locustce crowded. LIV. 95. POLYPOGON. Desfontaines, Beards . Glumes 1 -flowered ; spathelles alternate, nearly equal or lower largest, much longer than the spathellules, slightly nicked and with a long bristle at the tip ; spathellules car- tilaginous ; lower not notched, bristled below the tip ; upper 2-cut, toothed ; bristle of the glumelle straight, herbaceous ; style 2-parted; stigmata villous; cariops'is free, not furrowed. — Panicle branched, contracted, nearly spikeshape. 1. Polypogon littoralis. Shore beards . Spathellules smooth; bristle scarcely longer than the spathelles ; culm decumbent ; root creeping. Agrostis lutosa, Poiret Enc. Meth. Sup. 1,249. Agrostis littoralis, With. Bot. Arr. 2, 129. Polypogon littoralis, Smith Comp. FI. Br. 13. Salt marshes ; perennial ; August. Culm decumbent at bottom, 12 in. high, smooth; leaves broad, flat, rough ; ligula pubescent, torn ; panicle close, lobed ; locustce white, green or purple at the tip. 2. Polypogon Monspeliensis. Montpelier beards. Spathellules pubescent, hispid; bristles 3 times as long as the spathelles ; culm erect; root fibrous. Gramen alopecuroides, q. Alopecurus maxima Anglica Parkinson, (1166), Raii Syn. 396,4. Alopecurus altera maxima Anglica paludosa, Ger. em . 88. Alopecurus Monspeliensis, Lin. S. P. 89. Alopecurus aristalus, Huds. FI. Angl. 28. Phleum crinitum, Schreb. Gram. 151. Agrostis panicea, Willd. S. P. 1 , 363. Agrostis tri-aristata, Knapp Gram. 23. Pl.end.ph . 10. G RAMI NEAL 95. Polypcgon. 153 Damp fields on sea-coasts ; annual ; July and August' Root small; culms many, 18 in. high, smooth, bald; leaves striated ; sheaths long, bald ; ligula torn ; panicle upright, lobed, branched ; locustce numerous, crowded, 1 -sided, greenish yellow. 0. panideus . Culm 6 in. high ; panicle very small, scarcely lobed. Phleum crinitum, Huds. Fl.Angl. 28. Alopecurus paniceus, Lin. S. P. 90. Cynosurus paniceus, Lin. S. P. ed. 1,73. LY. 96. LA GURUS. Linnaeus. Hares-iaiL Glumes 1 -flowered; spathelles alternate, linear, rough- edged, longer than the spathellules, nearly equal or lower smaller; lower spathellule 2-bristled at the tip, awned on the back above the middle ; upper not nicked ; awn twisted, bent; lodicule ovate, not nicked, bald; style short, 2-parted; stigmata hairy ; cariopis free, not furrowed. — - Panicle branched, spikeshape. Lagurus ovatus . Eggshaped hares-taiL Spike ovate, drooping ; leaves pubescent ; awn twice as long as the spathelle. Lagurus ovatus, Lin. S. P. 119. Sandy fields ; annual ; June. Culm solitary, 18 in. high, ascending, bald, naked above; lower leaves lanceolate, acute ; upper ovate ; sheaths long, bellied below ; ligula oblong ; locus tee many, crowded ; spathelles ciliated. G. Stipaceje. Rachis panicled ; locustcE solitary, one- flowered ; spathelles membranaceous ; lower spathellules sol- dered, leathery ; upper not 2-keeled, involving, awned ; stig- mata 2. LVI. 97. STIPA. Linnaeus. Feather-grass . Spathelles membranaceous, longer than the spathellules ; spathellules cartilaginous ; lower convolute, awned at the tip; upper not nicked; awn long, jointed, falling off; lodicule oblong, not nicked, bald ; stamens 1 or 3 ; style short, 2-parted ; stigmata, villous ; cariopsis free, furrowed. • — - Panicle scarcely branched, loose. 154 97. Stipa. 10. GRAMINEiE. Pl.end.ph Stipa pennata. Feathered feather-grass. Lower spathellule smooth at bottom. Gramen sparteum pennatum, Dillen in Raii Syn. 395, 3. Stipa pennata, Lin. S. P. 1 15. Limestone rocks ; perennial; July. A doubtful native. Foots in tufts ; culm not branched, 1 foot high, upright, without joints ; leaves involute, bristlelike ; ligula lanceo- late; locustce 4 or 5, very large; awn 6 to 10 in. long, acute, angular; hairs soft, pellucid. H. Panice je. Rachis spiked or panicled ; locust ce soli- tary, or many in pairs, 1 -flowered ; jlowrets 1 barren, or unisexual ; spathellules often stronger than the spathelles, more or less cartilaginous ; lower spathellule semi-involute, awnless or rarely awned, not keeled ; stigmata 2. a. Locustce \-Jlowered , hermaphrodite . LVII. 98. MILIUM. Pliny. Millet . Spathelles herbaceous, longer than the spathellules, lower largest; spathellules leathery, hardened, placed some- what contrary to the spathelles ; lodicule lanceolate, not nicked, bald; ovary 2-cut; style 2 parted; stigmata , asper- gilliform ; cariopsis free, 2-horned, wrapped in the persist- ing spathellules, not furrowed. Panicle branched, loose. Millium effusum . Loose millet . Locustce ovate, spreading; spathelles bald ; panicle semi- verticillate. Gramen miliaceum, Raii Syn. 402, I ; Ger. em. 6. Gramen miliaceum vulgare, Park. 1153. Milium effusum, Lin. S. P. 90. Agrostis effusa, Lamarck Enc. Meth . 1,59. Millet grass. Damp woods; perennial; June and July. Root rather creeping ; cidm upright, 3 feet high ; leaves long, dark green, drooping ; sheaths bald, round ; ligula obtuse, torn; panicle large, pyramidical, few-flowered; peduncles naked below far up, becoming reflexed; pedicells thickened ; locustce small, green ; herb odoriferous while drying. 10. GRAMINEiE. 99. Mibora. 1.55 PL end.ph. LVIII. 99. MIBORA. Adanson. Dwarf -lent. Spathelles alternate, truncated, fringed, longer than the spathellules, lower smallest; lower spathellule torn; jaggs bristled; upper not nicked; ovary beaked; beak naked; stigmata villous; cariopsis free, not furrowed. — Spike simple, few-flowered ; rachis flexuose ; locustce nearly sessile. Mibora verna. Spring dwarf -bent. Spike filiform ; locustce elliptical, large and truncated at top. Gramen minimum Anglo-Britannicum Lobelii, Rail Syn. K k 7. Mibora verna, Adanson. Knappia agrostidea, Smith FI. Br. 1387. Agrostis minima, Lin. S. P. 93. Sturmia minima, Sturm. FI. Germ. 7, 1. Chamagrostis minima, De Cand. Syn. FI. Gall. 1650. Nardus, Guett. Sturmia verna, Persoon Ench. 1,72. Sandy shores ; annual ; April and May. Root fibrous; culm upright, 2 in. high, scaly and leafy at bottom, naked smooth and knotless above far up ; leaves hairlike, blunt, glandular, spotted ; sheaths very short ; ligula long, blunt ; spike violet, 6 or 8-flowered. b. Locustce 2 or many -flowered ; one barren. LIX. 100. DIGIT ARIA. Haller. Fingers. Spathelles alternate ; lower very small, often scarcely visible; lower flowret neuter; spathellule one, herba- ceous, awnless ; upper hermaphrodite; spathellules rather leathery, hardening, awnless ; style 2-parted ; stigmata aspergilliform ; cariopsis free, very slightly furrowed. — Spikelets simple, linear, digitate or in bundles, with a flat- tened membranaceous back ; locustce 1 -sided ; pedicells 2 or many-flowered. 1 . Digitaria sanguinalis . Bloody fingers. Spikelets digitate, 3, 4, or 6 ; inside smooth at bottom ; between upright and spreading; locustce elliptical; spathelles very unequal; leaves and sheaths slightly papillose. Gramen dactylon latiore folio, Raii Syn. 399, 2. Ischaemon sylvestre latiore folio, Park. 1178. Ischmmon vulgare, Ger.em. 27. Panicum sanguinale, Lin. S. P. 84. Digitaria sanguinalis, Scop. Cam. 72. Syntherisma vulgare, Schrad. Germ. 1, 161. Paspalum sanguinale, Poiret Enc. Met/i. 5, 33. Cocks foot grass. PI. end . ph. 156 100. Digitaria. 10. GRAMINEdS. Fields; annual; July and August. Culm lying down, branchy, smooth, joints villous; leaves smoothish, 7 or 9-ribbed ; sheaths broad, often spotted ; ligula very short, fringed ; spikelets 1 -sided ; peduncles short, 2-flowered, one nearly sessile ; locus tee green or purple. 2. Digitaria glabra . Bald fingers. Spikelets mostly in pairs ; inner knotted and forked at bottom; loeustee ovate; spathelles nearly equal; sheaths and leaves bald. Panicum fill forme, Jacquin Ohs . 3, TO. Digitaria fiiiformis, Koel. Gram. 26. Paspalum ainbiguum, Be Cand. Syn. Ft. Gall. 1505 Syntherisma glabrum, Schrad . Germ. 1, 163. Panicum geminatum, Gaud, in Seringe Cat. 8. Panicum glabrum, Gaud. Agr. Helv. 1,23. Sandy fields; annual; July and August. Culms in tufts, smooth, shining; leaves short, soft, bald; ligula short, torn ; spikelets facing one way; rachis flexuous; peduncles very short, 2-flowered ; knots at the bottom sub- pellucid. LX. 101. SETARIA. Beauvois. Bristlegrass . Spathelles alternate, lower very small ; spathellules leathery, hardened; lower spathellule pointed ; lower flowret neuter or male; lodicule very blunt, almost sickleshaped; ovary nicked ; stigmata aspergiiliform ; cariopsis free, enclosed in the persistent spathellules.— -Panicle simple, spikeshape ; locus tee involucrated with 2 or more bristles. 1. Setaria verticillata. Whorled bristlegrass. Locustce in whorls, by fours ; involucrum 1 -flowered, 2-bristled ; culm diffused ; bristles rough with reflexed teeth ; cariopsides smoothish. Gramen paniceum spica aspera, Rail Syn , 394, 3. Panicum verticillatum, Lin. S. P. 82. Penniseturn verticillatum, Brown Prod. Setaria verticiliata, Pal. de Beauv. Corn fields ; annual ; August and September. Root fibrous; culm branchy, ascending, rather compressed, bald, prickly above; leaves broad, 9-ribbed, bald; sheaths smoothish; ligula hairy; panicle green, with whorls at intervals at bottom ; locustce smoothish. /3. breviseta. Bristles of the involucrum short, and scarcely longer than the locustae. Pl.end.ph. 10. GRAMINEjE. 101. Setaria. 157 2. Setaria glauca. Seagreen Iristlegrass . Locustce crowded; inuolucrum 2-flowered, 8 or 10-bristled; bristles with upright teeth ; cariopsides wavy crosswise. Panicum glaucum, Lin. S. P. 83. Setaria glauca, Pal. de Beauvais. River-side by Wandsworth, near London; along with echinochioa crus-galli and fagopyrum erectum; Aug. 1819. Culm ascending ; leaves scarcely visibly 9-ribbed, hairy on the back at bottom ; sheaths smooth ; ligula long, hairy ; panicle rather thick, scarcely lobed. 3. Setaria viridis. Green Iristlegrass . Locustce crowded ; involucrmn 2-flowered, 6 or 8-bristled ; Iris ties rough with upright teeth; cariopsides very minutely dotted ; panicle slightly lobed. Gramen paniceum, spica simplici Issvi, Rail Syn. 393, 1. Panicum s^lvestre spica simplici, Park. 1154. Gramen panic! cfhgie, spica simptici, Ger. era. IT. Panicum viride, Lin. S. P. 83. Panicum Crus-galli, Flora Dan. 852. Selaria viridis. Pal. de Beauvais. Panicum Germanicum, Host Gram. 2, 15. Sandy fields ; annual ; Jufy. Culms ascending ; leaves many-ribbed ; panicle cylindrh cal, sometimes interrupted at bottom, white or purplish ; bristles 2 or 3 times as long as the locustse. |3. major. Plant larger. LXI. 102. ECHINOCHLOA. Beauv. Hedgehog- grass. Spathelles hairy, acute ; lower very small, convolute at bottom ; lower flowret male or neuter ; spaihellules 2, herbaceous, hairy ; lower either long-pointed or bristled ; zipper 2-cut, toothed; upper flowret hermaphrodite; spaihellules leathery, hardened ; lower pointed ; lodicule subovate, not nicked ; ovary nicked ; style 2-par ted ; stig- mata aspergilliform ; cariopsis 2-horned, free, not furrowed, inclosed in the persisting spathellules. — Spike branched ; spikelets alternate; locustce 1 -sided. Echinochioa Crus-galli. Cocks-foot hedgehog-grass. Spikelets facing one way, alternate or in pairs, subdivided ; peduncles 5-angled, smoothish ; leaves linear, lanceolate. Gramen paniceum spica divisa, Rail Syn. 394, 2. Panicum vulgare, Ger. era. 85. Panicum sylvestre herbariorum, Park. 1154. Panicum Crus-galli, Lin. S. P. 84. Echinochioa Crus-galli, Roemer Syst. Leg. 2,478. Milium Crus-galli, Moench Meth , 203. 158 102. Echinoch. 10* GRAM1NEAL Pl.end.pfu Corn-fields by rivers ; annual ; August. Culm smooth ; leaves soft, broad, 7 or 9-ribbed ; sheaths smooth, bald ; ligula a yellow spot ; spike doubly branched, green or purple ; peduncles flexuous ; locustce ovate, acute ; spathelles either long-pointed or with a short bristle. 0. aristata . Bristle 8 or 10 times as long as the spa- thelles. Fam. VI. 11. RESTIACEiE. R. Brown. Perigonium free, 2 to 6 -parted, rarely none; stamens definite, 1 to 6, when 2 or 3 opposite to the lobes of the 4 or 6-parted perigonium ; ovary 1 or many-celled ; cells 1 -seeded ; ovules pendulous; pericarp capsular or nutlike ; seeds inverse, albuminous ; perisperm fleshy, same shape as the seed ; corculum basil lary, lenticular, on the outside of the perisperm, opposite to the umbilicus. — Culm herbaceous, naked or sheathed ; leaves simple, slender ; sheaths cut, one edge overlapping the other ; flowers aggregate, mostly di- clinous ; hr acteoe distinct. I. 103. ERIOCAULON. Gronovius. Pipewort. Head androgynous ; hr acted 1 -flowered, outermost often empty, in vol ucrating; perigonium 4 or 6*-lobed ; lobes in a double series ; male in the centre ; inner lobes of the pe- rigonium connate below ; stamens 4 or 6 ; anthers 2-celled ; female in the circumference ; inner lohes of the perigonium distinct; style 1 ; stigmata 2 or 3; capsule 2 or 3-celled, 2 or 3-lobed, opening at the prominent angles ; seeds one in each cell, pendulous. Eriocaulon septangulare . Seve?i-a?igled pipewort . Scape streaked ; leaves cellular, compressed, swordshape, bald, shorter than the scape; head globose; external hracted empty, bald ; inner hracted and perigonium hairy, fringed at the tip ; stamens 4. Eriocaulon septangulare, Withering Bot. Arr. 184. Eriocaulon decangulare, Lightfoot FI. Scot. 569. Nasrnythia articulata, Huds. FI. Ang. 415. Lakes in the Hebrides ; perennial ; September. Herh reticulately cellular; roots simply fibrous, jointed; scape erect, a span high, single, 7-angled, leafless ; leaves many, radical ; head hemispherical, white and black ; hracted scariose; flower snow-white with 2 black spots, tip feathered ; anthers black; capsule 2-celled. 7 12. JUNCEJE. 104. Acorus. PL end.ph. 159 Earn. VII. 12. JUNCEiE. De Candolle. Flowers hermaphrodite, or diclinous; perigonium free, often glumaceous, 6-sepaled ; stamens 6, rarely 3 ; filaments inserted in the base of the sepales ; anthers 2- celled; ovary 1 ; 3-celled, many-seeded, seeds on the partitions ; or 1-celled, 3-seeded, seeds at the base; style 1; stigmata 1 or 3 ; capsule 3-valved, valves partition-bearing ; spermo - dermis neither crustaceous, nor black; perisperm cartila- ginous ; corculum enclosed. — Root annual or perennial, mostly fibrous ; rhizoma often creeping ; leaves sheathing, or approaching to sheathing ; flowers panicled or corym- bose, rarely spiked. Flowers in a round , lateral spike. Perigonium 6-cut ; style 0 ; capsule 3-angular, 3-celled Acorus. 104, Flowers in a corymhus or panicle . Filaments naked ; caps. 1-celled, 3-seeded Luzula. 106. Filaments naked ; caps. 3-celled, many- seeded; stigmata 3 Juncus. 105. Filaments woolly ; caps. 3-celled, many- seeded; stigma 1, capitate Abama. 107. I. 104. ACORUS. Dioscorides. Sweetjlag. Spadix cylindrical, lateral, tessellated with flowers ; peri - gonium glumaceous, 6-lobed ; stamens 6 ; style 0 ; capsule 3-angular, 3-celled, 1 -seeded. —Rhizoma creeping; leaves swordshape, sheathing one another at bottom ; spadix from the side of the leaf. Acorus undidatus. Wavy sweetjlag. Floral /en/'much longer than the spike. Acorus verus, sive Calamus officinarum, Park. 140; Ruii Syn . 437, 1. Acorus verus officials faho calamus, Ger. em. 62. Acorus calamus, Lin. S. P. 462. Acorus undulatus, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 2, 282. Banks of rivers ; perennial; June. Spadix 3 in. long, close covered with florets in a spiral line ; leaves very large, 3 or 4 feet long ; root aromatic. 160 1 05. Juncus. 12. JUNCEiE. PI. end . p/z. II. 105. JUNCUS. Pliny. Jmk. Perigonium 6 -parted, glumaceous, persisting ; bracteola 2 or 3-leaved; stamens 3 or 6; stigmata 3; capsules 3-celled, 3-valved ; dissepiments median ; seeds on the dissepiments. • — Plants cespitose; roots fibrous or creeping, annual or perennial, in tufts ; culm simple and leafless, or branched and leafy; sheathing at bottom; leaves none except the barren culms ; or few, roundish, channelled, knotty, jointed, or smooth ; flower terminal or lateral, in a panicle or co- rymb us ; lowest peduncle longest : Iractece membranaceous, pungent or leaflike. a. Culm naked . 1 . Juncus acutus. Pointed junk. Culm naked, pungent ; panicle lateral ; Iractece spinous ; capsules mucronate, roundish, double the length of the perigonium. Juncus acutus capitulis sorghi, Rail Syn. 431 , 1. Juncus maritimus capitulis sorghi, Park. 1192. Juncus acutus, Lin. S. P. 463. Juncus maritimus, Lamarck Enc. Math. 3,253. Great sharp searush. Sandy shores of the sea ; perennial ; July. Root fibrous ; stein 3 feet high, stiff, pointed ; barren stems shortest ; panicle branched, many-flowered ; Iractece membranaceous, dilated at bottom, pricking at top; flowers clustered; sepales ovate, blunt; capsule ovate, broad, round- ish, 3-seeded, mucronate, shining ; caruncle long, at the end of the seed. 2. Juncus maritimus . Sea junk. Culm naked, pungent ; panicle lateral, subproliferous ; Iractece spinous; capsule oblong, acute, as long as the pe- rigonium. Juncus acutus maritimus Anglicus, Parle. 1194 ; Raii Syn. 43J,2. Juncus acutus jS, Lin. S. P. 463. Juncus acutus, Lamarck Encyc. Meth. 3, 253. Juncus maritimus, Smith FI. Brit. 375. Lesser sharp sea rush. Sea-shores ; perennial ; August. Root fibrous ; stem 2 feet high, glaucous ; sheaths brown, polished ; panicle doubly branched, slightly proliferous ; Iractece membranaceous at bottom, awlshape at the tip, spinous; sepales lanceolate, acute, jagged at the tip; capsule linear, oblong; caruncle long, at each end of the seed. G 12. JUNCEiE. 105. Juncus. 161 PL end. ph. 3. Juncus glaucus . Seagreen junk. Leaves none ; panicle lateral, upright, slender ; capsule elliptical, rather pointed, shorter than the perigonium. Juncus acutus, Ger. cm. 31 ; Rail Syn. 432,3. Juncus acutus vulgaris, Park. 1193. Juncus effusus /3, Huds.Fl. Angl. 147. Juncus inflexus, Leers Herb. 88 ? Juncus glaucus, Elir. Gram. 9, 83. Common hard rush. Pastures ; perennial ; July and August. Root horizontal, creeping ; culm in bundles, glaucous, 2 feet high, streaked above the panicle, often indexed ; sheaths obtuse, blackish brown, shining ; panicle about one- third below the tip, loose, branched ; peduncles very short, 1 or 2-flowered ; hractece 2 to each flower, ovate ; tip scariose, pointed; lobes of the perigonium awlshape, streaked, the 3 inner shortest ; capsule 3-sided, shining ; seeds ob- long pointed. 4. Juncus conglomerate . Roundheaded junk. Leaves none; panicle lateral, conglomerate; stamens 3; capsules retuse. Juncus laevis vulgaris panicula compactiore, Ran Syn. 432,5. Juncus laevis glomerato flore. Park. 1191. Juncus conglomerate, Lin. S. P. 464. Rough-headed rush. Damp pastures ; perennial ; July and August. Root horizontal, creeping ; culms in tufts, rather stiff, smooth, dark green, 18 in. high, slender; sheaths smooth, oblong, obtuse, minutely streaked, ending in a short awn ; panicle as it were sessile, 2 or 3-inches below the apex; pit dilated, edge scariose ; common hractece oblong, white ; uni- versal lanceolate, awned ; flower small; bracteolce very minute, white, ovate, acute ; lobes of the perigonium lan- ceolate, 2-ribbed ; capsule obovate, small, retuse, 3-lobed, shining, as long as the perigonium. 5. Juncus effusus. Loose junk. Culm naked, erect ; panicle lateral, effused, more than doubly branched ; capsule topshape, tip rather truncate. Juncus laevis vulgaris panicula sparsa, Rail Syn . 432, 4. Juncus laevis panicula sparsa major, Park. 1191. Juncus laevis, Ger. em. 39. Juncus effusus, Lin. S. P. 464. ' Common rush. Soft rush. Moist pastures ; perennial ; July and August. VOL. II. m 162 105. Juncus. 12. JUNCE^E. Pl.eiid.ph. Root black, creeping ; culm 3 feet high, pale green, soft, brittle, very finely streaked ; sheaths light brown, obtuse, awned; panicle very much effused and divaricated at the tip; involucrum small, white, slightly sheathing ; flower small ; hractece very small, white, pointed ; lobes of the perigonium lanceolate, linear ; edge white ; ribs 2, slightly prominent ; capsule small, obovate, slightly retuse, very blunt, pale brown, not shining ; style falling off. 6. Juncus jiliformis. Threadshape junk. Culm naked, threadshape, drooping ; panicle lateral, scarcely branched, few-flowered ; capsule roundish. Juncus parvus, calamo supra paniculam compactam lougius preducto, Raii Syn. 432, 6. Juncus filiformis, Lin. S. P. 467. Least rush. Mountain pastures ; perennial ; August. Root creeping, horizontal, fibrous, slender, long ; culm upright, threadlike, 6 in. high ; tip pointed and channelled ; light green ; sheaths few, unequal, cut, obtuse, awned, or slightly leafy ; panicle about the middle of the culm ; flowers nearly sessile becoming peduncled; involucra small, scariose; upper long, bristlelike; edge of the pit broad, scariose; hractece scariose, unequal; sepales 3-ribbed; capsule globose, obtuse, shining, the length of the perigonium. b. Leaves channelled. 7. Juncus squarrosus . Scurfy junk. Culm naked ; leaves bristlelike, channelled ; panicle ter-? minal, long ; capsule obovate, obtuse. Juncus montanus palustris, Raii Syn. 432, 7. Juncus squarrosus, Lin. S. P. 465. Moss rash. Goose corn. Barren mountain heaths; perennial; June, July. Root fibrous ; leaves densely tufted, bristlelike, stiff, slen- der, pointed, smooth, dilated at bottom, sheathing; outer sheaths scaly, striped, broad; culm leafless, 12 inches long, strait, stiff, inclining to angled ; panicle upright, branched, clustered; floral leaves membranaceous, cut, sheaths ending in a bristleshape leaf as long as the panicle; peduncles 1 or 2-flowered ; flowrets large; hractece ovate, acute, tip scariose ; sepales nearly equal, lanceolate, obtuse ; edge scariose ; capsule obovate, 3-sided, obtuse, mucronate. 12. JUNCEiE. 105. Juncus. 163 PI. end. ph. 8. Juncus compressus. Flattened junk. Culm not branched, leafy, compressed; leaves linear, edge incurved ; capside roundish, longer than the perigo- nium ; panicle terminal, shorter than the bractese. Juncus parvus cum pericarpiis rotundis, Rail Syn. 433, 10. Juncus bulbosus, Lin. S. P. 466. Juncus compressus, Jacq. Vindob. 235. Round fruited rush. Russia water-grass. Moist fields; perennial; July. Root creeping; culm upright, 12 in. high, simple;, base cylindrical ; tip compressed, smooth, leafy ; leaves linear, shorter than the culm ; sheaths cut, edge and tip scariose ; panicle above decompound, erect, many-flowered ; floral leaves upright, shortly sheathing ; lowermost longer than the corymbus ; flower single, at the division ; sepales equal, brown, obtuse, shorter than the capsule, edge scariose; capsule round, very obtuse, mucronate. 9. Juncus ccenosus. Mud junk* Culm simple, leafy ; leaves bristlelike, channelled ; capsule obovate, obtuse, the length of the perigonium ; panicle ter- minal, nearly simple, longer than the bracteae. Juncus ceenosus, Bicheno T.L.S. 12,309. Mud rush. Salt marshes ; perennial ; July and August. Darker green than the preceding ; leaves stiffer than it ; edge of the inner sepales scariose ; capsule rather one-sided. 10. Juncus lufonius. Toad junk. Culm 2-forked, leafy ; leaves angular ; flowers solitary, sessile ; perigonium bristlelike ; sepales unequal ; outer twice the length of the capsule. Juncus palustris humilior erectus, Raii Syn. 434, 12. Gramen junceum, Ger. em. 4. Gramen junceum parvurn sive Holosteum Matthioli et Gramen bufonium Flandrorum, Park. 1190. Juncus bufonius, Lin. S. P. 466. Toad rush. Toad grass. Damp watery places ; annual ; June to August. Root fibrous, tufted ; culm below simple, above forked, round, leafy, 12 in. high ; leaves shorter than the culm, slender, pale green, acute, upright ; sheaths angular, edges whitish; panicle 2-forked, long ; flowers solitary, 1-rowed, remote, lateral, and at the foot of the branches; sepales blackish green, ribless, edge scariose ; the outer keeled ; inner broad, ovate, flat ; capsules elliptical, obtuse, half as long as the perigonium. M 2 164 105. Juncus. 12. JUNCEiE. PI. end. ph. 1 3 . viviparus. Capsule gemmiparous. y. minimus. Plant not 2 in. high. Juncus q. Gramen juncoides minimum Anglo-Rritannicum, holosteo Matthioli congener, aut bufonis gramini Flandrico Lobelii, Dillen in Raii Syn. 434, 13. 11. Juncus macer. Slender junk. Leaves linear; cidm 2-forked, racemose ; flowers solitary, sessile ; sepales equal, setaceous, longer than the capsule. Juncus gracilis, Eng. Bot. 31,2174; not of Brown. Slender rush. Alpine bogs ; perennial ; July. Root fibrous, woolly; culm slender, 18 in. high, termi- nating in a few racemose forked branches, with 2 or 3 leaves at the base ; radical leaves 1 or 2, much shorter than the culm, narrow, flat ; edges rather involute, not chan- nelled ; flower solitary ; hractece linear, leaflike, round ; valves of the capsules blunt, nicked. 12. Juncus trifldus. Three-cut junk. Ciilm naked at bottom ; capsule oblong, as long as the perigonium ; Iractece foliaceous, channelled ; flowers 3, terminal. Juncus trifldus, Lin. S. P. 465. Juncus monanthos, Jacq. Obs. 33. Three-leaved rush. Alpine bogs ; perennial ; July. Root tufted ; culms upright, numerous, slender, thread- like, 12 in. high; sheaths broad, streaked; upper long, adpressed, cut, slender, the tip ending in a leaflike awn ; ligula membranaceous, fringed ; leaves 3, terminal, upright, bristlelike, unequal, short, sheathing ; sepales blackish green, edge broad and scariose ; the outer lanceolate, mu- cronate ; the inner short, broad, blunt ; capsule oblong, large, shining, pointed. 13. Juncus uliginosus. Bog junk. Leaves bristlelike, channelled ; head 3-flowered, flowers sessile ; capsule obtuse, longer than the perigonium ; culm bulbose, rooting. .Juncus q. Gramen junceum, capsulis triangulis, minimum, Raii Syn, 434, 11. Gramen junceum minor, Ger. em. 4. Juncus uliginosus, Sibthorp FI. Ox. 113. Bulbous rush. Moist sandy heaths ; perennial ; July and August. 12. JUNCEiE. 105. Juncus. 165 Pl, end . ph . i?oo£ fibrous; czz/m bulbose at bottom, leafy, slender, branching above ; branches divaricated ; leaves crowded, bristlelike, smooth, cellular ; cells in a double row, alter- nating ; heads 3-flowered, lateral and terminal, sessile ; hractece small, scariose, shorter than the flowers ; sepales equal, lanceolate, pointed, 3-ribbed ; edge scariose, dark brown red, keel green ; capsule acute, 3-sided, obtuse, opake, rather longer than the perigonium. /3. viviparus. Capsule gemmiparous, hractece lengthened out like the leaves. » Juncus uliginosus, With. Bot. Arr. 348. 14. Juncus supinus. Downlying junk . Leaves channelled, threadshape ; head 3-flowered, ter- minal, facing one way ; hractece bristlelike, leafy; capside nearly as long as the perigonium. Juncus supinus, Hoff. Germ. 125. Juncus capit itus, Weigel Obs. Bot. 28* Schcenus minimus, Symons Syn. 197. Juncu-; verticillatus j8, Willd. S. P. 2, 212. j Oivarf rush. Bogs; perennial; July. Root fibrous, bulbose at bottom ; culm erect, simple, 3 in. high ; leaves threadshape, channelled, cellular ; flowers 3 together, terminal, clustered ; hractece bristlelike, one or more, frequently leaflike, longer than the flowers, and forcing them on one side ; lobes of the perigonium lanceo- late, chesnut colour; capsule oblong, rather obtuse, 3-sided. c. Leaves jointed, 15. Juncus fluitans. Floating junk. Leaves cylindrical, bristlelike, rather nodosely jointed ; heads 3-flowered ; flowers sessile ; culm bulbose, slender^ rooting ; capsule obtuse, longer than the perigonium. Juncus uliginosus y, Bicheno T. L. S. 316. Juncus fluitans, La March Encyc. Method. 3,270. Juncus uliginosus, FI. Dan. 817. Juncus subverticillatus, Hojfm. Germ. 3, 166, Watery places ; perennial ; July. Very like isolepis fluitans; culm slender, feeble, floating; leaves long, threadshape, slender ; panicle spreading, 3 or 4-flowered, subproliferous. 166 105. Juncus. 12. JUNCEAE. PI. end. ph. 16. Juncus triglumis. Three-chaffed junk. Leaves subulate; head terminal ; flowers 3, sessile; capsules rather obtuse, as long as the perigonium ; hractece 3-leaved, as long as the flowers. Scirpus q. Juncello accedens graminifolia planta capitulis armeriae pro- liferae Lhwyd, Raii Syn. 430, 9 *. Juncus triglumis, Lin. S. P. 467. Boggy places ; perennial ; July, August. Culms 6 in. high ; leaves rather jointed, furrowed, chan- nelled ; flowers large, erect, crowded ; hractece ovate, ribbed, light brown ; 2 outer largest, opening* so as to make the flowers stand all in the same plane ; sepales nearly equal, obtuse, the outer brownish green, the inner paler ; capsule elliptical, mucronate, obtuse, 3-sided. 17. Juncus hlglumis. Two-chaffed junk. Leaves awlshape ; head terminal ; flowers 2. one pedicel- led; capsule longer than the perigonium, tip retuse; hractece 2- leafed, unequal ; upper leaflike. Juncus biglumis, Lin. S. P. 467. Moist alpine meadows ; perennial ; August. Culm 3 in. high ; leaves jointed ; sheaths broad, scariose ; flowers large, facing one way, one above the other; hractece 2, unequal ; upper leaflike, erect, acute, doubly striated, dark chesnut ; lower shorter, ovate, rather acute ; sepales acute, dark chocolate-colour ; capsule long, turbinate, retuse, 3- sided ; caruncle elongated at each end of the seed. 18. Juncus castaneus. Chesnut junk. Leaves flat, stem-clasping; head terminal, mostly in pairs, many-flowered, leafy at bottom ; hractece acute ; capsule longer than the perigonium. Juncus castaneus, Smith FI. Brit. 383. Juncus Jacquini, Symons Syn. 87. Micaceous rocks ; perennial; July. Root creeping; culm upright, 12 in. high, single, leafy; leaves upright, compressed, jointed ; sheath keeled ; heads 3 to 8-flowered, shining, blackish ; hractece membranaceous, linear; capsules oblong, pointed, 3-celled; caruncle of the seed awlshape, at each end. 19. Juncus suhverticillatus . Whor led junk. Stem-leaves awlshape, knotted, jointed ; panicle corym- bose ; head mostly 5-flowered, fasciculately whorled ; capsule as long as the perigonium, obtuse ; perigonium awned ; culm lying down. 12. JUNCEiE. 105. Juncus. 167 PI. end. ph. Juncus subverticillatus, Willd. S. P. 2, 212. Lesser jointed wood rush-grass. Park. 1 189. Marshy places ; perennial; July, August. Culm slightly bulbose at bottom, sarmentose; 4 in. high, cylindrical, fistulous; radical leaves threadlike, jointed; stem-leaves larger, awlshape, knotty, jointed; sheaths sca- riose; flowers in a corymbus, appearing proliferous, light brown ; sepales lanceolate, pointed, stiff; capsules light brown, shining, mucronated. 20. Juncus acutiflorus. Pointed-flower junk. Leaves knotty, jointed ; panicle terminal, very much di- vided : sepales lanceolate, pointed , capsule pointed, as long as the perigonium. Juncus nemorosus, folio articuloso, Raii Syn. 433, 9. Gramen jnnceum sylvaticum, Ger. em. 22. Gramen junceum aquaticum magis sparsa panicul&, Park. 1269, 4. Juncus acutiflorus, Ehrh. Gram. 66. Juncus articulatus, Relhan FI. Cant. 138. Juncus nemorosus, Sibthorp FI. Ox. 114. Juncus sylvatica, Willd. S. P. 2, 211. Watery places in woods; perennial; June, July. Root fibrous, creeping; culm rather hard, leafy, slender, upright, slightly compressed, smooth, 3 feet high, joints fistular; leaves 3 or 4, on the stem, sheathing, compressed, smooth ; panicle diffuse ; branches long, slender, smooth ; capsules 3-sided, ovate, oblong, light brown, shining. 21. Juncus lampocarpus . Varnished junk. Leaves compressed ; panicle terminal, compound, up- right ; sepales unequal, inner obtuse ; capsule 3-sided, acute, shining, longer than the perigonium. Juncus foliis articulatis, floribus umbellatis, Raii Syn. 433, 8, Gramen aquaticum, Ger. em. 12. Gramen junceum aquaticum Bauhini, Park. 1270. Juncus lampocarpus, Davis T. L. S. 10, 13. Juncus articulatus, Willd. S. P. 2,211. Juncus compressus, Relh. FI. Cant. 141. Shining-fruited rush. Boggy places ; perennial ; July, August. Root creeping; culm 1 foot high, compressed, many- leaved ; leaves compressed, sheathing, distinctly jointed, stiff, pointed ; panicle terminal, upright ; branches stiffj nearly simple ; flowers 5 or 6 together, sessile. 168 105. Juncus. 12. JlJNCEiE. PI. end. ph. 22. Juncus ohtusiflorus. Bluntflowered junk. Leaves round, knotted, jointed ; panicle very much di- vided above, divaricated; sepales elliptical, obtuse, the length of the capsule. Gramen junceum sylvaticurn, Ger.em. 22,9. Juncus obtusiilorus, Ehr. Gram. 16. Juncus articulatus /3, Smith FI. Brit. 379, excluding the synonyms. Stagnant watery places; perennial; July, August. Root horizontal; culm upright, very smooth, fistulous, 3 feet high ; leaves 2 or 3, long, thick, stiflj cylindrical, smooth, jointed, cellular ; sheaths short, pale : ligula short, obtuse, 2-cut ; cory mhus terminal, very much branched, entangled ; ultimate ones often retracted ; flowers small, 4 or 5 in a head; edge of the sepales scariose, broad, brownish; capsules light brown, shining, oval, straight, blunt, mucronate. III. 106. LUZULA. Luzula. Perigonium 6-parted, glumaceous, persisting ; hracteolce 3 or 4, glumaceous ; stamens 6, short ; stigmata 3 ; capsule 1-celled, 3-valved; seeds 3, affixed at the base. — Root per- ennial ; culm upright, jointed below the sheath, round, smooth, more or less leafy; leaves flat, lanceolate, edge fringed with hygrometical hairs ; sheaths smooth ; ligula pilose ; corymhus terminal, many-flowered. 1. Luzula pilosa. Hairy luzula. Corymhus very much divided, becoming divaricated ; flowers solitary; sepales ovate, acute; capsule cordate, ob- tuse; caruncle of the seed hooked. Gramen nemorosum hirsutum vulgare, Raii Syn. 416, 3. Gramen nemorosum hirsutum, Gcr. em. 17. Gramen nemorosum hirsutum majus, Park. 1184. Juncus pilosus, Lin. S. P. 468. Juncus nem irosus, Lam. Enc. Meth. 3, 273. Juncus luzulinus, Fill. Delph. 2,235. Juncus vernalis, Ehrli. Gram. 109. Luzula vernal is, De Cand. Syn. FI. Gall. 182. Luzula pilosa, Willd. Hort. Ber. 393. Hairy wood-rush. Hairy wood-grass. Woods and hedges; perennial; April and May. Roots in tufts, stoloniferous ; culm 12 in. high, slender, simple; leaves broad; corymhus spreading; flowers lateral and terminal ; sepales acute, dark brown, edge white ; capsules inversely heartshaped, narrowed towards the middle. PL end. pit. 1 1 2. Luzula Forsteri. 12. JUNCEiE. 106. Luzula. 169 Forster’s luzula . Corymlus slightly divided, irregular; flowers solitary, upright ; sepales and capsules ovate, acute ; caruncle of the seed erect, obtuse. Juncus Forsteri, Smith FI. Brit. 1695. Luzula Forsteri, De Cand. Syn. FI. Gall. 1824. Chalky woods and hedges ; perennial ; May. Root fibrous; culm 12 in. high, threadshape; leaves slen- der, upper largest ; corymlus terminal, erect, slightly branched ; sepales lanceolate, pointed, as long as the cap- sule, light brown ; capsule mu cron ate ; seeds oval ; caruncle rather straight, obtuse. 3. Luzula sylvatica. Wood luzula. Corymlus divided, loose; flowers 3 together; sepales awned, longer than the capsule ; caruncle obtuse. Gramen nemorosum hirsutum latifolium maximum, Raii Syn. 416,4. Juncus pilosus S, Lin. S. P. 468. Juncus pilosus, Fill. Delph. 2,234. Juncus montanus, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 3, 237. Juncus maximus, TVil/d S. P. 2, 218. Juncus syivaticus, Huds. Fl.Angl, 131. Great broad-leaved wood-grass. Shady stony places ; perennial ; May and June. Root fibrous; culm 2 feet high, upright, leafy, striated; leaves broad, light green, 8-ribbed ; panicle cymose, re- peatedly divided, often divaricated ; flowers small, above fasciculate ; Iracteoz linear, hairy, acute ; sepales equal, somewhat longer than the capsule, acuminate; capsule ovate,, mucronate; caruncle elliptical, sitting close to the seed. 4. Luzula campestris. Field luzula . Spikes ovate, unequally peduncled, intermediate ones sessile ; Iracteee short ; sepales lanceolate, longer than the capsule, mucronate ; capsule obtuse. Gramen nemorosum hirsutum q. Gramen exile hirsutum, Ger. cm. 16; Raii Syn. 416, 1. Gramen nemorosum hirsutum minus angustifolium, Park. 1185. Juncus campestris, Lin. S. P. 468. Luzula campestris, De Cand. Syn. FI. Gall. 1827. Small hairy wood-grass. Meadows and pastures ; perennial; April, May. Root fibrous, creeping; culm 4 in. high ; leaves linear, flat, 5-ribbed ; flowers in spikes, sessile, 1 0 or 1 2 together ; head ovate, upright, afterwards nodding ; sepales shining, keeled, edge white; capsule obovate, obtuse, 3-sided; seeds kidnevshape, rather rough, ash-green, opake ; caruncle en- 170 106. Luzula. 12. JUNCEiE. PL end. pL 5. Luzula congesta . Crowded luzula . Spikes many, ovate, umbelled ; bractece short ; sepales lanceolate, longer than the capsule, mucronate; capsule obtuse. Juncus congestus, Thuil. Par. 2, ], 179. Juncus liniger, With. Bot. Arr . 2, 436. Luzula campestris j6, De Cand. Sj/n. F7. GaM. 1827. Luzula erecta /3, DarL Essai, 136. Luzula congesta, Forster FI. Tonbridgensisy 44. Flaxen rush. Turfy bogs ; perennial; June. Root fibrous, in tufts ; culm upright, 12 in. high; leaves with long hairs at the base ; umbel large, compact ; spikes 7 or 9, upright ; peduncles long ; flowers reddish brown ; capsules large. 6. Luzula multiflora . Many -flowered luzula . Spikes ovate, rather umbelled, very loose ; peduncles stiff ; sepales lanceolate, acute, half as long as the capsule. Juncus intennedius, Thuil. Par. 2, 1, 178. Juncus erectus. Per. Syn. 1,386. Luzula erecta a, DesJour. 1, 156. Luzula campestris, De Cand. Syn. FI. Gall. 1827. Juncus multiflorus, Hoffm. Germ. 1, 169. Luzula multiflora, Lejeune Spa , 169. Turfy bogs; perennial; June. Root fibrous ; culm upright, 6 in. high ; flowers reddish brown, in a corymbus of 5 or 6 unequally peduncled spikes ; bractece short ; sepales reddish brown, edges white. 7. Luzula spicata. Spiked luzula . Spike racemose, drooping, divided ; spikelets sessile, bracteate ; capsule acute, the length of the sepales. Juncus spicatus, Lin. S. P. 468. Luzula spicata, Bicheno T. L. S. 12,366. Luzula spicata, De Cand. Syn. FI. Gall. 1828 ? Scotch alps ; perennial ; July. Root fibrous, in tufts ; culm simple, 8 in. high, slender, leafy ; leaves linear, channelled, hairy at the base ; stem- leaves convolute or subulate ; spike terminal, nodding, cylin- drical, oblong, obtuse; spikelets sessile, many-flowered, bracteated; bractece pale, lanceolate; sepales lanceolate, acuminat#; capsule pointed, 3-sided. 12. JUNCEiE. 107. Abama. 171 PL end. ph. IV. 107. ABAMA. Adanson. Eastard-asphodeh Perigonium 6-sepaled ; stamens 6, opposite to the sepales; filaments woolly, persistent ; anthers linear ; ovary pyra- midical ; style short ; stigma capitate ; capsule 3- celled ; valves 3, bearing the dissepiments ; seeds numerous, ovate, oblong, carunculated, imbricated on the inner margin of the dissepiments.— Root fibrous, aggregate; rhizoma creep- ing, threadlike; radical leaves equitant, ensiform, ribbed, sheathing at bottom, edge membranaceous ; cidm ascend- ing, simple, slightly leafed ; stem-leaves 1 to 3, alternate, short, submernbranaceous ; flowers spiked, persistent, pe- duncled, yellow ; hr acted lanceolate, 2 to each peduncle. Abama ossifragum. Bonebreaking bastard-asphodel. Leaves swordshape ; flower loosely spiked, nearly sessile. Phalangium Anglicum palustre iridis folio. Raii Syn , 375,1. Asphodelus Lancastriae verus, Ger. em. 97. Anthericum ossifragum, Lin. S. P. 440. Narrhecium ossifragum, Huds. FI. Angl. 145. ‘ bama ossifragum, De Cand. FI. Fr. 1852. Lancashire bastard-asphodel. Turfy bogs; perennial; July, August. Culm 10 in. high, smooth; spike upright; peduncles al- ternate, sometimes two together, upright, angular ; br acted concave ; ovary oblong, awlshape at the tip ; capsule deep yellow, shining. Fam. VIII. 13. COLCHICACE^. De Candolle: Me- renderce , Mirbel : Melanthacece , R. Brown : Juncorum et liliorum genera qucedam , Jussieu. Flowers hermaphrodite ; perigonium petaloid, 6-sepaled ; sometimes tubular at bottom ; sepales before expanding involute ; stamens 6, adnate to the sepales ; anthers often inverted; ovary one 3-celled (or 3?), many-seeded; style 3-cut or parted ; stigmata 3 ; capsule 3- partite, 3-valved ; edge of valves inflected and forming the dissepiments ; seeds many, affixed to the inner marginal suture ; spermodermis simple, membranaceous, neither black nor crustaceous ; corculum inclosed ; perisperm fleshy. Plants have a strong action on the human body, as emetics, purgatives, and caustics ; so as to require the utmost caution in using them as medicines. Perigonium 6-sepaled ; involucrum 3-leaved ; flower pedicelled Tofieldia. 108. Basepf the perigonium tubular, radical. Colchicum. 1 09. 3 172 108. Tofieldia. 13. COLCHICACE^. PL end. pL I. 108. TOFIELDIA. Hudson. 7 'ofield, Perigonium 6-sepaled ; involucrum small, 3-cut at the bottom ; stamens smooth ; anthers roundish, incumbent ; style vertical, short ; capsules 3, joined at the base ; seeds many, long, acute.— -Root fibrous, perennial; rhizoma creep- ing; stem upright, naked or with 1 or 2 short leaves; leaves equitant, swordshape, ribbed, sheathing at bottom, edge membranaceous ; flowers spiked or capitate, yellow or white ; peduncle solitary, bracteate. Tofleldia palustris. Marsh tofield . Spike ovate obtuse; scape smooth, threadlike; sepales obovate, obtuse ; ovary roundish ; flowers nearly sessile. Phalangium Scotrcum palusfre minimum iridis folio, Raii Syn. 375,2. Anthericum calyculatum, Lin. S. P.447. Helonias borealis, Willd. S. P. 2,274. Tolieldia palustris, Uuds. Fl.Angl. 157. Nathericum pusillum, Michaux Am. Bor. 1,209. Scotch asphodel. Lancaster asphodel. Mountain bogs; perennial; July to September. Stem 12 in. high; spike solitary, obtuse, dense; flo rs yellowish ; hractece ovate, very small, concave. II. 109. COLCHICUM. Dioscorides. Meadow-saffron, Perigonium tubular, radical; limb campanuiate, 6-parted; stamens inserted at the top of the tube; anthers oblong, versatile ; ovary 1 ; styles 3, very long ; stigmata 3, hooked ; capsides 3-lobed, lobes inflated, upright, joined at the base ; seeds many ; corculum opposite to the umbilicus. — Bulb ovate, 1 or 2 new ones arising from beneath the persistent tunics of the old plant in whose half-embracing sinus they are lodged ; tunics hard, coriaceous ; spathe cylindri- cal, cloven on one side of the apex ; flowers 2 to 6, half produced out of the spathe ; fruit becoming peduncled; leaves coming out with the fruit, a long time after the flower; radical leaves sheathing; stem-leaves half-embracing ; stems frequently two, one flowering, fruitful, as above; the other slender, above the first, seldom flowering. Colchicum autumnale. Autumnal meadow-saffron . Leaves flat, broad, lanceolate; sepales ovate: bulbs rather many-flowered; flowers appearing long before the leaves, Colchicum commune, Raii Syn. 373. Colchicum Anglicum purputeum, Ger.em. 127. Colchicum auiumnale, Lin. S. P. 485. Pl.end.ph. 13. COLCHICACEiE. 109. Colchicum. 173 Meadows ; perennial ; flowering in August and Septem- ber, fruiting in the following May and June. Leaves obtuse, 9 inches long, 2 inner narrower; flowers purple, 3-sided. 0. album. Flowers white. Colchicum Anglicum album, Ger. em. 127. y. serotinum. Flowers late, whitish green, long, abortive. Bulb violently emetic and purgative in the spring, less so in autumn : reputed a specific in gout, but requires caution in its exhibition. Fam. IX. 14. LILIACEiE. Jussieu. Perigonium petaloid, free, 6-sepaled, regular; stamens 6, opposite to the lobes of the perigonium ; anthers versatile ; ovary 1 , free ; style 0 ; stigmata 3 ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ; partitions on the middle of the valves ; seeds many, flat, in a horizontal double series, affixed to the central margin of the partitions; spermodermis double ; testa crustaceous, black, brittle ; tegmen membranaceous ; corculum included, toward the hilum; perisperm rather cartilaginous. — Herb bulbose ; leaves radical or cauline, sheathing or sessile, ribbed; ribs parallel, simple; flowers naked, terminal, soli- tary, or racemose. Perigonium not nectariferous at the base Tulipa. 110. Perigonium nectariferous . Fritillaria. 111. I. 110. TULIPA. Gesner. Tulip . Perigonium bellshape, 6-parted; lobes not nectariferous at bottom ; stigmata sessile, thick ; capsule oblong, 3-sided; corculum one- third the length of the perisperm. — Bulb ovate, truncated, emitting the young bulbille on a long peduncle; stem solitary, leafy below the middle, sometimes bent down before flowering ; leaves 3 or 4, tubular and sheathing at bottom ; flowers solitary, upright or drooping, yellow or variegated ; bractece 0. Tulipa sylvestris . Wild tulip . Stem 1-flowered, smooth; flower somewhat drooping; lobes lanceolate, pointed, bearded, at the tip ; stamens hairy at bottom. Tulipa Bononiensis, Ger. em. 138. Tulipa sylvatica, Lin. S . P. 438. Tulipa Turicia, Roth. Cat. Bot. 1,45. Italian tulip , or Dalmatian cap , PL end.ph. 174. HO.Tulipa. 14.. LILIACEiE. Old chalk-pits ; perennial ; April. Stem upright, 12 in. high; leaves glaucous; flowers be- fore they open drooping, then become upright, sweet- scented, yellow. II. 111. FRITILLARIA. Lobel. Fritillary. Perigonium cupshape, 6-parted ; lobes flat at bottom, keeled, with a linear nectariferous pit on the inside ; stamens as long as the perigonium ; capsule 3-sided, blunt ; corculum not one-fourth so long as the perisperm. — Combus smooth, round, solid? one above the other; stem upright, from one side of the bulb, simple ; flower terminal, solitary, or on a loose raceme ; br acted none. Fritillaria tessellala . Chequered fritillary . Leaves all alternate, linear, channelled; stem 1 -flowered. Fritillaria variegata, Ger. era. 149. Fritillaria Meleagris, Lin. S. P. 436. Fritillaria tesselata, Salisb. Prod. 236. Fritillaria graminifolia, Stokes B. M. M. 232. Chequered Daffodil. Snakes-heads. Guinea-hen flower. Moist fields and meadows ; perennial ; April. Stem 18 in. high, upright, smooth, leafy; leaves rather acute ; flowers drooping ; fruit upright and much lengthened after flowering. j3. serotina. Flowers variegated, purple and black. y. multiflora. Stem 2 or 3-flowered. fr. alba. Flowers white. g. lutea. Flowers yellow. Fam. X. 15. ASPHODELEAE. Asphodelearum maxima pars , Brown. Liliacearum sectio, De Candolle. Asphodel i, Jussieu. Perigonium petaloid, 6-parted or 6-cut, regular, free; stamens 6, hypogynous, opposite to the lobes ; outer lobes sometimes dissimilar; ovary 1, free, 3-celled, many-seeded; style 1; stigma 1, not nicked; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved; partitions on the middle of the valves ; seeds roundish or angular, mostly in a double series, affixed to the central margin of the partitions ; spermodermis single, crustaceous, black, brittle ; corculum inclosed ; perisperm fleshy. — Herb bulbose ; leaves radical, sometimes cauline, sheathing, rib- bed ; ribs simple, parallel ; flowers bracteated or naked, terminal, solitary, racemose, or umbelled. Pl.end.ph. 15. ASPHODELEAL 112. Phalangium. 175 1. Filaments smooth , not tricuspidate , inserted at the base of the perigonium. Root fibrous; scape 1 -flowered; filaments threadlike, not dilated Phalangium 112. Root bulbose; flowers yellow, umbelled; filaments threadlike, not dilated ......... Gage a. 11 8. Root bulbose ; flowers blue, racemose ; filaments dilated, awlshape Scilla. 116. Root bulbose ; flowers whitish, racemose ; filaments dilated at bottom Ornithogalum. 117. Root bulbose ; flowers umbelled ; filaments dilated at bottom; spatha 2-leaved . . Cepa. 121. 2. Filaments smooth , not tricuspidate , attached above the base of the perigonium; root bulbose, Perigonium 6-sepaled, persisting ; flowers racemose; bractece 2-leaved . . . Hyacinthus. 114. Perigonium 6-sepaled, persisting; floivers umbelled ; spatha 3-leaved Moly. 119. Perigonium 6-toothed, ovate, ventricose ; flowers racemose Muscari. 113. 3. Filaments alternately 3-cuspidate , inserted at the base of the perigonium. Flowers racemose; spathe none; bractece 1, at the bottom of the peduncle. Honorius. 115. Flowers umbelled ; spathe 2-valved ; bractece none Allium. 120. A. Flowers solitary ; perigonium 6-sepaled; root fibrous. I. 112. PHALANGIUM. Dioscorides. Spiderwort. Perigonium 6-sepaled, spreading ; stamens 6 ; filaments smooth, threadshape, equal, inserted in the base of the sepales ; stigma 3-sided; seed 3-sided. —Root fibrous ; leaves sheathing; sheaths membranaceous; upper leaves alternate, stem- clasping, lanceolate ; flowers terminal, white, veined ; bractece. none. Phalangium serotmum. Late spiderwort . Leaves 2, thick, semicylindrical ; upper lanceolate, dilated, incurved, subulate ; scape 1 -flowered ; capsule oblong, crowned. 176 112. Phalangium. IS. ASPHODELEZE. Pl.end.ph. Bulbosa Alpina juncifolia, pericarpio unico ereclo in summo cauliculo dod ran tali. Raii Syn . 374, 1. Anthericum serotinum, Lin. S. P. 444. Bulbocodium serotinum, Lin. S. P. ed. i, 2994. Oruithogalum striatum, fVilld. S. P. 2, 112. Phalangium serotinum, Lamarck Enc. Meth . 3, 241. Mountain spiderwort. Alpine rocks; perennial; June. Stem 8 in. high ; root clubshape, covered with membra- naceous scales; leaves 2 together, involved in awlshape scales; upper leaves 3 or 4, alternate, nearly embracing; flower terminal, whitish green ; dorsal rib purplish. /3. multiflorum . Flowers 3 or 4. B. Flowers spiked; perigonium tubular at bottom ; plant bulbose. II. 113. MUSCARI. Clusius. Bluebell. Perigonium ovate, inflated in the middle, 6-toothed ; stamens 6 ; filaments simple, smooth, threadshape, inserted in the middle of the perigonium ; stigma 3-sided ; capsule 3-sided, angles prominent; seed ovate; corculum straight, the length of the perisperm. — Bulb truncated ; flowers in spikes, blue or white. Muscari racemosum . Racemose bluebell. Flowers ovate, 6-furrowed, crowded ; the upper sessile, abortive ; leaves linear, keeled, lax, dependent. Hyacinthus muscarius, Lin. S. P. 455. Muscari racemosum, Curtis Hot. Mag, 122. Fields and walls ; perennial ; May. Scape 9 in. high ; spike 40 to 50 flowered ; flowers blue or white ; smelling like starch. III. 114. HYACINTHUS. Theophrastus. Hyacinth. Perigonium 6-cut, persistent ; sepales revolute, connivent at bottom into a tube; stamens 6; filaments single, thread- like, inserted about the middle of the perigonium ; stigma obtuse ; capsule 6-sided ; seeds roundish ; corculum straight, as long as the perisperm.— Bulb ovate, tunicated ; leaves linear ; scape simple ; spike terminal ; flowers pendulous, mostly blue; bractece 2, linear, at the base of the pe- duncle. Plend.pk . 15, ASPHODELEiE. 114. Hyacinth us. 17? Hyacinthus nutans . Drooping hyacinth , Leaves flaccid, linear, shorter than the scape; raceme before flowering drooping. Hyacinthus nutans, Ger. em. 99 j Sj/n. 373, 2. Hyacinthus Anglicus, Belgicus, vel Hispanicus, Park. Paradise, 122, Hyacinthus non-scriptus, Lin. S. P. 453. Hyacinthus pfatensis, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 3, 190. Hyacinthus cernuus, Thuill. Par. 2. Scilla nutans, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 2, 248. Scilla festalis, Salisb. Prod. 242. English hyacinth. Harebells. Woods, hedges and pastures ; perennial; May and June. Bulls large; leaves many, keeled; scape 18 in. high, upright ; flowers facing one way, fine-scented.— Roc/s when fresh poisonous, may be converted into starch, or pre- pared as a substitute for gum Arabic. 0. alius . Flowers white. IV. 115. HONORIUS. Star of Naples. Perigonium 6-sepaled, connivent at bottom, spreading at top, persisting; outer sepales herbaceous, inner petaloid; stamens 6, unequal, inserted at the base of the lobes of the perigonium \ filaments dilated, cohering, bellshape ; the 3 on the outer sepales longer, 2-horned; style 3-sided, 3 -grooved; stigma blunt; capsule ovate, 3-sided; seeds many, roundish; hilum sunk, or not tubercular ; corculum central, curved, half as long as the perisperm ; spermodermis simpl e.-—Bulh tunicate ; leaves linear ; scape upright ; flowers racemose, white, outside streaked with green ; peduncles alternate, bracteate ; Iractece slightly sheathing, single. Honorius nutans . Drooping star of Naples . Flowers racemose, facing one way, drooping ; leaves strapshape, deep green, shorter than the scape; Iractece acute, shorter than the flowers. Ornithogalum Neapolitanum, Ger.em. 168,9. Ornithogalum nutans, Lin. S. P. 441 . Star-flower of Naples, Park. Paradise , 133. Fields and meadows ; perennial ; May. Bulb ovate ; leaves pale, acute ; scape cylindrical ; flowers 8 or 10, silvery white. V. 116. SCILLA. Squill , Perigonium 6rsepaled, spreading, falling off ; stamens 6 ; filaments simple, threadshape, smooth, inserted at the bot- tom of the sepales ; stigma obtuse ; capsule obtuse, 3-sided; VOL, II, n 178 i!6. Scilla. 15. A SPHODELEiE. PUnd.pli . seeds many, roundish. — Bulb solid or tunicated ; leaves linear, keeled ; scape upright ; flowers peduncled, racemose or corymbose, blue or white; braclece 1 -leafed, lanceolate, at the base of the peduncle; or none. 1. Scilla autumnalis. Autumn squilL Leaves threadshape, linear, shorter than the scape; flowers corymbose; peduncle ascending, as long as the flower; braclece 0 ; root tunicated. Hyacinthus autumnalis minor, Ger, em. 110 ; Park, Paradise , 132; Jiaii Syn. 373, 3. Scilla autumnalis, Lin. S. P. 443. Anthericuni autumnale, Scop. Cam. 4 15- Ornithogalum autumnale, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3,274. Autumn star -hyacinth. Dry barren pastures ; perennial ; September. Bulb ovate ; leaves spreading, many ; scape twice as long as the leaves, upright ; flowers come out before the leaves, bluish purple ; stamens blue. 2. Scilla bifolia . Two-leafed squilL Leaves 2, lanceolate, linear, rather shorter than the scape ; flowers racemose, nearly upright ; braclece none ; root solid. Hyacinthus stellatus Fuschii, Ger. em. 97 ; Raii Syn. 372, i. Hyacinthus 3tellatus vulgaris sive bifolius Fuschii, Park, Parad. 126. Scilla bifolia, Lin. S. P. 445. Anthericum bifolium. Scop. Cam. 414. Ornithogalum bifolium, Lamark FI, Fr, 3,274. Star-hyacinth. Woods; perennial; March and April. Bulb ovate ; leaves obtuse, slightly keeled ; corymbus inclining to racemose; peduncles long; flowers 4? to 10, mostly pointing one way, blue; anthers brownish. 3. Scilla verna. Spring squilL Leaves linear, thick, slightly channelled, upright, 2 or more, shorter than the scape ; flowers few, racemose, umbelled ; braclece lanceolate, obtuse, persisting ; root truncated. Hyacinthus stellaris vernus pumilus Lobelii in Adv. Raii Syn, Ind, plant, dab. Hyacinthus primus, Raii Syn. 372, omitting some synonyms. Scilla verna, Huds. FI. Angl. 142. Scilla bifolia, Lightfoot FI. Scot. 181. Scilla umbel lata, Ram Bull. Philom. 130. Sea clifts ; perennial ; April. Leaves seldom more than two ; scape round ; flowers 3 to 6, blue ; bractece as long as the peduncles. Pl.end.ph. 15- ASPHQDELEiE. 117. Ornithog. 179 VI. 117. ORNITHOGALUM. Star of Bethlem. Perigonium 6-sepaled, connivent at bottom, spreading at top, persisting ; stamens 6, equal ; filaments inserted on the base of the sepales ; those inserted on the 3 outer dilated at bottom, the others threadshape, smooth ; stigma bluntly 3-sided ; capsule 3-sided, blunt ; seeds many, roundish ; umbilicus tubercular ; corculmh central curved, half as long as the perisperm ; spermodermis simple. — Bulb tunicated ; leaves radical, linear, keeled ; scape erect ; flowers alternate, peduncled, whitish streaked with green, corymbose ; bractece membranaceous, from the base of each peduncle. 1. Ornithogalum pallidum. Pale star- of -Bethlem. Raceme Very long; lobes of the perigonium linear, obtuse; bractece membranaceous, dilated at the base, very acute ; peduncles when in flower expanding, when in fruit approaching the scape. Ornithogalum angustifolium majus, floribus ex albo virescentibus, Rati Syn. 372, 1. Aspbodelu- bulbosus, Ger. em. 97. Asphodelus bulbosus Galeni, sen Ornithogalum majus, flore subvi- rescente, Park. Par ad. 136. Ornithogalum pyreniacum, Lin. S . P. 440. Ornithogalum flavescens, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3,277. Ornithogalum pallidum, Salisb. Prod. 239. Woods and fields ; perennial; June and July. Bulb ovate ; leaves very long, not in the least notched, smooth; scape 3 feet high, upright, many-flowered ; flowers whitish green, pale yellow within ; peduncles slender. 2. Ornithogalum umbellatum. Umbel-led star-of -Bethlem. Raceme inclining to corymbose, few-flowered ; outer peduncles lonyer than the central ones ; lobes of the peri- gonium elliptical, lanceolate; bractecR long, membranaceous, acute. Ornithogalum vulgare et verus, majus et minus, Rail Syn. 372, 2. Ornithogalum, Ger. em. 167. Ornithogalum vulgare, Park. Parad. 136. Ornithogalum umbellatum, Lin. S. P. 441. Ornithogalum Theliocharmos, Renealmt 88. Ornithogalum horologicum, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 1,242. Fields, pastures, and woods; perennial; April, May. Bulbs roundish ; leaves linear, shrivelled at the tip ; scape IS in. high ; flowers spreading, white. N 2 PL end . pk . ISO 118. Gagea. 15. ASPHODELEiE. VII. 118. GAGEA. R. A. Salisbury. Gage . Perigonium 6-sepaIed, connivent at bottom, spreading- above, persisting ; outer sepales herbaceous, inner petaloid ; stamens 6 ; filaments flattish, inserted at the bottom of the sepales, not dilated ; stigma clavate, blunt ; capsule ovate, 3-sided; seeds many, roundish. — Root small, bulbose; leaves few, obtuse, mucronate, villous \ flowers yellow, corymbose; peduncles angular. Gagea fascicularis. Bundle gage . Coryrtibus many-flowered ; peduncle smooth, naked below, fascicled ; sepales elliptical, lanceolate ; scape angular ; radical leaves solitary. Ornithogalum lufeum. Park. Parad. 140; Ilaii Syn. 372, 1„ Ornithogalum luteum, seu Cepe agraria, Ger. em. 165. Ornithogalum pratense, Pers. in Uster. N. B.A. 5, 8. Gagea fascicularis, Salisb . Ann. Bot . 555. Yellow star-of-Bethlehem. Moist shady places ; perennial ; April. Bulb small ; stem 6 in. high, erect ; radical leaves mostly single; stem leaves 2, unequal, fringed ; fringe white ; co~ rymbus 5 or 7-flowered. /3. multiplex . Stem-leaves 3 or 4, unequal. VIII. 119. MOLY. Moly . Perigonium 6-sepaled, spreading ; stamens 6, affixed above the base of the sepales, all threadlike, not dilated at bot- tom, flat ; style nearly 3-sided ; stigma acute ; capsule 3-sided ; cells deeply parted ; axis threadlike, remaining after the opening of the valves ; seed 1, rarely 2 or 3, roundish ; corculum peripherical, more than half the length of the perisperm, curved or spiral ; spermodermis simple.— Root tunicate ; bulb simple ; leaves radical, sheathing, flat, linear or lanceolate ; flowers umbelled, lax, terminal, white or yellow ; spathe bivalve, lanceolate, membranaceous ; Iraclece 0 ; scape mostly angular. Moly latifolium . Broad-leafed moly . Leaves ovate, lanceolate, petiolate ; scape 3-sided. Allium sylvestre latifolium, Rati Syn. 370,5. Allium ursinum, Ger. em. 179 ; Lin. S. P. 431. Woods and damp fields ; perennial; May and June. Bulbs attenuated, oblong; leaves acute, ribbed; scape upright ; spathe deflected, shorter than the peduncles. Pl.end.ph . 15. ASPHODELEiE. 120. Allium. 181 IX. 120. ALLIUM. Garlick . Perigonium 6-sepaled, spreading; stamens 6, affixed at the base of the sepales, those of the outer sepales flat, 3-pointed, middle point antherbearing; the rest simple, threadlike; stigma acute; capsule 3-sided; cells deeply 2-parted, axis threadshape, remaining after the opening of the valves ; seeds few, 2 or 3 ; corculum peripherical, more than half the length of the perisperm, curved or spiral ; spermodermis simple. — Root tunicated ; lull simple or sobo- liferous; leaves flat or round, radical or cauline; flowers umbelled, terminal ; umbells often bearing bulbs instead of capsules ; spat he bivalve, dry, membranaceous, many-flower- ed ; bracteoe none. a. Stem-leaves flat; umbells bearing capsules . 1 . Allium Icetum. Pleasant garlick. Umbells capsule-bearing, globose; leaves thick, rather keeled ; bulb tunicated ; outer sepales rough on the outside. Forruin capitatum, Ger.em. 174. Allium Porrum, Lin. S. P. 423. Allium Isetum, Salisb. Prod. 234. Leek. Cultivated as a pot-herb ; biennial. Bulb oblong, fibrous at bottom, formed of the sheaths of the leaves; stem erect, 3 feet high; flowers campanulate. — Juice diuretic, dissolving calculi ; root and seed vermi- fuge. 0. tonsile. Leaves and stem short, numerous. Porrum sectivum, aut tonsile, Ger. em. 174. Produced by cutting down the leaves for use. 2. Allium porraceum Leek garlick . Umbells globose, capsule-bearing; leaves thick, linear; bulbs soboliferous. Allium Holmense sphaerico capita, Scorodoprasum dictum. Rail Sun, 370,4. Scorodoprasium primum Clusii, Ger. em. 180. Scorodoprasium alteruin Lobelii, Park. 872. Allium Ampeloprasum, Lin. S. P. 423. Allium Porrumf/3, Lamark FI. Fr. 3,256, Porrum Ampeloprasum, Mill. Diet. n. 2. Mountain garlick. Garlick leek. Sunny hills; perennial; July. Bulb roundish, composed of 5 or 6 ovate, acute, whitish bulbilles inclosed in the whitish sheaths of the leaves; stem 5 feet high, gradually attenuated ; edge of the leaves rough; stamens all tricuspidate, the 3 outer slightly toothed at th$ sides. 182 120. Allium. 15. ASPHODELEiE. PL end.ph . b. Stem-leaves flat ; umlells hearing lulls . 3. Allium sativum . Cultivated garlicky Umlells bulb-bearing, globose; leaves flat, linear, not in the least notched ; lulls soboliferous. Allium, Ger. cm. ITS; Park. Par. 511. Allium sativum, Lin . S. P. 425. Cultivated as a pot-herb. Peduncle straight. 4. Allium conlortum. Twisted garlick. Umlells bulb-bearing, globose ; leaves flat, linear, undu- lated, subcrenate; stem before flowering contorted, after- wards upright. Ophioscoridon, Ger. em. 181. Scorodoprassum alterum, convoluto capite, Park. 873. Allium Scorodoprasum, Lin. S. P. 425. Allium contortum, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 2,229. Vipers garlick. Rocambole. Cultivated as a pot-herb of superior flavour to garlick. Bullilles in the umbel roundish, slightly compressed on the sides ; skin tinged with violet. 5. Allium arenarium . Sand garlick . Umlells bulb-bearing, globose ; leaves flat, linear, rough on the edge ; spathe short, awnless ; stem before flowering drooping. Allium sylvestre amphicarpon, foliis porraceis, floribus et nucleis pur- pureis, Raii Syn. 370, 6. Forrum vitigineum ? Ger. em. 176. Allium arenarium, Lin. S. P. 426. Allium Scorodoprasum, FI. Dan. 1,290. Vine leek. French leek. Woods and mountains in the north; perennial; July. Bulls ovate; stem 3 feet high; leaves linear, with long ^heaths. c. Stein-leaves round; umlells hearing lulls . 6. Allium vineale. Vineyard garlick . Umlells bulb-bearing, globose ; leaves round, fistulose ; stem round ; lulls soboliferous ; seta of the stamens exserted. Aliium sylvestre, Raii Syn. 369, 1 ; Park. 870; Ger. em. 179. AIJium vineale, Lin. S. P. 428. Crow garlick. Dry barren places in chalky soils ; perennial ; July. Bulls 2, small, ovate; stem slender; leaves smooth ; spathe falling off. Pl.end.ph. 15. ASPHODELE^E. 120. Allium. 183 £. biceps. Stem with 2 or 3 heads of bulbs. Ampeloprason give Porrura sylvestre, Ger. cm. 1 7 0? Ampeloprassum, Park. 871. d. Leaves radical ; scape naked ; umlells hearing capsules, 7. Allium fissile. Partible garlick . Umlells capsule-bearing, globose; leaves awlshape; scape round ; bulbs soboliferous ; stamens as long as the peri- gonium. Ascaloni tides, Ger. em. 170. Cepa Ascalonica, Park. Parad. 513. Allium Ascalonicum, Lin. S. P. 429. Scallions. Shallots . Cultivated as a potherb. Bulb composed of many little bulbs, not enclosed in a common tunick ; scape 12 in. high ; spathe membrana- ceous; flowers small, deep purple; perigonium upright, ovate, lanceolate; anthers yellow; stigma blunt. IX. 121. CEPA. Onion. Perigonium 6-sepaled, spreading; stame?is 6, affixed to the bottom of the sepales, simple at bottom, dilated at top ; stigma acute ; capsule 3-sided ; cells deeply 2-parted ; axis threadshape, remaining after the opening of the valves; seeds 2 or 3, roundish ; corculum peripherical, more than half the length of the perisperm, curved or spiral ; spermo - dermis simple. — Root tunicated; bulbs simple or soboliferous; leaves flat, linear or round, radical or cauline ; flower um- belled, terminal, often bearing bulbilles instead of capsules ; spathe bivalve, dry, membranaceous, many-flowered, crowd- ed ; br acteoe 0. a. Leaves cylindrical , radical ; scape naked . 1. Cepa esculenta. Esculent onion. Umlells capsule-bearing, globose ; scape fistulous, bellied below ; leaves round, shorter than the scape. Cepa alba, Ger. em. 169. Allium Cepa, Lin. S. P. 432. Allium esculentum, Salisb. Prod. 255. Silver-skinned onion. Deptford onion. Cultivated for kitchen use, in marsh land. Bulb oblong, ovate, scarcely acrid, sweetish, containing a saccharine principle analogous to manna; scape simple. 184 121. Cepa. 15. ASPHODELEiE. Pl.end.pk @ . rubra. Bulbs roundish, purplish, very acrid ; scape simple. Common onion . Cultivated. y. Hispanica. Bulbs oblong, ovate, very sweet, large ; scape simple. Spanish onion. Cultivated from seed obtained from Spain and Portugal ; but grows less, and becomes more acrid every year, de- generating into the common onion. 3“. ramosa . Scape branched. Tree onion. Bunch onion. Cultivated, but seldom. 2. Cepa fistulosa . Pipey onion. Umbells capsule-bearing, globose ; leaves round, fistulous, ventricose; scape fistulous, as long as the leaves; outer sepales shorter than the inner. Cepa Hispanica oblonga, Ger. em. 160. Cepa longa, Parle. Par. 511. Allium fistulosum, Bin. S. P. 434. Long Spanish onions. Welsh onions » Cultivated as a ppt^herb. 3. Cepa tenuifolia . Fine-leafed onion . Umbells capsule-bearing, crowded; leaves round, awl- shape, threadlike; scapes in tufts, as long as the leaves; sepales equal. Schcenoprasum, Ger.em. 176. Allium Schcenoprasum, Lin. S. P. 482. Allium tenuifolium, Salisb. Prod. 235. Gives. Chives. Fields and pastures; perennial; June; also cultivated for a pot-herb. Bulbs cylindrical, in tufts; leaves attenuated, 6 or 7 in. high, acute, glaucous, sheathing; scape slightly curved; umbells dense; spathe purplish, ovate, persisting; flowers crowded, whitish purple ; pistill very long. b. Leaves nmnd, cauline j umbells bulb-bearing . 4. Cepa oleracea. Pot onion . Urrpbells bulb-bearing, lax; leaves half-round, furrowed; scape round. Tl.end.ph. 15. ASPHODELEiE. 121. Cepa. 185 Moly montanum tertium Clusii, Ger. em. 188. Allium oleraceum, JLzn. S. P. 429. Allium virens, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 1, 67. Allium virescens, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3,259. Allium parviflorum, Thuill. Paris. Edges of fields; perennial; July. Bulbs ovate; scape upright, 2 or 3 feet high, slender; leaves slender above, channelled, acute ; spathe bellied at bottom, attenuated, much longer than the umbells; flowers few, campanulate, greenish purple. c. Leaves flat, cauline . 5. Cepa car mat a. Keeled onion . IJmbells bulb-bearing, fewflowered ; leaves linear, keeled ; spathe very long, unequal, 2-horned, acute. Allium montanum bicorne purpureum proliferum, Raii Syn. 369, 2. Moly montanum secundum Clusii, Ger. em. 187. Allium carinatum, Lin. S. P. 426. Mountain garlick. Rocks and mountains ; perennial ; July. Root and plant scentless ; stem upright, 4 feet high ; leaves slender, flat, obtuse, very longly sheathing ; spathe leafy ; umbells fewflowered ; flowers dull brownish purple. Fam. XI. 16. ASPARAGI. Perigonium petaloid, 6-sepaled, regular; stamens 6, at the base of the sepales ; anthers upright, peltate ; ovary free, 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded ; style 1 ; stigmata 3 ; berry 3-celled ; seeds few, subglobose, affixed to the inner angles of the cells; spermodermis simple, black, crustaceous, brittle; perisperm cartilaginous, hard ; corculum curved, transverse, opposite to the umbilicus. — Plant herbaceous or shrubby; leaves bundled, linear, inclosed at bottom in a sheathing stipule; flowers axillary, white. I. 122. ASPARAGUS. Dioscorides. Spearage. Perigonium 6-sepaled ; sepales connivent at bottom ; sta- mens 6 ; filaments awlshape, bald; style short; 3-furrowed. Asparagus officinalis. Common spearage. Stem herbaceous, round, very branchy; leaves bristlelike, bundled; flowers often abortive, diclinous; peduncle jointed in the middle. Asparagus maritimus crassiore folio, Raii Syn. 267,2. Asparagus palustris, Ger. em. 1111. Asparagus officinalis, Lin. S. P. 448. Sea-side) perennial; July. 186 122. Asparagus. 16. ASPARAGI. Pl.end.ph. Stem cylindrical, lying down, very much branched, pa- nicled; leaves linear, bristlelike, soft, 3 or 5 together; stipules very small ; flowers yellowish, peduncled, mostly dioicous, &. sativus . Stem upright. Asparagus, Raii Syn. 267, 1 ; Park . 454. Asparagus sativus, Ger. em. 1 1 10. Sparroic-grass. Cultivated spearage. Cultivated in gardens and fields, for a pot-herb. The young shoots are diuretic, and communicate a violet scent to the urine. Fam. XII. 17. SMILACEiE. R. Brown. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual; perigonium free, pctaloid, 6-sepaled ; stamens 6, inserted near the base of the sepales ; ovary 3 or 4-celled ; styles often 3-cut ; stigmata 1 to 3 ; herry globose ; seeds 1 to 6, roundish or angular, af- fixed one above the other to the inner angles of the cells ; spermodermis simple, membranaceous, not hard, black, nor brittle ; perisperm cartilaginous, hard ; corculum cylindrical, opposite or near to the umbilicus. — Leaves curvedly ribbed, opposite, alternate or verticiilate; flowers solitary, or race- mose, whitish; berries before they are ripe usually spotted. A. Flowers hermaphrodite . Perigonium 6-toothed, tubular ; stamens inserted above the base Polygonatum. 125. Perigonium 6-toothed, campanulate ; stamens inserted at the base . . Convallaria. 124. Perigonium 8 -parted, spreading Paris, 123‘. B. Flowers dioicous or unisexual . Perigonium 6-parted; androphore cylindrical. Ruscus. 126. I. 123. PARIS. Matthiolus. Herb-Paris. Perigonium 8-parted (sometimes 6 to 10), expanding; 4 outer sepales, broad, herbaceous; 4 inner linear, coloured; stamens 8 (sometimes 6 or 10); anthers adnate to the mid- dle of the filament; filaments inserted at the base of the peri- gonium ; styles 4 ; stigmata 4 ; ovary free, rather globose ; berry 4-celled ; seeds 6 or 8, ovate, inserted in 2 rows at the inner angles of the cells: perisperm fleshy ; corculum minute, near the hilum. — Rhizoma creeping, perennial; stem simple; leaves 3-ribbed, verticiilate, about the middle of the stem ; peduncle terminal, solitary. PL end. ph. 17. SMILACEdL 123. Paris. 1ST Paris quadrifolia . Four-leafed herl-Paris. Leaves mostly in one whorl, ovate. Herba Paris, Raii Syn. 264, 1 ; Ger. em. 405 ; Park. 390. Paris quadrifolia, Lin. S. P. 527. One berry. Herb Paris. True love. Woods and shady places; perennial; May. Stein 12 in. high; leaves 3 to 5, acute, notched, smooth; peduncle angular ; flowers greenish purple. — Leaves and berries narcotic ; root emetic in doses of two scruples. II. 124. CON VALL ARIA. Lin. Lilly -of -the-v alley. Perigonium campanulate, 6-toothed ; stamens 6 ; anthers terminal; filaments inserted at the base of the perigonium; style 1; stigma blunt, 3-cornered ; ovary 3-celled, free; berry globose, 3-celled; seeds 2, one above the other, affixed to the inner angle of the cells, subglobose; perisperm car- tilaginous, hard ; corculum straight, opposite to the hilum. — Rhizoma creeping ; leaves radical, curve-ribbed ; sheaths -scaly, cut \ flowers racemose, peduncled, whitish, bracteate; scape solitary ; bractece lanceolate, solitary, at the base of the peduncle ; berry spotted before it is ripe. Convallaria majalis. May Ully-of -the-v alley. Scape semicylindrical ; leaves ovate, lanceolate ; flowers racemose, spiked ; peduncle drooping. Lilium convallium, Raii Syn. 264, 1 ; Ger.em. 410. Lilium convallium flore albo, Park. Par. 349. ** Convallaria majalis, Lin . S. P. 451. Convallaria fragrans, Salisb. Prod. 254. May lilly. Lilly convally. Woods; perennial; May. Flowers white, very fragrant ; berries red. — Flowers nar- cotic, errhine ; extract ol the root and flowers bitter and purgative, in doses of two scruples ; leaves dye a durable green. III. 125. POLYGON ATUM. Dioscor. Solomon's seal. Perigonium cylindrical, tubular, 6-toothed; stamens 6, inserted above the base of the perigonium ; anthers termi- nal; style 1 ; stigma, blunt, 3-cornered; ovary 3-celled, free; berry globular, 3-celled ; seeds 1 or 2, round ; perispenn cartilaginous; corculum straight, opposite to the hilum. — Rhizoma creeping, fleshy : stem simple, leafy, sheathed with scales at the base ; leaves cauline, sessile, alternate or verti- cillate, longitudinally streaked ; ribs prominent, curved ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1 or many-flowered; flowers drooping, whitish ; bractece 0 ; berry before it is ripe mottled. 188 125. Polygonatum. 17. SMILACEJE. Pl.end.ph . 1. Polygonum verticillatum . JVkorled Solomon’s seal . Stem upright, angular ; Zeaws lanceolate, verticillate. Polygonatum minus, Ger. em. 903. Convallaria verticillata, Lin. S. P. 451. Small Solomon's seal. Shady mountains ; perennial; June. Stem 2 feet high, naked at bottom ; leaves 3 to 7 in a whorl, glaucous ; peduncles branchy ; berries red. 2. Polyg, multiflorum . Many-flowered Solomon’s seal . Stem drooping, round ; leaves ovate, elliptical, alternate ; peduncles axillary, 1 or many-flowered ; filaments hairy ; style flexuous. Polygonatum, Raii Syn. 263, 1 ; Ger . em. 903. Polygonatum vulgare, Park. 696. Convallaria multitlora, Lin. S. P. 452. Polygonatum multiflorum, Desfont. Ann. de Mus. 9. Common Solomon's seal. Woods; perennial; May, June. Stem 2 feet high, drooping at top ; leaves facing one way. — Roots may be made into bread ; young shoots eaten as asparagus. 0. kumile . Polygonatum humile Anglicum, Raii Syn. 263,4. y. latifolium . Leaves broad, obovate. Polygonatum hellebori albi folio, caule purpurascente, Raii Syn. 263,3 Convallaria latifolia, Hojfm. Germ. 3, 162. 3. Polygonatum vulgare. Common Solomon’s seal. Stem 2-edged, angular, drooping; leaves ovate, elliptical, alternate; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered filaments smooth ; style straight. Polygonatum floribus ex singularibus pediculis, Raii Syn. 2 63. Polygonatum latifolium secundum Clusii, Ger. em. 904,3, Polygonatum majus, flore majore, Park. 696. Convallaria Polygonatum, Lin. S. P. 451. Polygonatum vulgare, Desfont. Ann. de Mus. 9. Convallaria rupestris, Salisb . Prod. 254. Odoriferous Solomon's seal. Woods; perennial; May, June. Stem 18 in. high, drooping; flowers fragrant; leaves facing one way. — Roots may be made into bread. #. biflorum . Peduncles 2-flowered. Pl.end.ph . 17. SMILACEAL 126. Ruscus. 189 IV. 126. RUSCUS. Castor. Butchers -broom. Perigonium 6-parted, expanding ; androphore cylindrical, tubular ; female naked, male with 6 sessile anthers ; style 1 ; stigma 1, obtuse; ovary free, 3-celled; berry globose; seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, ovate ; corculum rather straight, not half as long as the perisperm, opposite the hilum. — Root branchy, perennial ; herb very stiff, evergreen, very much branched ; leaves (leaflike peduncles?) ribbed, alternate, sessile, pun- gent, flower-bearing; flowers sessile, white, dioicous or unisexual. Ruscus aculeatus. Prickly butchers-broom. Stem stiff ; leaves mucronate, pungent ; flowers on the upper surface of the leaves, naked. Ruscus, Rail Syn. 262, 1 ; Park. 253. Ruscus sive Bruscus, Ger. em. 907. Ruscus aculeatus, Lin. S. P. 1474. Knee holme. Pettigree. Kneehulver. Knee holly. Woods and heaths ; perennial ; March and April. Herb biennial, upright, smooth; leaves sessile, not notched, dark green ; floivers white; androphore violet, yellow at top. — Root aperitive. &. laxus. Leaves elliptical, narrow at both ends ; branches loose. Ruscus laxus, Smith T. L-. S. 3, 334. Fam. XIII. 18. TAMACEAL Flowers dioicous; perigonium adherent, petaloid, 6-se- paled, bellshape ; sepales contracted at the orifice ; stamens 6, at the base of the sepales ; ovary 3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell; style 1 ; stigmata 3, acute, 2-cut; berry 3-celled; seeds few, ovate ; spermodermis membranaceous. I. 127. TAMUS. Gesner. Black-briony. Perigonium bellshaped, spreading in the male flowers, contracted in the female, above the ovary ; style 1 ; stig- mata 3 ; berry 3-celled. — Root fleshy, tuberous, perennial ; stem annual, climbing, twisting to the left ; leaves alternate, petiolate, ribbed ; stipula 2, small, at the base of the pe- duncle, reflexed; flowers racemose, axillary. 190 127. Tamils* 18. TAMACEJE. PI. end. ph . Tamus communis. Common black-briony . Leaves cordate, acute, undivided, not notched. Tamus racemosa, flore minore luteo pallescente, J Ran Si/n. 262, 1. Bryonia nigra, Gcr. cm. 871. Bryonia sylvestris nig-ra, Park. 178. Tamus communis, Lin. S. P. 1458. Wild vine. Our lady’s seal . Woods and hedges; perennial; June and July. Root black, very large;, stem branchy, round, 12 feet long, smooth ; leaves smooth, deep green, varying greatly in shape from reniform to sagittate ; flowers greenish; berries red. — Root acrid, stimulant, discutient used externally. Fam. XIV. 19. AMARYLLIDEAE. Brown. Perigonium adherent, 6-cut, regular, imbricate before open- ing; 3 outer sepales longer than the inner; stamens 6, inserted in the base of the sepales or in the tube ; filaments some- times connate at the base ; anthers adverse ; ovary adherent, 3-celled; cells many-seeded; style 1 ; stigma 3-lobed; capsule 3-celled; valves 3, partition-bearing; seeds many, affixed to the inner angles of the cells ; perisperm fleshy ; corculum inclosed ; spermodermis simple, membranaceous, neither crustaceous nor black. A. Perigonium topshape ; limb 6-cut ; crown cupshape . Crown shorter than the limb ; stamens unequal, 3 shorter Narcissus. 128. Crown as long as the limb ; stamens equal in length Ajax. 129* B. Perigonium very short tubed j limb 6-paried ; crown 0. Lobes of the perigonium equal Galanthus. 131. Lobes of the perigonium unequal .... Leucojum. 130. I. 128. NARCISSUS. Narcissus . Perigonium funnelshape ; limb spreading, longer than the crown, 6-cut ; crown at the mouth of the tube cupshape ; thick; tube Cylindrical; stamens 6; 3 filaments shorter than the rest, adhering to the tube ; anthers short, thick, boat- shape, upright, nestling in the mouth of the tube ; stigma small. — Herb bulbose; bulb tunicated; leaves concave, semi- cylindrical, upright ; scape 2-edged, compressed ; spa the 1 or 2-flowered; tube of the flower white, thick; crown yel- low, edge red. Pl.etid.ph. 19. AMAR\ LLIDEiE. 128. Narcissus. 191 1. Narcissus m a jails. May narcissus. Leaves erect, obtusely keeled, rather curved, glaucous; loles of the perigonium imbricate, laterally deflexed, crown- ed ; crown yellow, minutely plaited ; edge rather scariose, white, slender; outer edge scarlet, crenulate; stigma as long as the shorter stamens. Narcissus medio purpureus, Ger.em. 123. Narcissus medio purpureus maximus, Park. Par. 76. Narcissus poeticus, Lin. S. P. 414 ? Narcissus majalis, Curtis But. Mag. 193. Narcissus patellaris, Salisb. Prod. 225. Poets ’ narcissus. Purple circled daffodil. Sandy heaths and fields ; perennial ; May. Leaves about one-third in. broad, edge reflexed ; scape erect; spathe 1 -flowered, often 2-lobed ; jloiver upright, very fragrant, snow white; crown scarlet edged. 2. Narcissus liflorus. Two-flowered narcissus . Leaves acutely keeled ; crown entirely yellow ; spathe 2 or 3-flowered ; scape kneed before flowering. Narcissus medio luteus vulgaris, Rail Syn. 371, 2j Park. 74. Narcissus uiedio luteus, Ger. em. 124,7. Narcissus poeticus, Huds. FI. Angl. 141. Narcissus biflorus, Curtis Bot. Mag. 197. Narcissus cothurnalis, Salisb. Prod. 225. Pale narcissus. Primrose peerless. Common white daffodil. Sandy fields ; perennial ; April and May. Edge of the leaves turned in ; scape upright ; spathe not notched ; flowers drooping, sweet-smelling, yellowish white. II. 129. AJAX. R. A. Salisbury. Daffodil . Perigonium funnelshape, limb spreading, 6-parted, as long as the crown ; crown large, cupshape ; tube topshape, shorter than the lobes; stamens 6, free, equal, threadshape, inserted at the base of the tube, or slightly adnate to the sides, often 3 times as short as the crown; anthers linear, long. — Herb bulbose ; lull tunicated, rounded below, con- cave above ; leaves 2-rowed, strapsbape, thick, ribbed, streaked, flat, channelled, more or less glaucous, mostly upright before flowering ; scape upright, 2-edged ; spathe membranaceous, 1 or 2-flowered ; flower yellow. 1. Ajax fenestralis. Window daffodil. Scape 2-edged, roundish, straight, striated ; outer lobes elliptical, lanceolate, scarcely longer than the tube; crown straight, crenate, serrate, the length of the lobes. Cy 192 129. Ajax. 19. AMARYLLIDEiE. PL end. phi Narcissus sylvestris pallidus, calyce luteo. Rail Syn. 371, 1. Pseudo-narcissus Anglicus, Ger. em. 133,2. Pseudo-narcissus Anglicus vulgaris, Park. Par. 100. Common yellow daffodil. Daffodowndilly. Woods; perennial; March. Flower drooping, scentless ; loles of the perigonium pale yellow ; crown bellshape, golden yellow. Scolicus. Scape 2-edged, compressed, tortuous, deeply striated; loles of the perigonium elliptical, lanceolate, much longer than the tube; edge of the crown expanded, cut, serrate, rather rugose. Ajax fenesfralis Scoticus, Haworth Syn. Sue. app. 2. Ajax spurms . Bastard daffodil . Scape 2-edged, smooth, compressed ; sepales rather erect, lanceolate ; crown much longer than the tube ; edge 6-cut, toothed, spreading. Ajax spurius, Haworth Syn. Succ. app. 329. Woods and pastures; perennial; April. Leaves striated, smooth ; sepales and crown yellow ; tip of the anther black. III. 130. LEUCOJUM. Dioscorides. Snowflake. Perigonium 6-parted, tube short, limb bellshape ; loles equal, thickened at the tip ; stamens 6, inserted on a gland covering the ovary ; anther obtuse, opening by two pores at the tip ; style clavate ; stigma simple, acute ; capsule 3-celled ; seeds many, roundish. — Herb bulbose ; lulls round, tunicated; leaves radical, many, keeled; scape 2-edged, upright; spat he 1 -leafed, 1 or many-flowered, compressed; peduncle 1 -flowered ; flowers white, drooping, green at the tip. Leucojum cestimm. Summer snowflake . Spathe many-flowered. Leucojum bulbosum majus polyanthemum, Ger.em. 148, Leucojum aestivura, Lin. S . P. 414. Damp fields ; perennial ; May. Scape 18 in. long, upright; leaves blunt, smooth; spathe upright; flowers 5 or 6. 7 Pl.end.ph. 19. AMARYLLIDEiE. 131. Galanthus. 193 IV. 131. GALANTHUS. Linnaeus. Snowdrop. Perigonium 6-parted; tube short, limb bellshape, lobes unequal; 3 inner half the length of the 3 outer, heartshape, thickened at the tip ; stamens 6, inserted on a gland cover- ing the ovary; anthers awlshape, opening at the top by 2 pores; style threadshape ; stigma acute; capsule 3-celled; seeds many, globose. — Herb buibose; bulb' ovate, tunicated; leaves radical, 2, glaucous, keeled; sheaths membranaceous, not nicked; scape round, not inclosed in the sheath; spathe cylindrical ; flower 1, peduncled, drooping, white, tipped with green. Galanthus nivalis. White snowdrop . Leitcojum bulbosum prascox minus, Ger.em. 147. Galanthus nivalis, Lin. S. P. 413. Early bulbous violet. Fair maids of February. Fields and orchards ; perennial; February and March. Stem 12 in. high. One of the first flowers that appear, as a harbinger of summer. Fam. XV. 20. IRIDEiE. Ventenat. Irides , Jussieu. Ensatce , Linnaeus. Liliacearum genera queedam , Adanson. Perigonium adherent, petaloid, tubular at bottom, limb 6-cut or parted, often irregular ; stamens 3, inserted at the base of the exterior lobes ; anther linear, opening outwards ; ovary 1 ; style 1 ; apex 3-cut, lobed, often petaloid ; stig- mata 3 ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ; valves partition-bearing ; placenta linear, on the inner edge of the partitions ; seeds many, roundish ; perisperm horny or thick and fleshy ; cor - culum inclosed, straight near the h\\ urn.— Herb smooth; root tuberous or fibrous; leaves averse, equitant, 2-rowed or linear; flower radical, terminal, spiked, corymbose, or on a crowded panicle. Tube of the perigonium long; limb regular; lobes of the style wedgeshape ; spathe 1 or 2, outer tubular Crocus. 132. Tube of the perigonium short ; limb regular lobes of the style linear; stigmata 2-parted; spathe 2-valved Trichomema. 133. Tube of the perigonium short ; limb alter- nately deflexed; lobes of the style petaloid; stigmata linear Iris. 134. vol. ir. o 194 132. Crocus. 20. IRIDEiE. Pl. end pules pilose ; ovary pedicelled, silky; stigmata undivided. Salix rupestris, Eng. Bot. 2342. Scotch alps; small shrub; April. Stem trailing, decumbent; branches slender, pubescent; leaves an inch long, even, flat ; stipule ovate ; ovary ovate ; style prominent; stigmata ovate, entire or scarcely notched. 47. Salix Andersoniana. Anderson willow. Leaves elliptical, pointed, crenulated, pubescent ; stipules half-ovate, rather bald; ovary bald; stigmata 2-cut. Salix Andersonia, Eng. Bot. 2343. Scotch mountains; shrub; May. Taller than salix rupestris; branches short, pubescent; leaves light green, paler beneath ; stipules small ; ament ovate ; ovary taper, pointed, quite bald ; style shortish ; stigmata deeply cloven. 48. Salix Forsteriana. Forster willow * Leaves elliptical, obovate, pointed, crenate, rather pu- bescent, beneath glaucous; stipules arched ; ovary silky. Salix Forsteriana, Eng. Bot. 2344. Woods of Scotland ; tree; May. 240 6. Salix. 4. SALICINiE. PI. ex. mofi. Branches pubescent; leaves 3 inches long, dull green; stipules vaulted, toothed ; ovary ovate, taper, pointed, silky; style short ; stigmata entire. d. Ovary pedicelled ; style long. 49. Salix lanceolata. Lance-leaved willow. Stamens 3 ; leaves lanceolate* serrated at both ends, at* tenuated, bald; petiole decurrent; ovary pedicelled. Salix lanceolata, Engl. Bot. 1436. Woods and bogs; small tree; April, May. Bark deciduous ; leaves 3 inches long, often with a small pair of leaflets at the base; stipules pointed. 50. Salix Russelliana. Bussel willow. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrated, bald; ovary pedi- celled, subulate, smooth. Salix Russelliana, Smith Flor. Brit 1045. Leicestershire , Dishley or Gorgomel willow. Bedford willow. Bogs and holts ; tree ; April and May. Branches shining, very tough, flexible; leaves long, bald, shining, beneath glaucous ; stipules half cordate, toothed ; aments lax; stigmata parted. 5 1 . Salix phylicifolia. Tealeaf willow. Leaves lanceolate, waved, crenate, bald, beneath glau- cous; stipules rather lunate; ovary pedicelled, silky. Salix phylicifolia «, Lin. S. P. 1442. Salix phylicifolia, Smith T. L. S. 6, 123. Salix radicans. Smith FL Brit. 1053. Scotch alps ; small tree ; May. Branches smooth, rooting, spread ; leaves not cut at top or bottom, unequally and broadly crenated in the middle ; above dark green ; beneath glaucous, reticulately veined ; petiole attenuated; stipules lunate; ament early; style long; stigmata 2-cut. 52. Salix malifolia. Appleleaf willow. Leaves elliptical, oblong, toothed, repand, scariose, quite bald ; stipules heartshape, very large. Salix malifolia. Smith FI. Brit. 1053. Mountains? shrub. Stem 3 feet high ; Munches upright, blackish, tortuous, hairy ; leaves 2 in. long, scariose, above light green, be- neath rather glaucous, veined ; veins divaricating, anasto- mosing ; petiole very broad at bottom. PI. ex. mon. 4. SALICINiE. 6. Salix. 241 53. Salix rosmarinifolia. Rosemary leaf willow. Leaves not in the least cut, linear, lanceolate, stiff, straight, beneath silky ; stem erect ; stipules upright, flat ; aments recurved. Salix pumila rhamni secundi Clusii folio, Dillen in Rail Syn. 447, 2. Salix rosmarinifolia, Lin. S. P. 1448. Damp sandy places ; shrub. Stem 3 feet high ; branches many, straight ; leaves up- right, an inch long, edge glandular, above pubescent ; sti- pules lanceolate; aments early, short, drooping; ovary pe- dicelled, ovate, lanceolate; style long; stigmata dark purple. e. Female plants not discovered. 54. Salix Croweana . Crowe willow. Stamens soldered ; leaves elliptical, somewhat serrate, beneath glaucous. Salix Croweana, Smith T. L . S. 117. Bogs ; small tree ; April and May. Branches short, spreading, rather brittle, shining; leaves spreading, elliptical, both sides quite bald ; above light green, shining; beneath glaucous, veiny; aments short. 55. Salix oleifolia. Oliveleaf willow. Leaves elliptical, heartshape, pointed, crenulate, both sides pubescent ; stipules nearly heartshape, toothed, rather bald ; branches hairy. Salix oleifolia, Smith FI. Brit. 1065. Coppices; small tree; March. Tree 10 feet high; branches spread, loose, finely pu- bescent; leaves stiff, flat; above light green, finely pubes- cent; beneatli ferruginous; petioles thick, above pubes- cent ; stipules rounded ; buds woolly. 56. Salix hirta. Rough willow . Leaves elliptical, cordate, pointed, crenulate, both sides pubescent; stipules nearly heartshape, toothed, rather bald; branches hairy. Salix hirta. Engl. Bot. 20, 1404. Heaths ; small tree ; April and May. Branches thick, very hairy; leaves pale beneath; petioles long, very hairy ; male ament cylindrical, rather slender. VOL. II. R PI. ex. mon • 242 7. Populus. 4. SALICINAS. II. 7. POPULUS. Pliny. Poplar . Flowers dioicous ; ament scaly; scales oblong, loose, imbri- cate; edges torn; perigonium tubular, obliquely truncated, on the base of the scale : — Male, Stamens 8 to 20 • Female, Ovary 1, ovate, pointed, inverted; ovules many; stigmata 4, sessile ; capsule 2-celled, 2-valved ; seeds comose, radicle above. a. Turions tomentose or hairy; stamens 8. Populus. 1 . Populus alia . White poplar . Leaves heartshape, roundish, lobed, toothed; beneath tomentose, snow-white ; ament ovate, oblong. Populus alba, Raiijiyn. 446, 2 ; Ger. em. 1486. Populus alba nivea, Alton Hort. Keiv. 3, 403. Populus major, Miller Diet. ed. 8, 4. Populus nivea, Willd. Baumz. 221. Abele . Damp woods ; tree ; March. Branches horizontal ; leaves above, black green, beneath very densely woolly ; petiole one-third as long as the leaf ; stipules lanceolate, obsoletely toothed; ament an inch long. 2. Populus canescens . Grey poplar. Leaves roundish, angularly repand, toothed; beneath tomentose, hairy ; ament cylindrical, long, loose. Populus alba foliis tninoribus. Rail Syn. 446, 2* ; Ger. em. 1487 Populus alba, Mill. Diet. ed. 8, 1. Populus alba canescens, Alton Hort. Keio. 3, 405. Populus nigra, Mill. Illustr. 90. Populus canescens, Smith FI. Brit. 3, 1080. River-sides; tree; March. Roots widely creeping ; branches ascending ; leaves above light green, bald ; beneath tomentose, woolly, greyish ; sometimes rather smooth ; stipules linear, falcate^ toothed ; ament 2 in. long. 3. Populus tremula. Trembling poplar , Leaves nearly orbiculate, toothed, both sides smooth; ament oblong. Populus Lybica, Raii Syn. 446, 3 ; Ger. em. 1487. Populus tremula, Lin . S. F. 1464. Asp. Aspen. Damp woods; tree; March and April. Tree tall; small branches smooth; turions hairy; leaves tremulous ; stipules bristlelike ; aments 2 in, long, hairy. Pl.ex.mon. 4. SALICINiE. 7. Populus. 24^ b. Turions smooth , laid; stamens 12 to 16. ASgirus. 4. Populus nigra . Black poplar . Leaves deltoid, pointed, serrate, both sides smooth ; pe~ dole short; branches patulous. Populus nigra, Raii Syn. 446, 1 ; Ger. em. 1486; Lin. S. P. 1464. Watery places; tree; March. Tree tall, smooth; leaves dark green; petiole half as long as the leaves; aments smooth. Fam.V. 5. BETULIDEiE. Flowers monoicous, amentaceous. — Male, Perigonium none, or 4-cut; stamens 4 or 12, inserted on the scales of the ament ; anthers 2-celled. — Female, Perigonium 0 ; ovary free, 2-celled ; stigmata 2 to 4, terminal ; nucula P 1 or 2-celled, in the scales of a cone ; perisperm 0 ; corculum straight, flat; radicle above. — Tree or shrub; leaves alter- nate, annual, when young having 2 stipules at the base. Stamens 12; nucula P edged Betula. 8. Stamens 4 ; nucula P ovate, naked Alnus. 9. I. 8. BETULA. Pliny. Birch . Ament long, cylindrical. — Male. Scales in threes ; middle scale stamen-bearing; perigonium 0; stamens 12. — Female. Scales deciduous, 3-lobed at the tip, 2 or 3-flowered at the base; styles 2 ; ovary compressed, 2-celled, 1 abortive; nucula heartshape, with a membranaceous edge. 1. Betula alba . White birch . Leaves deltoid, acute, doubly serrate, smooth; lateral lobes of the scales of the cone rounded. Betula, Raii Syn. 443 ; Ger. em. 1478. Betula alba, Lin. S. P. 1393. Woods and hedges; tree; April and May. Bark white, epidermis peeling off; leaves petiolate, be- neath pubescent; cone peduncled, drooping; scales cylin- drical; twigs and buds blackish. — Bark used anciently for writing on ; leaves applied outwardly and taken internally in dropsy, and other diseases, also used to dye yellow; twigs used for brooms, and for correcting children, on ac- count of their toughness ; juice obtained by piercing the teree under a large arm, nearly through to the bark on the u 2 244 8. Betula. 5. BETULIDEiE. PI. ex. mon. opposite side, is saccharine, lithontripic, and may be fer- mented either into a wine or beer ; wood used for heels of women’s shoes, and packing-boxes. j3. pendula. Twigs pendulous, rough with tubercles ; leaves small. y. glohosa . Cones ovate, or nearly spherical. \ 2. Betula nana . Dwarf birch . Leaves orbicular, crenate, smooth, beneath reticulately veined. Betula nana, Lin. S. P. 1394. Spongy mountainous heaths ; shrub ; May. Stem 3 feet high ; branches numerous, stiff ; leaves both sides smooth, 1 to 3 from each bud ; petioles short ; ament lateral, upright, blunt. II. 9. ALNUS. Pliny. Alder. Male. Ament long, cylindrical; scales pedicelled, heart-, shape, with 3 small scales beneath, flowerbearing at the base; perigonium urceolate 4-cut; stamens 4.— -Female. Cone ovate, globose; pedicell branched; scales imbricate, corky, persistent, 4-lobed at the tip, 2-fiowered ; perigo - nium 0 ; ovary compressed, 2-celled ; stigmata 2; nucula com- pressed, ovate, naked, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Alnus glutinosa. Glutinous alder. Leaves roundish, cuneate, obtuse, rather retuse, glutinous; axillae of the ribs beneath villous. Alnus, Rail Syn. 442, 1 . Alnus nigra, sive Frangula, Ger. em. 1469. Alnus vulgaris, Park. 1408. Betula Alnus a, Lin. S. P. 1394. Betula Alnus, Huds. FI. Angl. 416. Alnus glutinosa, Gcerln. Sem. and Fr. 2,54. Black alder. Butchers’ prick tree. Owler. Watery places; tree; March. Leaves serrate, dark green, shining ; ribs pinnate, pa- rallel ; beneath pilose at the base ; peduncles branched, ter- minal ; aments pendulous ; cones upright, scales not falling off. — Inner bark purgative. Fam. VI. 6. CORYLIDEJS. Corylacece , Mirbell. Cupnlacece , Richard. Blowers unisexual. — Male amentaceous ; perigonium simple or 0 ; stamens 5 to 20, on the scales ; anthers 1 or Pl, ex, moil. 6. CORYLIDEiE. 10. Carpinus. 245 2-celled. — Female. Cupula 1 or many-flowered; perigo - nium adherent, many- toothed ; ovary 1, many-celled ; ovules many ; style 2 or many-cut ; stigmata 2 or many ; cupula containing 1 or many glands; glans or nucula 1 -celled, 1 -seeded by abortion of the rest; kernel pendent; peri- sperm 0 ; corculum straight, central ; radicle adverse. — Stem ligneous ; leaves alternate, simple, stipuled, pinnately ribbed. Cupula open at top, Nucula angular ; ament-scale rounded. . . Carpinus. 10. Nucula ovate ; ament-scale 3- lobed Corylus. 11. Gians ovate; cupula cupshape Quercus. 12. Cupula closed , or valvular. Ament globose ; cupula hairy Fagus, 13. Ament linear ; cupula spinous ; flowers glomerated * . Castanea. 14. A. Cupula open at top. I. 10. CARPINUS. Pliny. Hornleam. Monoicous. — Male. Ament long, loose, cylindrical; scales ovate, pointed, concave, ciliated, imbricate ; stamens 8 to 14; anthers bearded at the tip. — Female. Cupula 2-leaved, very large, 3-lobed, reticulately veined, 2-flowered; peri - gonium 6-toothed, unequal, persistent ; ovary 2-celled, com- pressed ; ovules 2, one abortive ; style 2, filiform ; stigmata 2 ; nucula bony, angular, 1 -celled. — Stem arborescent; aments axillary and terminal; cupulde racemose. Carpinus ulmoides. Elmlike hornleam. Leaves of the cupula 3-parted ; lobes not cut, lanceolate, middle one long. Ostrya ulmo similis fructu in umbilicis foliaceis, Raii Syn. 451. Betulus, sive Carpinus, Ger. em. 1479. Ostrys, sive Ostrya, Park. 1406. Carpinus Betulus, Lin. S. P. 1416. Hornbeam. Hornbeech. Witch-hasel , Essex. Hardbeam. Yoke elm. Woods and hedges ; tree ; May. Bark white, smooth; leaves ovate, doubly serrate, pe- tioled; ament lateral, scales brown; cupula terminal;, nucula ribbed. — Inner bark dyes yellow ; wood white, very tough, grows very hard like horn, used in millwork, burns like a candle. Pl. ex . mon. 246 11. Corylus. 6. CORYLIDEiE. II. 11. CORYLUS. Pliny. Basel Monoicous.~M.ALE . Ament cylindrical ; scales imbricate* hairy, 3-lobed, middle lobe broader, covering the narrow side ones ; stamens 6 or 8, very short.— Female. Flowers many, in the scales of the bud, becoming peduncled ; cu- i)ula 1 -leafed, 1 -flowered, fleshy below, above turgid, 2-lip- ped, torn ; perigonium scarcely visible ; ovary 2-celled ? styles 2 ; ovules 2 ; nucula ovate, smooth, involucrated at the base, 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Stem shrubby; ament ter- minal ; fmit-luds axillary. 1 . Corylus sylvestris. Wild Basel Stipules oblong, ovate; cupula bellshape, tip patulous, torn, toothed ; leaves ovate, heartshape, pointed. Corylus sylvestris, Raii Syn. 439 ; Ger. cm. 1439, 2. Corylus, seu Nux avellana sylvestris, Park. 1416. Corylus avellana, Lin. S. P. 1417. Hasel nut . Woods and hedges; shrubby; March and April. Leaves expanding after the flowers; petioles short; aments pendulous ; fruit-buds ovate ; styles blood-red, projecting. - — Flowers the first of our trees, considered by country- people to prognosticate the future harvest : root used for inlaying and staining; wood clears turbid wine, used for walking-sticks, fishing-rods, crates, hoops, and for char- coal ; nuts eaten, also expressed for oil. 2. Corylus tululosa . Tulular hasel. Stipules oblong, blunt; cupula tubular, cylindrical, tip narrower, jagged, toothed; leaves rather round, heartshape, pointed. Nux avellana, sive Corylus, Ger. em. 1438, 1 ; Park. 1416. Corylus avellana 8, Lin. S. P. 1417. Corylus tubulosa, Willd. S. P. Filberd. Cultivated for its fruit. III. 12. QUERCUS. Pliny. Oak. Monoicous. —Male. Ament threadshape ; flowers distant ; perigonium torn; stamens 5 to 10. — Female. Cupula one- flowered, scaly ; scales many, coalescing into a cup ; peri- gonium 6-sepaled ; sepales very small, pubescent, girding the base of the style; ovary 3-celled, 2 cells abortive; style short, pyramidical, thickened; glans 1-celled, 1-seeded, base included in the cupula. — Stem arborescent ; leaves an- nual (in exotics perennial). PL ex. mon. 6. CORYLIDEiE. 12. Quercus. 247 1. Quercus longceva. Lo?ig lived oak. Leaves annual, nearly sessile, oblong, broader above, sinuses acute, angles blunt; fruit oblong, peduncled. Quercus latifolia, Rail Syn . 440, 1 ; Park . 1385. Quercus vulgaris, Ger. cm. 1339, 1. Quercus Robur, Lin. 8. P. 1414. Quercus Robur y, pedunculata, Martyn. FI. Rust. 10. Quercus pedunculata, Willd. Baum. 278. Quercus fcemina, FI, Dan 1180. Quercus racemosa, Lamarck Encyc. Meth. 1,715. Quercus longaeva, Salisb. Prod. 392, Common oak. English oak. Woods and hedges; arborescent; April. Tree formal ; leaves above smooth, shining ; beneath pale. 2. Quercus sessiliflora . Squat-flowered oak. Leaves annual, petioled, oblong, smooth; sinuses acute, opposite; jruit oblong, sessile. Quercus lalitolia mas, quae brevi pediculo est, Raii Syn. 440,2. Quercus Robur, Willd. Baum. 277. Quercus Robur y, sessilis, Martyn FI. Rust. 11. Quercus sessiliflora, Smith FI. Brit. 1027. Bay oak. Woods; arborescent; April and May. Leases smooth, more equally and regularly lobed than the former. 3. Quercus pulescens. Downy oak. Le wes annual, petioled, oblong, obovate, sinuate, pu- bescent beneath ; lobes obtuse, angular ; base rather heart- shape, irregular ; fruit nearly sessile. Quercus sessifloia j8, Smith FI. Brit. 1027. Quercus pubescens, Willd. S. P. 4,450. Durmast oak , Martyn FI. Rust. 12. Woods; arborescent; April and May. The wood of all the oaks is hard, tough, tolerably flexi- ble, not easily splintering, and very durable ; sawdust used to dye drabs and browns ; bark tans leather, is also astrin- gent, and with a little copperas dyes woollen purplish blue ; leaves eaten by cows, sheep, and goats; glans, called acorn, i. e. oak-corn, fattens swine and deer ; balls, called oak-apples, produced by insects, dye with copperas a more beautiful black than nut-galls, but less durable. PL ex. mon . 248 13. Fagus. 6. CORYLIDE^. B. Cupula closed, valvular. IV. 13. FAGUS. Pliny. Beech . Monoicous. — Male. Ament pendulous, globose, dense; perigonium 6-lobed ; stamens 8. — Female. Cupula two- dowered, 4-lobed, outside armed with soft spines ; perigo- nium 6-sepaled; sepales tomentose; style 1, 3-cut; stig- mata 3; ovary 3-celled ; 2 in each cell; glans 1-celled, 3-sided, 1 or 2-seeded. Fagus sylvatica . Wood leech . Leaves ovate, smooth, slightly toothed, edge fringed. Fagus, Rail Syn. 439 ; Ger. em. 1444; Park. 1403. Fagus sylvatica, Lin. S. P. 1416. Woods and hedges ; arborescent; April and May. Bark smooth; leaves petioled, ribs few and straight.-— W ood brittle, decaying in the air but lasting under water ; leaves used for stuffing mattresses ; glands, called mast, fatten swine, dried and made into bread, also roasted for coffee, and pressed for their oil. V. 14. C A STAN E A. Theophrastus. Chestnut. Polygamous. — Male. Ament very long, cylindrical ; flowers glomerate, scattered along the axis; perigonium 6-sepaled ; stamens 5 to 20. — Hermaphrodite. Cupula 2 or 3-flowered, 4-lobed, armed with hard branchy spines ; perigonium 5 or 6-sepaled; sepales covered on the inside with stiff hairs; stamens 12, red, abortive; ovary 6-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, 3 to 5 abortive ; styles 6 ; glans one- celled, mucronate ; seeds 1 to 3, wrinkled. Castanea vesca. Eatalle chestnut. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, pointed, mucronately serrate, both sides smooth. Castanea, Rail Syn. 440; Gtr. era. 1442, 1. Castanea vulgaris. Park. 1400. Fagus Castanea, Lin. S. P. 1416. Castanea vesca, Gccrtn. Sem. et Fr. PI. 37. Woods ; arborescent ; May. Bark with broad cracks; leaves bald, annual, ribs parallel; aments necklacelike. — Wood durable, but now usually cut young for hop-poles ; fruit esculent. 0. sativa. Leaves larger, more glossy; styles 6 to 9. Spanish chestnut. Glans 3 times as large as the wild, earlier, and better tasted. PI. ex. mon . 7. MYRICiE. 15. Myrica. 249 Fam. VII. 7. MYRICiE. Richard. Flowers unisexual, amentaceous. — Male. Aments one- flowered ; stamens 4 to 6 ; anthers 2-celled. — Female. Ovary 1, free; stigmata 2; nut 1 -celled; shell bonelike; kernel inverse; perisperm 0. — Stem woody; leaves glandu- lar; ament axillary; or spiked, terminal; drupe resinous, spotted. I. 15. MYRICA. Theophrastus. Gaule. Dioicous , rarely monoicous ; aments ovate, scales lunate. — Male. Stamens 4 to 6 ; anthers 4-valved. — Fem. Ovary 1; stigmata 2 ; drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. Myrica Brabantica. Brabant gaule. Leaves lanceolate, rather serrated ; stem shrubby. Gale, frutex odoratus Septehtrionalium, Elseagnus Cordo, Raii SynAiS. Myrtus Brabantica, sive Elleagnus Cordi, Ger.em. 1414. Rhus sylvestris, sive Myrtus Brabantica vel Anglica, Park. 1451. Myrica Gale, Lin. S. P. 1453. Gaule. Sweet willow. Dutch myrtle. Bogs and fens ; shrubby; May. Branches many, upright ; twigs rather bent ; leaves nearly sessile; aments early, sessile. — Used instead of hops, but unless the wort is boiled a long time, the liquor occasions the head-ach; dyes wool yellow; drives away fleas and moths; yields an oil by distillation with water; powder or infusion vermifuge; tans calf-skins; aments boiled in water throw up a waxy scum. Fam. VIII. 8. ULMACEiE. Flowers hermaphrodite, or unisexual by abortion ; peri - gonium simple, free, 4 to 6-toothed; stamens 4 or 6, on the perigonium ; ovary 1 ; styles 2 ; stigmata 2 ; samara one- seeded ; seed pendent ; perisperm 0 ; embryo straight ; coty- ledons plaited ; radicle above. I. 16. ULMUS. Pliny. Elm, Flowers hermaphrodite ; perigonium bellshape, 4 or 5-toothed, coloured, not falling off ; stamens 3 or 6 ; ovary compressed; stigmata 2; samara suborbiculate, swelled in the middle, 1-seeded. — Stem arborescent; leaves rough, ribs parallel ; flowers fascicled, scaly, axillary. 250 16. Ulmus. 8. ULMACEyE. PL ex . TTioft, 1 r Ulmus campestris. Field elm . heaves doubly serrate, rough, unequal at bottom ; flowers nearly sessile, 4-cut ; samara oblong, naked. IJimus vulgatissima folio lato scabro, Raii Syn. 468, 1 ; Ger. em . 1480, 1. Ulmus vulgaris, Park, 1404. Ulmus campestris, Lin . S. P. 327. Common elm. Hedges ; arborescent ; April and May. Bark of the twigs smooth; flowers purplish.— -Wood hard, tough ; bark mixed with meal to make bread in time of scarcity ; young leaves eaten greedily by silkworms ; de- coction of the inner bark diuretic. 2. Ulmus sulerosa. Cork-harked elm . 1, eaves doubly serrate, rough, pointed, unequal at bottom ; flowers peduncled, mostly 5-cut; samara rounded, naked. Ulmus minor, folio augusto scabro, Raii Syn. 469,2; Ger.etn. 1480,2. Ulmus minor, Park. 1404. Ulmus suberosa, Erkr. Arb. 14, 1. Narrow-leaved elm. Hedges; arborescent; April. Bark of the twigs corkiike, cut; branches spreading; twigs nearly 2-row ed. 2. Ulmus glabra . Smooth-leaved elm . Leaves doubly serrated, smooth, unequal at bottom; flowers nearly sessile, 5-cut ; samara reverse-ovate, naked. Ulmus folio glabro, Raii Syn. 469 ; Ger. em. 1481,4; Park. 1404. Ulmus glabra, Cnllum 97 ; Engl. Sot. 2248. Ulmus montana Smith Ft. Brit. 282. Ulmus campestris, 3, With. Bot.Arr. 279. Witch elm. Hedges; arborescent; March. Bark smooth ; branches spread, scattered and hanging down long ; leaves rather stiff. 4. Ulmus montana. Mountain elm . Leaves doubly serrate, pointed, rough, unequal at bot- tom ; flowers peduncled, effused, mostly 6-cut ; samara rounded. Ulmus folio latissimo scabro, Raii Syn. 469; Ger. cm. 1418,3. Ulmus latiore folio, Park. 1404. Ulmus effusa, Willd. S. P. 1, 1325. Ulmus campestris /3, Relhan Cant. 107. Ulmus campestris y, Huds. FI. Angl. 129. Ulmus glabra, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 1, 95. Ulmus campestris, FI. Dan. 632. Ulmus montana, Rauh. Pin. 427 ; With. Bot. Arr. 279. Witch hasely Statutes, as 8 Eliz. 10. Broad-leaved elm. PI. ex. >mon. 251 8. ULMACEiE. 16. Ulmus, Woods and hedges ; arborescent ; April. Bark of the twigs smooth, coming off easily; flowers larger than those of the witch elm, appearing on younger trees than those of the common elm ; leaves much resembling those of the hasel, but the point is sharper. — Wood not so valuable as the common elm, used formerly for long bows for poor persons; and for magical purposes, whence its name. 5. Ulmus major. Great elm . Leaves unequally serrated, rough, unequal at bottom ; flowers nearly sessile, 4-lobed ; samara reverse-ovate, naked. Ulmus major, Engl Bot. 2542. Ulmus Holland ica, Mill. Diet. Cultivated in hedges ; arborescent ; March. Branches spreading; bark corklike, wrinkled; samara scarcely cut. Fam. IX. 9. URTICE^E. Flowers unisexual or hermaphrodite ; perigonium simple, free, 3 or 5-cut, persisting. — Male. Stamens 3 to 5, in- serted into the base of the perigonium. — Female. Ovary 1, free ; styles 2, 1 or 2-lobed ; stigmata 2 ; utriculus dry, 1 -seeded; seed pendent; perispermO; corculum straight or spirally twisted; radicle above.— Stem herbaceous; leaves alternate, rarely opposite, mostly stipuled ; flowers solitary, amentaceous or spiked. A. Stamens 4 ; stigma I. Flowers racemose, the female bivalve .... Urtica. 18. Flowers in a common involucrum .... Parietaria. 19. B. Stamens 5 ; stigmata 2. Flowers , the female in a dense spike .... Lupulus. 17. Flowers , the female axillary Cannabis. 20. Flowers in a common involucrum .... Xanthium. 21. I. 17. LUPULUS. Brunsfel. Hop. Flowers dioicous. — Male. Flowers racemose ; perigonium 5-parted ; stamens 5 ; filaments short ; anthers oblong. — Female. Flowers in dense verticillate spikes; perigonium 2-sepaled ; sepales membranaceous, persistent, unequal ; outer very large, ovate, involute at the base ; inner small, reversely ovate; ovary 1; styles 2; stigmata 2; utriculuS 252 17. Lupulus. 9. URTICEiE. PL ex. mom membranaceous ; seed 1 ; shell crustaceous ; corculum spiral; cotyledons linear. — Stem annual, twining, rough, angular; leaves petioled, opposite, palmately ribbed, lobed or not cut ; stipule intrafoliaceous, reflex ; flowers axillary or terminal, peduncled, solitary. Lupulus communis. Common hop . Lupulus mas et fcemina, Raii Syn. 137. Lupulus salictarius, Ger. em. 885. Lupulus seu sativus, seu sylvestris, Park. 176. Humulus Lupulus, Lin. S. P. 1457, Lupulus communis, Gcerln. 1,358. Woods and hedges; also cultivated; perennial; July. Root branchy; stem very long; leaves cordate; stipules not cut, reflex female spike aromatic, bitter. — Stem makes excellent cloth, cordage, and paper, if steeped all the win- ter, then dried and dressed like hemp ; female flowers in- fused in wort, or boiled with it, render the liquor bitter, and prevent it growing sour so soon as otherwise it would; a pillow stuffed with them produces sleep when opium fails; and a tincture made with spirit of wine or brandy is in general preferable to that of opium as a narcotic, although inferior as a spasmodic ; young shoots eaten in spring as asparagus ; a decoction of the roots, or an extract of them is sudorific. The hopgrowers distinguish the garlick, long white, and oval hop. II. IS. URTICAo Pliny. Nettle. Monoicous , rarely dioicous. — Male. Flowers racemose; perigonium 4 -parted ; stamens 4 ; filaments long, before the anthesis curved ; barren pistill glandular, cyathiform.— - Female. Flowers racemose, rarely capitate ; perigonium 2-sepaled; ovary 1, free; stigma 1, sessile, pubescent; utri- culus rather membranaceous, girded by the sepales ; seed compressed; corculum straight; cotyledons leaflike; radicle above. — Herb generally covered with pungent, excretory hairs; stem 4-angular; leaves petioled, stipuled, opposite, rarely alternate, palmately ribbed ; flowers axillary. 1 . Urtica dioica. Dioicous nettle . Leaves opposite, cordate, ovate, lanceolate, largely ser- rated ; racemes much branched, in pairs, longer than the petiole ; plants mostly dioicous. PL ex . mo?i. 9. URTICE^E. 18. Urtica. 252 Urtica racemifera major perennis, 139, 1. Urtica urens, Ger. em. 706,2. Urtica major vulgaris, and Urtica media sylvestris, Park . 440. Urtica dioica, Lin S. P. 1396. Common stinging-nettle. Great stinging-nettle. Banks and hedges; perennial; July and August. Root creeping ; herh dark green ; stem erect, 3 feet high ; stipules ovate, erect; racemes many-flowered. — Stalk dressed as hemp, for cordage, cloth, or paper ; young shoots eaten in spring as a potherb ; leaves recover paralytic limbs by whipping; one pressed against the roof of the mouth will stop a bleeding at the nose; juice dyes wool green; a de- coction of the herb with salt used to coagulate milk. 2. Urtica urens. Slinging nettle . heaves opposite, elliptical, 3 or 5 -ribbed, acutely ser- rated; racemes in pairs, nearly simple, shorter than the petiole. Urtica minor, Raii Syn. 140, 2 ; Ger. em. 707, 3. Urtica urens, Lin. S. P. 1398. Small stinging-nettle . Fields and way-sides ; annual ; June to October. Roots fibrous ; herb light green ; stipule reflexed ; raceme androgynous. 3. Urtica pilulifera . Pelletbearing nettle . Leaves opposite, ovate, broadly serrate ; fruitbearing heads globose, peduncled, in pairs. Urtica pi!ulife;a, Raii Syn. 140,3; Lin. S. P. 1395. Urtica Romana, Ger. em. 705, 1 ; Park. 440. Roman nettle. Ruins by the sea-side; annual; June and July. Root fibrous; stem blueish; leaves rarely rather heart- shape. III. 19. PARIETARIA. Pliny. Pellitory-of-the-walL Flowers 2 hermaphrodite and 1 female in a 6 or 8-leaved involucrum. — Herm. Perigonium 4-sepaled; stamens 4; filaments at first incurved, afterwards spreading elastically ; anthers double, opening elastically; ovary 1, above; stigma penecilliform ; utriculus crustaceous, shortly pedicelled, in the persistent sepales ; seed 1, inverse; corculum straight; cotyledons leaflike; radicle above. — Fem. Like the herma- phrodite, but without the stamens.— Herb rather rough, juicy ; leaves alternate ; flowers glomerate, axillary. 254? 19. Parietaria. 9. URTICEiE. PL ex, mon , Parietaria officinalis . Common pellitory-of-the-wall. Leaves lanceolate, ovate, pointed, above somewhat shining; beneath hairy, base 1-ribbed; leaflets of the involucrum ovate; stem nearly erect. Parietaria, Raii Syn. 158 ; Ger. era. 330. Parietaria vulgaris. Park. 437. Parietaria officinalis, Lin. 1492. Walls and ruins; perennial; June to September. Stem much branched, reddish, shining; leaves oblique, blackish green, lateral ribs palmate, springing out above the base. — Leaves strewed in granaries to drive away weevils ; juice diuretic, contains nitre, sometimes in considerable quantities. IV. 20. CANNABIS. Dioscorides. Hemp, Dioicous . — Male. Perigonium 5-sepaled; stamens 5; fllaments short ; anthers oblong. — Fem. Perigonium oblong, opening on the side; ovary 1; styles 2; stigmata 2 ; peri- carp crustaceous, 2-valved, rather globose, enclosed in the perigonium ; corculum curved, inverse ; cotyledons ovate, thick; radicle incurved, above. — Herb erect; leaves stipuled, digitate, the lower opposite, the upper alternate, the floral sometimes simple; male flowers on panicles, axillary or terminal ; female 2, sessile, on the top of the twigs, with the rudiment of a new shoot between them. Cannabis sativa. Cultivated hemp ; Cannabis sativa, Raii Syn. 138; Lin. S. P. Cannabis mas, etfcemina, Ger. era. 708, 1 and 2. Cannabis sativa mas et fcemina, Park. 597. Male. Female hemp. Barren hemp. Summer hemp. Female. Male hemp. Steel hemp. Chari hemp. Winter hemp. Cultivated in rich land ; annual ; male , July ; female August. Stem macerated in water, and dressed for its fibres, used for cordage, strong linen, and paper: seeds boiled in milk for coughs and the jaundice, also used to cause fowls and birds to lay eggs ; and pressed for its oil. V. 21. XANTHIUM. Dioscorides. Ditch-burr, Monoicous, — Male. Involucrum many-leaved, many- flowered ; clinanthium paleaceous ; perigonium tubular, five- lobed ; stamens 5; anthers approximate.— Fem. Involucrum 1 -leafed, oblong, 2-flowered, outside muricated, inside two- PL ex . mon. 9. URTICEiE. 21. Xanthium. 255 celled; perigonium 0; ovary 1 ; styles 2, persistent; utri « ca/ws membranaceous, enclosed in the hardened involu- crum ; seed erect, corculum straight ; cotyledon ovate ; radicle below. — Herb hamous; leaves petiolate, alternate, rather rough, palmately ribbed ; flowers spiked, axillary or termi- nal ; spike short ; male flowers above, female below. Xanthium inerme . Unarmed ditch-burr » Stem not armed ; leaves heartshape, 3-ribbed at bottom* Xanthium, seu Lappa minor, Ran Syn. 140 ; Park , 1222. Bardana minor, Ger. em. 809, 2. Xanthium Strumaria, Lin. S. P. 1400. Louse burr. Ditch burr . Lesser burr-dock. Deep rich soil ; annual ; August and September. Root fibrous ; stem much branched ; leaves lobed, ser* rated ; flowers green. Fam. X. 10. EUPHORBIACEiE. Flowers unisexual ; perigonium simple, free, 3 or 4-cut» sometimes 0. — Male. Stamens a to 12; filaments often jointed in the middle, inserted on the receptacle ; anthers double.-— Fem. Ovary free, often stipitate ; styles 2 or 3 ; stigmata 2 or 3, 2-cut or lobed ; regma 2 or 3-coccous ; cocci 1 or 2-seeded ; placentarium apicillate ; seed appended ; corcu rum straight, flat ; radicle laterally adverse ; peris perm fleshy, involute. — Stem herbaceous or frutescent ; juice often milklike, very acrid ; flowers either solitary, spiked, ©r girt with an involucrum. A. Monoicous ; flowers in an involucrum ; stamen 1. Bractece many ; bracteolce 2 ; mter lobe of the involucrum ovate, not cut Galaehceus. 22. Bractece many ; bracteolce 2 ; mter lobe of the involucrum lunate, 2-horned Esula. 23. Bractece many ; bracteolce connate ; 'mter lobe of the involucrum lunate, 2-horned Characias. g'E Bractece and bracteolce 0 ; mter lobe of the involucrum ovate, not cut ChamMcyck. cZ$s 256 10. EUPHORBIACEiE. PI, ex, mon. B. Flowers unisexual, naked ; stamens 4 to 12, Monoicous ; stamens 9 to 12; stem herbaceous Mercurialis. 26, JDioicous; stamens 4 ; stem arborescent ...... Buxus. 27. A. Monoicous, herbaceous ; perigonium 0 ; involucrum 1 -leafed, cup-shaped, 3 or many-flowered ; flowers pedi- celled; one of them female, trigynous; the others male, monandrous. II. 22, GALARHCEU8. Haworth. Wartwort , Bractece many; bracteolce 2, cordate; involucrum campanu- late, 8-cut; lobes alternate, the outer coloured, not cut, rounded ; inner membranaceous, upright.- — Male. Flowers many ; perigonium many-parted ; sepales rather feathery ; filament jointed in the middle. — Fem. solitary, central; perigonium 0 ; ovary pedicelled ; stigmata 3, 2-forked ; regma exserted, 3-coccous, 3-seeded. — Root fusiform ; herb milky, smooth; stem leafy; flowers terminal, umbelled, in- volucrated. a. Regma bald, smooth, 1. Galarhoeus decussatus. Crossing wartwort, TJmbells 4-rowed, forked; leaves opposite, sessile, quite entire ; base cordate, 4-rowed ; seeds ovate, reticulated. Lathyris, seu Cataputia minor, Ger. em. 503, 18. Euphorbia Lathyris, Lin. S. P. Tithyraallus Lathyris, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3, 99. Euphorbia decussata, Salisb. Prod. 389. Galarhoeus Lathyris, Haworth Succ. PI. 143. Caper spurge. Dry stony places ; perennial ; May and June. Stem 2 to 4 feet high ; herb purple glaucous. 2. Galarhoeus helioscopius. Sun wartwort, TJmbells 5-rowed, forked ; bracteola reversely ovate ; leaves wedgeshape, serrated ; seeds ovate, reticulated. Tithymalus helioscopius, Ruii Syn. 313, 8 ; Ger. em. 498,2; Park. 186. Euphorbia helioscopia, Lin. S. P. 658. » Galarhoeus helioscopius, Haworth Succ. PI. 154. Sun spurge. Cultivated fields ; annual ; July and August. Herb light green ; stem branchy at bottom ; leaves bald ; flowers yellow.— Juice of this and the other species corrodes warts, and destroys the nerves of aching teeth : also used to raise blisters behind the ears. PL ex. mon . 10. EUPHORBlACEiE. 22. Galar. 257 b. Capsules laid , warty. 3. Galar hocus platyphyllus. Broad-leaved wartwort. Umhell 5-rayed, 3-rayed, forked ; hracteola ovate rhom- boidal, keeled, hairy; leaves lanceolate, serrulated; seeds ovate, smooth. Tithymalus platyphyllos Fuchsii, Rail Syn. 312,4 Euphorbia platyphylla, Lin. S. P. 660. Galarhoeus platyphyllus, Haw. Succ. PI. 151. Broad-leaved spurge. Fields ; annual ; July and August. Root fibrous; stem upright, bald; leaves sessile, rather glaucous, subpilose, lower leaves rather petioled. (3. strictus. Smaller, slenderer; umlells 3 or 4-rayed; stem spreading at bottom. Tithymalus verrucosus, Rail Syn.S 12,3. Tithymalus verrucosus Dalechampii, Park. 187. Euphorbia stricta, Lin. Syst.Nat. 1040. Euphorbia verrucosa, IJuds. FI. Angl. 209. Galarhoeus strictus, Haworth Succ. PI. 151. 4. Galarhoeus Hyhernus. Irish wartwort . Umlells 5 or 6-rayed, forked ; hracteola oval ; leaves re- versely ovate, not cut in the least, blunt, rather bald ; sterile branches 0 ; capsule prickly warty. Tithymalus Hibernicus, Raii Syn. 312,5. Tithymalus platyphyllus, Ger. era. 500. Euphorbia Hyberna, Lin. S. P. 662. Galarhoeus Eybernus, Haw. Succ. PI. 145. Makinboy. Knotty-rooted spurge . Fields ; perennial ; June. Root fusiform ; stem simple, 2 feet high ; leaves uniform ; umlells few-flowered ; lobes of the involucrum kidney-shape* II. 23. ESULA. Pliny. Esula . Rractece many ; bracteoloc 2, leaves distinct ; involucrum. lobed; lobes 8 or 10; the outer deflected, 2-cut, lunate; inner upright, membranaceous.— Male Flowers many; perigo - nium many-parted ; sepales rather feathery ; filament jointed in the middle. — Fem. solitary, central; perigonium 0; ovary pedicelled; stigmata 3, 2-forked; regma exserted, 3-coc- cous, 3-seeded. — Root fusiform; herb milky, smooth ; stem leafy ; flowers terminal, umbelled, involucrated. a. Regma bald , smooth ; seeds angular ; annual. 1 . Esula rolundifolia. Round-leaved esula , Umbtdls 3-rayed, forked ; bracteoloc ovate ; leaves not in the least cut, reverse-ovate, petioled ; seeds rather 6-sided* pitted. VOL. II, s 258 23. Esula. 10. EUPHOEMACE/E. Pl.ex.mon, Tithamylus parvus annuus, foliis subrotundis non crenatis, Peplus dic- ius, Raii Syn. 313, 9. Peplus sive Esula rotunda, Ger. era. 503, 19. Euphorbia Peplus, Lin. S. P. 653. Esula rotundifolia, Rivinus Tetrap.irr. 118. Esula Peplus, Haworth Succ. Pl. 157. Euphorbia (Esula) Peplus (oleraceus), Pers. Syn. 2, 14. Cultivated fields ; annual; July and August. Root fibrous; herb light green, erect, branchy; flowers yellow, small. 2. Esula exigua. Dwarf esula . JJmbells 3 or 5-rayed, forked ; bracteolce lanceolate ; leaves sessile, linear, not cut; seeds nearly 4 -sided, traversely cor- rugated. Tithymalus leptophyllus, Rail Syn . 313, 7 ; Park . 193. Esula exigua Tragi, Ger. era. 503, 17. Euphorbia exigua, Lin. S. P. 654. Esula exigua, Haworth Succ. PI. 157. Cornfields; annual; July. , Herb 6 in. high, bald; flowers very small, yellow. b. Regma bald , smooth ; seeds ovate ; perennial. 3. Esula Vortlandica. Port land-island esula * JJmbells 5-rayed, forked; bracteolce nearly heartshape, concave, mucronulate; leaves linear, reversely ovate, pointed, bald, spreading ; seeds ovate, reticulate. Tithymalus maritimus minor Portlandicus, Raii Syn. 313,6. Euphorbia Portlandica, Lin. S. P. 656. Esula Portlandica, Haworth Succ. PL 154. Sea-coasts; perennial; August. Root branchy ; herb glaucous, 1 foot high ; capsules rough at the angles ; involucrum 8-cut, outer lobes yellow. 4. Esula par alia. Sea esula. JJmbell 5-rayed, forked ; bracteolce cordate kidneyshape ; leaves lanceolate, imbricate, concave ; seeds ovate, smooth, spotted with red. Tithymalus paralius, Raii Syn. 312, 4 ; Ger. era. 498, l. Euphorbia Paralias, Lin. S. P. 657. Euphorbia paralia, Engl. Rot. 1915. Tithymalus maritimus, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3,90. Esula paralia, Haworth Sutc. Pl. 144. Sea spurge. Sea-side ; perennial ; August and September. Herb light bluish grey, very smopth; 12 in. high invo - lucrum 10-cut, outer lobes fulvous. Pl.ex.mon. 10. EUPHORBIACEiE. 23. E&ila. 259 5. Esula cupressina. Cypress esula . Urnbell 7 to 1 5-ray ed, forked; bracteolce rather heart* shape; leaves on the stem lanceolate; on the sterile branches linear, crowded ; seeds ovate, smooth. Tithymalus cupressinus, Ger. em. 499, 5. Euphorbia Cyparissias, Lin. S. P. 661. Esula Cyparissias, Haworth Succ. PI. 155. Cypress spurge. Welcome to our house. Woods and sterile fields; perennial; May and June. Root creeping; stem a foot high. 6. Esida Dalechampii. Daleckamp esula . Umbells 6 or 8-rayed, forked, crowded \ bracteolce ovate* obtuse; leaves on the sterile branches and stem linear, obovate. Tithymalus pineus, Ger. em. 499, 6. Euphorbia Esula, Lin. S. P. 660. Esula, Rivinus 1'etr. irr. 116. Pine spurge. Woods; perennial; July. Root woody; stem 18 in. high, branchy at bottom, bald* III. 24. CHARACIAS. Spurge. Bractece many; bracteolce connately perfoliate; involu- crum 8 or 10-lobed; outer lobes distant, 2- cut, lunate; inner upright, membranaceous. — Male Flowers many; perigonium many-parted ; sepales rather feathery ; filament jointed in the middle. — Fem. solitary, central ; perigo - nium 0; ovary pedicelled; stigmata 3, 2-forked; regma ex- serted, 3-coccous, 3-seeded. — Stem simple, upright, shrubby, pubescent, generally naked at bottom; leaves pubescent, perennial ; umbells many-rayed. 1 . Characias purpurea . Purple spurge . Umbells many-rayed, forked; bracteolce naked; leaves lanceolate, very short, pubescent; stem simple, shrubby regma hairy. Tithymalus characias Monspeliensium, Ran Syn. 312, 2; Ger . em. 499. Euphorbia characias, Lin. S. P. 662. Tithymalus purpureus, Lamarck FI. Ft. 3,98. Esula characias, Haworth Succ. PI. 155. Sweet wood-spurge. Mountainous woods ; shrubby ; March and April. Stem pubescent, 3 feet high, tubercular, reddish; lobes of the involucrum lunate, blackish purple. s 2 260 24. Charac. 10. EUPHORBI ACEiE. PI. ex. inori 4 2. Characias amygdaloides. Almond spurge . Umbells 5 to 8-rayed, forked, lanceolate, rather heart- shape ; leaves lanceolate, not cut, obtuse, hairy ; seeds ovate* smooth ; regma bald. Tithymalus characias amygdaloides, ttaii Syn. 3 12, 1 ; Ger. em. 500, 9, Euphorbia amygdaloides, Lin. S. P. 662, not of Persoon. Euphorbia sylvatica Lin. ? Jac FI. Austr . 4, 3t5, Esula amygdaloides, Haworth Succ. Pi. Unsavoury spurge. Woods and heaths; perennial; March and April. Stem simple, reddish, hairy, naked at bottom ; leaves perennial; lobes of the involucrum lunate, pointed. IV. 25. CHAMiESYCE. Dioscorides. Peplis . Bractea and bracteola 0; involucrum 8 to 10-parted; outer lobes fleshy, not cut, rounded above ; inner upright, membranaceous. — Male flowers many; perigonium many- parted ; sepales rather feathery; filament jointed in the middle. — Fem. solitary, central; perigonium 0; ovary pe- dicelled ; stigmata 3, 2-forked ; regma exserted, 3-coccous, 3-seeded. — Herbaceous ; stem angular, forked, leafy, rather prostrate; leaves opposite, unequal at the base, ribbed; stipules intrafoliaceous ; involucra small, axillary, solitary. Chamcesyce maritima. Sea peplis . Leaves not cut, nearly heartshape; involucrum solitary; stem procumbent ; seeds ovate, smooth; regmahix\&. Tithymalus maritimus supinus aivnuus, Peplis dictus, Raii Syn. 313, 10. Peplis, Ger. em. 503, 20 ; Park. 194. Euphorbia Peplis, Lin. S. P. 652. Euphorbia Chamaesyce, Peplis, Persoon Syn. 2, 14. Anisophyllum Peplis, Haworth Succ. PI. 154. Hyssop spurge. Sea-shore; annual; July and August. Root long ; stem divaricating, 4-angular, reddish,; leaves petioled, rather fleshy, purplish green, 1 -ribbed, unequally eared at bottom ; stipules many, bristlelike. V. 26. MERCUllIALIS. Mercury . Dioicous, rarely monoicous ; perigonium 3-sepaled. — • Male. Stamens 9 ; anthers globular, double. — Fem. Ovary 2-bunched; styles 2; stigmata 4; regma 2-coccous; seeds single; perisperm fleshy; corculum inverse; radicle above. ~-Herb annual; leaves opposite, stipuled ; stipulm intrafo- liaceous; fiowers axillary or terminal, spiked or fascicled. PI. ex. mon. 10. EUPHORBIACEiE. 26. Mercur. 261 a. Monoicous , barren filaments 0; herbaceous , smooth. Mercurial is. 1. Mercurialis annua. Annual mercury. Stem brachiate ; leaves bald ; flowers glomerately spiked ; root fibrous. Mercurialis annua glabra vulgaris, 1 Ran Syn. 139,2. Mercurialis mas et fcemina, Ger. em. 332, 1, and 2. Mercurialis vulgaris mas et fcemina, Park. 295. Mercurialis annua, Lin. S. P. 1465. French mercury. Ruins; annual; July to September. Herb light green, smooth, shining, upright, foetid; leaves ovate, serrated; capsules muricated. — Mucilaginous, used in clysters ; juice takes away warts. b. Dioicous; barren filaments 2; herbaceous , or shrubby ; rough. Cynocrambe. 2. Mercurialis perennis. Perennial mercury. Stem quite simple ; leaves rough ; flowers with long pe- dicells ; root creeping. Mercurialis perennis repens, cynocrambe dicta, Raii Syn. 138, 1. Cynocramhe mas et fcemina, Ger. em. 333, 1. Mercurialis sylvestris cynocrambe dicta vulgaris, mas et foemina. Park . 292. Mercurialis perennis, Lin. S. P. 1465. Mercurialis nemoralis, Salisb. Prod. 390. Dog's mercury. Woods and hedges, male and female plants generally in separate patches ; perennial ; April and May. Root much branched ; stem 18 in. high, upper part densely leaved; leaves petiolate, ovate; stipulce membra- naceous, reflex ; capsules pilose, rough. — Mildly laxative when boiled as greens ; but a case has occurred in which being eaten fried with bacon, it produced hypercatharsis and convulsions, and was fatal to three children, but their two parents escaped. Yl. 27. BUXUS. Pliny. Box. Monoicous ; perigonium 3 to 4-sepaled. — Male. Sta- mens 4, inserted on the rudiment of the germen ; barren filaments 2; anthers arrowshape. — Fem. Barren filaments 3; styles 3 ; stigmata 3, blunt ; regma 3-coccous ; cocci two- seeded. — Stem arborescent; secondary branches opposite, 4.-sided, girt below with many bracteae; leaves opposite, per- ennial ; petiole decurrent, making the branches angular ; flowers glomerate, axillary, nearly sessile, scaly ; female single, central ; male many, in the circumference. 262 27. Buxus. 10. EUPHORBIACEiE. PI. ex . mon. Buxus sempervirens . Evergreen lox . Leaves ovate ; edge of the petiole rather hairy ; anthers ovate, arrowshape. Buxus, Raii Syn. 445, 1 ; Ger. eni. 1410. Buxus arbor vulgaris, Park. 1428. Buxus sempervirens, Lin. S. P. 1394. Chalky hills; arborescent; April. Tree low, bald; leaves often nicked, shining; flowers yellowish. — Wood yellowish, very hard, smooth and tough; also sudorific ; leaves cathartic and vermifuge. /3. angustifolia . Stem arborescent ; leaves lanceolate. Buxus augustifolia, Raii Syn. 445, 2. y. subfruticosa . Stem low, rather shrubby ; leaves small, reverse ovate. Fam. XI. 11. ARISTOLOCHLE. Jussieu. Perigonium simple, adherent, 1 -leafed, 1-sepaled, few- lobed, semi-petaloid ; aestivation valvular ; stamens definite 6 or 12, epigynous, sessile; style short; stigma many-lobed; carcerule coriaceous, 6 or 8-celled ; dissepiments vertical ; placentarium axillary; seed horizontal or ascending; cor- culum small, cordate, hidden, basilary ; perisperm horny, radicle below. Perigonium tubular, apex ligulate . . Aristolochia. 28, Perigonium campanulate, 3-lobed Asarum. 29. I. 28. ARISTOLOCHIA. Dioscorides. Birthwort, Perigonium tubular, bellied at bottom, dilated at top, ligulate ; stamens 6, on the style ; filaments very short, bear- ing the anther on one side ; style very short, thick ; stigma 6-cut ;>t carcerule 6-celled, dissepiments membranaceous, not 2-partile ; seeds horizontal, incumbent, flat, not mar- gined, winged below. — Stem volubile or erect ; leaves alter- nate, pedately veined; stipule 0; flowers axillary. Aristolochia infesta. Troublesome birthwort . Leaves petiolate, roundish, heartshape, rather blunt; stem upright; peduncles 1 -flowered, aggregate; perigonium gp^ right; hp oblong. Aristolochia Saracenica, Ger. em. 847, 4. Aristolochia Clematith, Lin. S. P 1364. Aristolochia infesta, Salisb. Prod. 215, Saracen's Birthwort. 2 PLex.mon. 11. ARISTOLOCHLZE. 28. Aristol. 268 Woods and ruins; perennial; July and August. Herb light green, bald ; rhizoma creeping ; stem simple, rather flexuous ; leaves not in the least cut ; flowers yel- lowish green, fecundated by the irritation of the tipula pennicornis. II. 29. ASARUM, Dioscorides. Asarabacca. Perigonium bellshape, 3-lobed ; lobes incurved ; stamens 1 2 ; filaments produced beyond the anthers ; anthers 2-celled, one cell on each side of the filament; style 1, short; stig- mata 3-rayed ; carcende adherent, coriaceus, 6-celled ; dis- sepiments separate at the axis ; seeds few, ascending, me- niscus, with an elevated ridge below. — Rhizoma creeping ; stem simple, short, 2-leaved, 1 -flowered; leaves petiolate, opposite; flowers terminal, ped uncled. Asarum Europceum. European asarabacca . Leaves 2, kidneyshape, obtuse, not in the least cut. Asarum, Raii Syn. 158 • Ger. em. 836, 1. Asarum vulgare, Park. 266. Asarum Europceum, Lin. S. P. 633. Asarum luc'uium, Salisb. Prod. 344. Common asarabacca. Folefoot. Hazelieort. Woods in the North; perennial; May. Stem round, pubescent; flowers blackish purple, villous, drooping. — Root coarsely powdered purgative, finely pow- dered emetic ; leaves infused in doses of a drachm or two are emetic, in powder sternutatory, the basis of most cephalic snuffs. Fam. XII. 12. SANT ALACEiE. Brown. Elceagnearum et Onograrum genera qucedam , Jussieu. Thisiacece , Richard. Elceagnoidece , Ventenat. Calyciflorum pars , Linnaeus. Elceagnearum pars , Adanson. Perigonium adherent, 4 or 5-cut, rather coloured ; aesti- vation valvular ; stamens 4 or 5, opposite to the lobes of the perigonium, and inserted at the base of the lobes ; ovary 1 -celled, 2 or 4-seeded; ovules affixed near the tip of the central placentarium, pendulous; style 1 ; stigma simple or lobed; pericarp (scleranthum ?) 1-seeded, nut or drupe- like ; perisperm fleshy, same form as the seed ; corculum cylindrical, central, inverse ; radicle above. — Shrubby or undershrubby ; leaves alternate, or somewhat opposite, un- divided, minute, rarely stipule-like; stipule 0; flowers small; rather spiked, rarely umbelled, or solitary. 264* 30. Thesium. 12. S ANTAL ACE AL PL ex* mom 30. THESIUM. Linnaeus. Thesium . Perigonium tubular, funnel-shape or hypocrateriform, 4 or 5-cut, persistent, not glandular, with no epigynous disk ; stamens furnished on the outside with a fine bundle of villi ; stigma nicked ; pericarp barked, crowned. — Leaves alternate, slender, linear ; racemes terminal ; bractece leaf- like, persistent, outer ones soldered to the peduncle; lateral ones small, sometimes wanting ; flowers whitish on the inside. Thesium linophyllum . Flax-leaved thesium . Stem erect, rather branchy ; racemes leafy ; flowers pe- dicelled ; Iractece 3 ; leaves linear, lanceolate ; tule of the perigonium very short. Linaria adulterina, Raii Syn. 202; Ger. em . 555, 14. Pseudolinaria montana alba, Park. 459. Thesium linophyllum, Lin. S. P. 301. Thesium lini folium, Salisb. Prod. 146. Bastard toadflax. High chalky pastures ; perennial ; July. Foot woolly; herb stiff, bald; sbem 6 in. high; leaves facing one way, edge rough ; raceme many-flowered. Fam. XIII. 13. EL/EAGNEiE. Brown. Elceagnearum pars , Jussieu, Adamson. Flceagnoidece , Ventenat. Calyciflorum pars , Linnaeus. Perigonium free, not cohering to the ovary, 1 -leaved, tubular, 2 to 5-lobed; aestivation valvular; stamens inserted on the base of the lobes, one or two in each lobe ; ovary simple; ovule 1, upright; stigma simple; pericarp drupa- ceous, perisperm 0; cotyledons plano-convex, plumule minute; radicle below, straight. — Stem arborescent or shrubby ; leaves alternate, entire; flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, axillary. 31. HIPPOPHAE. Dioscorides. Sallow-thorn . Dioicous. — Male. Perigonium 2-parted; anthers 4, nearly sessile. — Fem. Perigonium tubular, 2-cut; style 1; stigma oblique, exserted ; drupe globose; shell crustaceous, hard, shining. — Stem shrubby; branches spinous at the tip; leaves spread, spotted; flowers axillary, solitary, greenish. Hippophae littoralis. Shore sallow-thorn . Leaves linear, lanceolate ; above bald ; beneath whitish, scaly. PI. ex, mon. 13. ELiEAGNEiE. 31. Hippophae. 265 Ithamnoides fructifera, foliis salicis, baccis leviter flavescentibus, Ruii Syn. 445. Rhamnus secundus Clusii, Ger.em. 1334,2. Rhamnus primus Dioscoridis L< belio, sive littoralis, Park. 1006. Hippophae Rhamnoides, Lin. S. P. 1452. Hippophae littoralis, Salisb. Prod. 71. Sea buckthorn. Sea-shore; arborescent; May. Small tree; younger branches reddish ; leaves dark green above, silvery beneath ; petioles short ; berry mucronulate, reddish yellow, one-spotted. Fain. XIV. 14. THYMELEiE. Per igonium free, tubular, coloured; limb 4 rarely 5-cut; aestivation imbricate; stamens inserted in the mouth of the tube, definite, 8 rarely 2 or 4, if there is less or only as many as the lobes, opposite; but if twice as many, in two series, the upper series opposite to the lobes, the lower alternating; barren filaments few; anthers 2-celled; cells opening lengthways in the middle; ovary simple, ovule 1, pendulous, placentarium lateral, subapicular; style 1; stigma not cut ; pericarp nutlike or drupaceous ; perisperm 0, or very thin, fleshy; corculum straight, inverse; radicle short, above; cotyledons plano-convex; plumula incon- spicuous.— Stem shrubby; lark very tough; leaves alter- nate or opposite, not in the least cut; stipule 0 ; flowers capitate, or spiked ; terminal or axillary, solitary. 32. DAPHNE. Dioscorides. Daphne. Perigonium funnelshape, withering; limb 4-cut; stamens 8, hidden; style terminal, very short ; stigma capitate; drupe berrylike; putamen crustaceous, shining.- — Stem shrubby, naked at bottom; leaves Spread, or rarely opposite ; flowers bracteated, axillary or terminal, often glomerate. A. Perigonium separable into 2 lamina ; flowers lateral , coloured; leaves annual . Mezereon. 1. Daphne florida. Flowering daphne. Flowers lateral, sessile, in threes; leaves lanceolate, bald, appearing after the flowers, annual. Chamaeh a Germanica, sive Mezereon, Ger. etn. 1402. Daphne Mezereum, Lin. S. P. 509. Thymaelea Mezereum, Gcertn. Sem.et Fr. 1, 188, Daphne florida, Salisb. Prod. 2 81. German olive-spurge. Woods; shrubby; March and April, 266 32. Daphne. 14. THYMELEiE. Pl.ex.mon. Twigs bearing flowers in the middle and leaves at the end ; flowers bracteate, rose-colour or whitish, odorous ; drupe red. — Drupes corrosive, gr. xij. killed a young wo- man immediately ; bark of the root 2 drms, boiled in 3 pints of water to 2, and taken daily, resolves venereal nodes; chewed, it cured a palsy of the tongue. B. Perigonium separable into 2 lamina ; flowers axillary , racemose , greenish ; leaves perennial . Laureola. 2. Daphne sempervirens. Evergreen daphne. Flowers racemose ; raceme axillary, drooping, 4 to 6-flow- ered ; leaves lanceolate, bald. Laureola, Raii Syn. 465; Ger. em. 1404; Park. 205, 1, Daphne Laureola, Lin. S. P. 510. Thymelea Laureola, All. Ped. 484. Daphne major, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3,221. Daphne sempervirens, Salisb. Prod. 281. Spurge laurel. Laurel. Lowry. Coppices and fields ; shrubby; March. Stem round, 3 feet high, leafy at top ; branches few ; leaves drooping, pale green, crowded ; flowers green ; drupe black. — Bark of the root useful in rheumatism, fevers, and worms ; 10 gr. is a brisk and severe purge for a strong adult : this and the whole plant is very acrimonious. C. Perigonium not separable into 2 laminae ; flowers ter- minal, in bundles , coloured ; leaves perennial . Cneorum. 3. Daphne prostrata. Trailing daphne. Flowers panicled, terminal, sessile; leaves lanceolate, naked, mucronate. Cneorum Matthioli, Ger. em. 1596,4; Park. 201,2. Daphne Cneorum, Lin. S. P. 511. Thymaelea Cneorum, Allioni Pedem. 487. Daphne prostrata, Salisb. Prod, 281. Rock rose. Dwarf oleander. Mountains of Wales; shrubby; May. Stem woody, trailing ; leaves crowded ; flowers reddish, odorous; drupe juicelesss. Fam. XV. 15. POLYGONEiE, Perigonium 1 -leafed, free, 4 or 6-cut, often coloured, persistent; aestivation imbricate; stamens definite, equal in number to the lobes of the perigonium and styles, in- serted at the base ; anthers 2-celled, cells opening longi- tudinally ; ovary 1, free; ovule 1, upright; styles and stigmata 2 or 3 ; utriculus dry, hard, crustaceous, (the- Pl.ex.mo7i . 3 5. POLYGONEAS. 33. Bristorta. 267 cidium) naked, or joined to the perigonium ; perisperm farinaceous, rarely nearly wanting; corculum inverse, lateral, rarely central ; plumula inconspicuous ; radicle above. — Stem herbaceous, rarely shrubby ; leaves alternate, sheath- ing at their base, or with an intrafoliaceous adnate sheath ; younger leaves revolute beneath ; flowers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual, spiked or racemose. Perigonium 4 or 8-parted, not falling off. Flowers spiked, terminal Bistorta. 33. Flowers spiked or panicled; spikes many Persicaria. 34. Flowers axillary Polygonum. 35. Flowers corymbose ; thecidium 3-sided Fagopyrum. 36. Perigonium 4 or 6-sepaled, inner ones persistent > outer reflexed . Stigmata 3 ; corculum lateral ; inner sepales tubercular at the base Lapathum. 37. Stigmata 3 ; corculum lateral ; inner sepales not tubercular at the base .... Acetosa. 38. Stigmata 2 ; corculum central ; inner sepales not tubercular at the base Oxyria. 39. I. 33. BISTORTA. Snakeweed . Perigonium 5-parted, persistent; stamens 8; 3 opposite and 5 interposed ; styles and stigmata 3 ; thecidium 3-an- gular; corculum lateral. — Rhizoma tortuous; stem simple; ocreoe 2-valved, 2-flowered ; flowers spiked ; spike solitary, terminal. 1 . Bistorta major . Great snakeweed. Leaves ovate, waved ; radical leaves decurrent into a pe- tiole ; spike dense, obtuse. Bistorta major, Rail Syn. 1 4T, 1 ; Ger. em. 399, 1. Bistorta major vulgaris, Park. 391. Polygonum Bistorta, Lin. S. P 516. Polygonum amoenum, Salisb. Prod. 258. Bistort Oyster loit. Passions , Cheshire. Patience dock , Manchester. Fields and pastures ; perennial ; May and June. Stem 18 in. high; leaves beneath, glaucous, veined; spike erect, many-flowered; flowers pedicelled. — Young shoots eaten as a potherb ; root strongly astringent, used also in tanning leather. 268 33. Bistorta. 15. POLYGONEiE. Pl.ex.mon. 2. Bistorta vivipara . Childing snakeweed . Leaves lanceolate, margin revolute ; spike linear ; flowers often gemmiparous. Bistorta minor, Raii Syn. 147, 2 ; Ger. em. 399, 2. Bistorta minor nostras, Park. 392. Polygonum viviparum, Lin. S. P. 516. Small bistort. Small snakeweed. Fields and pastures; perennial ; June and July. Stem 9 in. high; spike obtuse; flowers rosy; lower flowers bulbiferous. (3. alpina . Radical leaves roundish, minutely serrated. Bistorta minima Alpina, foliis imis subrotundis et minutissime serratis, Raii Syn. 147,3. Bistorta Alpina pumila varia, Park. 392. II. 34. PERSICARIA. Pliny. Peachwort. Perigonium 3 to 5-parted, persistent ; stamens 5 to 7 : filaments connected by a gland, 3 or 4 at the sinus of the lobes, the others opposite to the sides of the ovary; styles 2; stigmata 2, blunt ; ihecidium ovate, compressed ; corculum lateral ; cotyledons accumbent. — - Stem much branched ; ocrece 1 or 2-valved, 2 or 3-flowered ; flowers spiked ; spike terminal or axillary. 1. Persicaria amphibia. Amphibious peachwort. Leaves lanceolate, acute, serrulate, bald, heartshape at bottom. Persicaria salicis folio perennis, potamogiton angustifolium dicta, Raii Syn. 14% 9. Potamogiton angustifolium, Ger. em. 821, 2. Fontalis major longifolia, Park. 1254, 1 a. Polygonum amphibium, Lin. S. P. 517. Narrow-leaved pondweed. Watery places ; perennial ; J uly and August. Stem floating ; stipules entire ; leaves pleasant green, glossy, edge aculeated ; flowers pedicelled ; stamens shorter than the lobes of the perigonium. <3. terrestris. Stem erect ; leaves dark, rough ; stamens longer than the lobes of the perigonium. 2. Persicaria acris. Sharp peachwort . Stem upright; leaves bald, smooth, lanceolate, spotless; stipules fringed ; spikes filiform, drooping ; style cloven. PL ex. mon. 17. POLYGONEiE. 34. Persicaria. 269 Persicaria vulgaris acris, seu hydropiper, Raii Syn. 144, 1. Persicaria vulgaris acris, seu minor, Park. 856. Polygonum Hydropiper, Lin. S. P. 517. Persicaria acris, Lamarck FI. Fr. 234. Polygonum gracile, Salisb . Prod. 259. Arsesmart. Water-pepper. Watery places ; annual ; September. Stem 2 feet high, much branched; upper part of the joints swelled; leaves pale green ; flowers reddish, glandular on the outer side. 3. Persicaria pusilla. Dwarf peachwort . Stem rooting at bottom ; leaves linear, lanceolate, flat, spotless; stipules fringed; spikes slender, threadshape, rather upright ; style very slightly 2-cut. Persicaria pusilla repens, Raii Syn. 145,2; Ger.em. 446,3; Park. 857, Polygonum Persicaria /3, Lin. S. P. 518. Polygonum minus, Htids. FI. Angl. ed. 1, 148. Polygonum Hydropiper 0, Huds. FL Angl. ed. 2, 170. Persicaria pusilla, Lamarck FI. Fr. 235. Polygonum strictum, Alliorti Ped. 2051. Polygonum intermedium, Ehrh. Polygonum mite, Schrank Bavar. 1, 668. Polygonum angnsti folium, Roth Germ. 2, 453. Small creeping arsesmart. Damp sandy places ; annual ; September. Stems' many, above erect, 9 in. high, slightly branched; spikes reddish; flowers not glandular on the outer side. 4. Persicaria maculosa . Spotted peachwort. Stem erect ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, often spotted, bald ; stipules fringed ; spikes ovate, oblong ; peduncles smooth ; style nearly 2-cut. Persicaria maculosa, Raii Syn. 145 ; Ger. cm. 445, 2. Persicaria vulgaris mitis seu maculosa, Park. 856, Polygonum Persicaria, Lin. S. P . 518. Polygonum nudicaule, S&lisb. Prod. 259. Dead arsesmart. Damp places; annual ; July and August. Stem 3 feet high, alternately branched ; leaves spreading, deflexed ; spike upright, rose-red. 0. argentea. Leaves not spotted, silver coloured. Polygonum folio salicis alba vulgaris, Raii Syn. 145,7. Silver arsesmart, Peliver Herb. Brit. 3, 9. 5. Persicaria incana. Grey peachwort . Stem ascending; leaves oblong, lanceolate, spotted, be- neath pubescent; stipules fringed ; peduncles smooth ; spikes oblong, erect. 270 34. Persicaria. 15. POLYGONEiE. Pl.ex.mon . Persicaria folio subtus incano, Dillen in Raii Syn. 145, 5. Polygonum incana, Willd. Sp. PI. 446. Polygonum tomentosum, Schrank Eav. 1,669. Polygonum Persicaria /3, Smith FI. Brit. 424. Polygonum turgidum, Theuil. Par. 2, 199. Polygonum scabrum, Moench Meth. 629. Water pepper. Corn-fields ; annual ; July. Stem 18 in. high; leaves spread; spikes reddish. — Plant acrid, like pepper. 6. Persicaria lapathifolia . Dockleaved peachwort . Stem patulous ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, bald ; stipules not fringed ; peduncles rough, glandular ; spikes ovate, erect, becoming drooping ; thecidium compressed, concave on each side ; style 2-lobed. Hydropiper, Ger. em. 445, 1 . Persicaria mitis major, foliis pallidioribus, Raii Syn. 145, 6. Polygonum lapathifolium, Lin. S. P. 517. Polygonum pallidum. With. Bot. Arr. 381. Polygonum Persicaria Huds. FI. Angl. 170. Polygonum Pennsylvanicum, Curt. Fl.Lond. Dunghills and cornfields ; annual ; July and August. Stem upright, 3 feet high ; leaves pale green, mealy; upper leaves glandular ; spike thick, ovate. 0. rubra . Stem and flower red. 7. Persicaria maculata . Spotted peachwort. Stem patulous, spotted with red ; leaves ov^ite, lanceolate; beneath bald, whitish ; stipules not fringed ; peduncles rough, glandular ; spikes oblong, slender ; style 2-lobed. Persicaria lati folia gen icu lata, caul i bus maculatis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 145, 8. Polygonum Persicaria, >j, 8, Huds. FI. Angl. Polygonum pallidum 3, With Bot. Arr. Polygonum Pennsylvanicum, var. Curtis Fl.Lond. Polygonum lapathifolium y. Smith FI. Brit. 425. Ditches and watery places ; annual ; September. Upper leaves smooth, dotted beneath ; lower leaves blueish white, downy, not dotted ; spikes slender, whitish green, becoming reddish. 8. Persicaria salicifolia. Willow-leaved peachwort . Stem decumbent ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, hoary be- neath; stipules not fringed; peduncles rough, glandular; spike ovate ; stamens 6 ; styles 2. PL ex. mon, 15. POLYGONE.ZE. 31. Persicaria. 271 Persicaria maculosa procumbens foliis subtus incanis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 146, 10. Polygonum pallidum var. With. Bot. Arr. 473. Polygonum Pennsylvanicum, var. Curtis FI. Land. Polygonum lapathifolium 8, Smith FI. Brit. 425. Ditches and watery places ; annual ; September. III. 35. POLYGONUM. Dioscorides. Knotgrass . Perigonium 5-parted, persisting ; stamens 8 ; 5 opposite, 3 interposed, connected by a gland ; styles and stigmata 3, very short ; thecidium rounded ; corculum lateral ; cotyledons incumbent.— -Root fibrous, slightly woody ; stem procum- bent, branchy; leaves alternate; flowers axillary; ocreaa cylindrical, 3 or 4-flowered. Polygonum aviculare . Bird knotgrass . Leaves elliptical, lanceolate, edge rough ; stem procum- bent, herbaceous ; ocrece acute, few-ribbed. Polygonum mas vulgare, Raii Syn. 146, 1 ; Ger. em.565. Polygonum mas vulgare majus, Park. 443, 1. Polygonum aviculare, Lin. S. P. 519. Polygonum latifolia, Retz Obseirv. Sieine’s grass. Bird’s tongue , North. Roadsides and paths in gravelly soils ; annual or biennial ; April to October. Stem divaricated, knotted at every joint ; leaves ovate or lanceolate ; flowers pink. — Herb given to sick swine that refuse their meat ; seeds may be ground into a good flour for cakes, and are the principal food of small birds when wild. jS. Irevifolium . Leaves oblong, a quarter of an inch long. Polygonum brevi angustoque folio, Raii Syn. 146, 2. y. angustifolium. Leaves strapshape. Polygonum oblongo angustoque folio, Raii Syn. 146,3. rotundifoliim. Leaves roundish, crowded. Polygonum folio rotundo, Dillen in Raii Syn. 147,4. s. marinum . Stem rather woody. Polygonum marinum, Raii Syn. 147,5. excluding his synonyms, which belong to Polygonum maritimum, Linn, a very different plant. IV. 36. FAGOPYRUM. Theophrastus. Buckwheat . Perigonium 5-parted, unequal, 2 inner small, 3 outer keeled, persisting; stamens 5 interposed and 3 opposite, with 5 nectariferous glands ; styles 3 ; stigmata 3 ; thecidium £72 36. Fagopyrum. 15. POLYGONEiE. PLex.mon , 3-angular; corculum central; cotyledon foliaceous, transversely pleated. — Root fibrous ; stem much branched, upright or twining ; leaves heartshape-sagittate, or with the base cut in ; flowers corymbose or panicled, axillary or terminal. 1. Fagopyrum esculentum, Esculent buckwheat* Stem upright, flexuous, spineless; leaves heartsliape, sa- gittate ; angles of the thecidium equal, not sinuated. Fegopyrum, Rail Syn. 144, 1. Tragopyron, Ger. em. 89. Tragopyrum, Park. 1141. Polygonum Fagopyrum, Lin. S. P. 522. Polygonum cereale, Salisb. Prod. 259. French wheat. Branks. Bullimong. Cultivated for its seeds, also as a green crop to plough in for manure, and to attract game to the place ; sometimes wild by roadsides, but does not bear our winters well: an- nual ; July to August. Stem a foot high, smooth ; leaves fleshy, the upper sessile; flowers purplish-white. — Seeds nutritive, make good crum- pets ; used also to feed poultry. 2. Fagopyrum carinatum. Keeled buckwheat. Stem twining, smooth, angular; leaves cordate, sagittate; ocrece truncated, not notched ; outer lobes of the perigonium obtusely keeled. Fegopyrum scandens sylvestre, Raii Syn. 144,2. Volubilis nigra, Ger. em. 863, 5. Convolvulus minor atriplicis folio. Park. 171. Polygonum Convolvulus, Lin. S. P. 522. Polygonum infestum, Salisb. Prod. 259. Helxine caule volubili, Lin. FI. Lapp . 154. Fagopyrum carinatum, Moench. Meth. 290. Black bindweed. Fields ; annual ; June to September. Leaves pedicelled ; racemes terminal, leafy; flowers in bundles, drooping. 3. Fagopyrum membranaceum . Winged buckwheat. Stem twining, streaked ; leaves triangular, sagittate- waved ; outer lobes of the perigonium winged, wings mem- branaceous. Polygonum dumetorum, Lin. S. P. 558. Polygonum Convolvulus, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 2, 399. Fagopyrum membranaceum, Moench. Meth. 290. Fields and hedges; annual; June and September. PL ex.mon. 15. POLYGONS. 37. Lapathum. 273 V. 37. LAPATHUM. Theophrastus. Dock. Perigonium 6-parted, unequal ; outer small, reflexed ; inner larger, persistent, enclosing the thecidium, tuber*- cular at the base : stamens 6 ; styles 3; stigmata 3, many-cut; thecidium 3-angular; corculum lateral, peripherical ; radicle above. — Root fusiform, perennial; herb slightly acid ; stem branched; joints swollen above; leaves lanceolate; flowers in half whirls, panicled ; terminal or axillary ; hermaphro- dite or unisexual. a. Inner lobes of the perigonium not cut * 1. Lapathum aquaticum. Water dock. Leaves acute, rather glaucous ; lower heartshape, lanceo- late; upper lanceolate ; sepales ovate, obsoletely tubercu- lated ; tubercles becoming large, oblong, lanceolate. Lapathum maximum aquaticum sive hydrolapathum, Raii Syn. 140, 1. Hydrolapathum maximum, Ger. em. 389, 1. Hydrolapathum majus. Park. 1225. Itumex aquaticus, Lin. S. P. 479. Rumex Britannicus, Huds. Fl.Angl.ed. 1, 135. Rumex Hydrolapathum, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 2, 151» Rumex paludosus, Huds. 154. Rumex antiscorbuticus, Salisb. Prod. 25S* Great water-dock. Hitches and river-sides ; perennial ; Augiist. Root thick ; stem 5 feet high, upright ; whirls near to-* gether; sepales ovate, veined, rarely slightly toothed. — Root antiscorbutic, and useful in chronic diseases from ob- structions in the viscera ; also a good tooth-powder. 2. Lapathum crispum. Curl-leaf dock . Leaves lanceolate, waved, acute ; sepales ovate, all tuber*- culate: tubercles large, ovate, gibbous. Lapathum folio acuto crispo, Raii Syn. 141,3. Rumex crispus, Lin. S. P. 476. Road-sides and pastures ; perennial ; June and July. Root yellowish ; stem angular ; racemes closely leafed at the bottom. 3. Lapathum conglomerate. Palled dock. Lower leaves heartshape, lanceolate ; upper lanceolate ; branches spreading; whirls distant; sepales linear, obtuse, all tubercled. \ Rumex paludosus, Aiton Hort. Kew. 482, Rumex conglomerate, Roth Germ. 1,422, Rumex Nemolapathum. VOL. II. T PI. ex. mon. 274 37. Lapathum. 15. POLYGONS Damp woods and bogs; perennial; July. Stem erect ; branches diffused ; leaves ovate, lanceolate ; whirls remote, glomerate. 4. Lapathum sanguineum . Bloody dock. Lower leaves heartsliape, lanceolate; upper lanceolate, waved ; ribs coloured ; sepales oblong, often tubercled. Lapathum folio acuto rubente, Raii Syn. 142, 11. Lapathum sativum sanguineum, Ger. em. 390, 5. Itumex sanguineus, Lin. S. P. 476. Lapathum sanguineum, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3, 2. Rloodicort . Woods and waysides; perennial; July. Leaves petioled, veined; racemes leafless; thecidium small; — Leaves laxative ; seeds astringent. 5. Lapathum viride. Green dock. Lower leaves heartshape, lanceolate ; upper lanceolate, veined ; ribs green; sepales oblong, tubercled. Lapathum viride, Dillcti in Rail Syn. 141,6. Rumex acutus, Curtis FI. Land. Rumex acutus /? , Iluds. FI, Ang. 155. Rumex viridis, Sibthorp FI. Oxon. 118. Sandy places ; perennial ; July. b. Inner valve of the perigonium toothed. 6. Lapathum acutum. Sharp-pointed dock. Leaves heartsliape, oblong, pointed ; stem smooth ; ra- cemes leafy, divaricated, long; valves oblong, rather toothed, tubercled. Lapathum acutum, Raii Syn. 142,7 ; Ger. cm. 388, 1. Lapathum acutum majus, Park. 1224, 1. Rumex acutus, Lin. S. P. 478. Fields and watery places ; perennial ; July. Root dyes different shades from straw to olive green. 0. minimum. Plant small. Lapathum acutum minimum, Dillen in Raii Syn. 141, 5; Ger. em. 388, 2; Park. 1224. 7. Lapathum obtusifolium. Blunt-leaved dock. Radical leaves heartshape, oblong, obtuse ; upper leaves ovate, lanceolate, acute; stem roughish; racemes leafless, linear, oblong ; valves tubercled, toothed ; teeth awlshape. PI. ex. 771071. 15. POLYGONS. 37. Lapathum. 275 Lapathum vulgare, folio obtuso, Raii Syn . 141,2. Lapathum sylvestre folio minus acuto, Ger. em. 388,3. Lapathum sylvestre vulgatius, Park. 1225. Rumex obtusifolius, Lin. S. P. 478. Lapathum obtusifolium, Moench Meth. 256. Lapathum sylvestre «, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3, 4. Road-sides and ruins ; perennial ; July and August. Root yellowish ; radical leaves very large, exceeding grateful to deer. 8. Lapalfium pulchrum. Handsome dock . Radical leaves panduraeform ; upper leaves oblong ; stem divaricating, smooth ; racemes leafy ; valves deltoid, veined, toothed, tubercled. Lapathum pulchrum Bononiense sinuatum, Raii Syn. 142,8. Rumex pulcher, Lin. S. P. 477. Lapathum sinuatum, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3, 5. Fiddle dock. Barren sandy places and roadsides ; perennial ; August. Stem procumbent; branches long, inclined; leaves smooth. 9. Lapathum aureum. Golden dock. Leaves linear ; racemes spikelike, whirls crowded ; valves deltoid, tubercled, 4-toothed ; teeth bristlelike, longer than the valves. Lapathum folio acuto flore aureo, Raii Syn. 142, 9. Rumex maritimus, Lin. S. P. 478, Rumex aureus, With. Bot. Arr. 356. Lapathum minus, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3,4. Rumex Anthoxanthum, Salisb. Prod. 52. Bogs and watery places ; perennial; July and August. Stem furrowed, rough ; leaves flat, slender ; flowers golden yellow. 10. Lapathum palustre. Marsh dock. Leaves linear, lanceolate; racemes interrupted; whirls distant ; valves lanceolate, tuberculate, toothed at the bot- tom ; teeth bristlelike, shorter than the valves. Lapathum aureum, Dillen in Raii Syn. 142, 10. Hydrolapathum minus, Ger. em. 389, 2 ; Park. 1225. Rumex maritimus 13, Huds. FI. Angl. 155. Rumex maritimus, Curtis FI. Lond. Rumex palustris, Smith FI. Brit. 394. Golden dock. Bogs and damp places; perennial; July and August. Stem rough ; radical leaves large, acute; whirls leafy. t 2 276 38. Acetosa. 15. POLYGONS. PL ex. man. VI. 38. ACETOSA. Brunsfel. Sorrel. Perigonium 6-parted ; 3 inner lobes persisting, girding the fruit, not tubercled at bottom ; 3 outer smaller, re- flected ; stamens 6 ; styles 3 ; stigmata 3 ; thecidium 3-angu- dar; corculum lateral, peripherical. — Root fibrous or creep- ing ; kerb acid ; flowers in half whirls, racemose or pa- nicled, hermaphrodite or unisexual. 2. Acetosa pratensis. Meadow sorrel . Leaves oblong, sagittate, with barbs turned backwards ; root fibrous ; flowers unisexual ; valves not cut. Acetosa pratensis, C. Bauh. Pin. 114; Miller Did. Lapathum acetosum vulgare, Raii Syn. 143, 12. Oxalis, sive Acetosa, Ger.em. 396, 1. Acetosa vulgaris. Park. 742. Rumex Acetosa, Lin. S. P. 481. Lapathum acetosum, Scopoli Cam. 2, 438. Common sorrel. Garden sorrel. Sorrel dock. Fields and pastures; perennial; June. Stem leafy, 3 feet high; radical leaves petiolate, blunt; upper sessile, pointed ; thecidium shorter than the valves. — Root dried gives a beautiful red colour to water, as if changed to wine; leaves acid, used in salads and sauces; expressed juice cleared by settling, and evaporated, yields an essentia] salt, sold for salt of lemons, and used to take iron-moulds out of linen. ft Alpina. Herb much larger ; thecidium longer than the valves. Lapathum q,. Acetosa montana maxima C. Bauhini, Dillen in Raii Syn. 143, 12. 2. Acetosa repens. Creeping sorrel. Leaves lanceolate, hastate, barbs acute, recurved; rhiz'oma creeping; flowers unisexual, valves not cut. Lapathum acetosum repens lanceolatum, Raii Syn. 143, 13. Oxalis tenuifolia, Ger. em. 379. Acetosa minor lanceolata, Park. 744. Rumex Acetosella, Lin. S. F. 481. Acetosa tenuifolia, Moench Meth. 357. Rumex infestum, Salisb. Prod. 258. Sheep's sorrel. Sheep’s dock. Barren sandy places ; perennial ; June and July. Stem 12 inches high ; radical leaves hastate; stem leaves lanceolate or hastate. PL ex. 771071. 15. POLYGONS. 38. Acetosa. 277 8. Acetosa scutata. Shielded sorrel. Leaves hear tsh ape, hastate; barbs reflex, diverging; stems roundish ; flowers hermaphrodite, valves not cut.* Oxalis Franca seu Romana, Ger. an. 397, 4. Rumex scutatus, Lin. S. P.481. Roman sorrel. French sorrel. Round-leaved sorrel. Stony, mountainous places; perennial; June and July : also cultivated. Stem and leaves glaucous. VII. 39. OXYRIA. Hill. Welsh-sorrel. Perigonium 4-parted ; 2 inner lobes larger, erect, adnate to the seed, not granuliferous at bottom ; 2 outer smaller, reflexed ; stamens 6 ; styles 2, distant ; stigmata 2, pencil- shape ; thecidium rhomboidal, 2 outer angles winged ; cor - culum central, straight; cotyledones linear, incumbent; ra- dicle above. — Root perennial; leaves mostly radical, pe- tiolate; flowers in bundles, panicled, hermaphrodite. Oxyria rotundifolia. Round-leaved Welsh-sorreL Leaves orbiculate, retuse or nicked ; valves oval, noi toothed. Acetosa rotundifolia hortensis, Raii Cat. Cant. 1, 6. Lapathum q. Acetosa rotundifolia repens Eboracensis folio in medio deliquium patienie Morison, Raii Syn. 143, 14. Acetosa Cambro-Britannica montana, Park. 745, Rumex digynus, Lin. S. P. 480. Acetosa digyna, Miller Diet. Lapathum digynum, Lamarck FI. Fr. 3, 6. Alpine places ; perennial ; June. Stem a foot high, upright, rather naked ; leaves pale green, ribbed. Fam. XVI. 16. CHENOPODEiE. De Candolle. Atriplices , Jussieu. Perigonium free, 1 -leafed, deeply divided, persisting, rarely tubular at bottom ; aestivation imbricate ; stamens inserted at the base of the perigonium, opposite the lobes, and as many or fewer than the lobes; ovary 1, free, one- seeded ; ovule affixed at the base, upright or inverted ; stifle divided, 2 or 4-cut ; stigmata undivided ; utriculus mem- branaceous, rarely fleshy ; embryo curved, or spiral, round the farinaceous perisperm ; radicle at the hilum, above or 6 278 16. CHENOPODEiE. PL ex. mon. below ; plumula scarcely visible. — Herbs or undershrubs ; leaves alternate, rarely opposite ; stipules or sheaths none ; flowers small, greenish, rarely unisexual. Stamens 1 or 2. Perigonium not cut ; utriculus membra- naceous Salicornia. 46. Perigonium 3-parted; utriculus fleshy .... Blitum. 40. Stamens 5; perigonium not enlarging after flowering. Utriculus half-adherpnt Beta. 41. Utriculus free Chenopodium. 44. Stamens 5 ; perigonium enlarging after flowering. Spermodermis double ; perigonium 3 or 4-cut Spinachia. 42. Spermodermis double ; perigonium in female flowers 2-leaved, compressed Atriplex. 43. Spermodermis simple ; seed horizontal; corcidum snail-like Salsola. 45. I. 40. BLITUM. Theophrastus. Elite. Perigonium 3-cut, coloured ; stamen 1 ; ovary above ; styles 2 ; utriculus fleshy ; seed lenticular ; spermodermis double, the outer crustaceous ; corculum annular. — Flowers glomerate; fruit like a strawberry, axillary or terminal. Blitum virgatum. Heads spread, lateral. Blituiruvirgatum, Lin, S. P. 7. Dunghills, but scarcely a native ; annual ; July. II. 41. BETA. Pliny. Beet. Perigonium 3-parted, slightly adherent at bottom to the ovary ; stamens 5 ; styles 2 ; utriculus depressed, immersed in the perigonium ; seed horizontal ; spermodermis double, the outer coriaceous ; corculum annular. — Boot fusiform, fleshy ; stem furrowed ; glomerules 2 to 4-flowered, sessile, axillliry; hractece 2 or 3 to each flower. PI. ex. mon . 16. CHENOPGDEiE. 40. Blitum. 279 1 . Beta maritima. Sea beet. Stem prostrate at bottom ; lower leaves triangular, petio- late ; flowers solitary or in pairs ; lobes of the perigonium quite entire. Beta sylvestris maritima, Raii Syn. 157 ; Park. 750. Beta maritima, Lin. S. P. 322. Sea-shores ; perennial ; August. Root black, internally white; stems many, much branched at the top ; flowers racemose. 2. Beta vulgaris . Common beet. Stem erect; leaves ovate; flowers 3 or 4 together. Beta alba, Ger. em. 318, 1. Beta, Park. 487. Beta vulgaris, Lin. S. P. 322. Beta esculenta, Salisb. Prod. 152. Beta cicla, Murray Syst. Nat. 262. Beta horlensis, Mill. Diet. 2,var. Cultivated ; biennial ; July and August. Leaves green. — Roots saccharine, very nutritive, used as food for man and beast, and also to manufacture sugar, of the same kind as cane sugar. /3. rubricaulis. Leaves green with red veins ; stem and branches red. Beta rubra, Ger. em. 3 18,2. Beta vulgaris 3, var. Miller Diet. y. rubra. Leaves red. Beta rubra Romana, Ger. em.319,3. Beta vulgaris «, Lin. S. P. 322. Beta vulgaris 3, Miller Diet. £ albo-rubens. Root tuberous, red, internally white. Beta hybrida, Salisb. W. 15. Root of scarcity. Mangel wurzel. e. raposa. Root tuberous, red throughout. Beta vulgaris y, Lin. S. P. 322. Beta raposa, Park. 489. Turnep-rooted beet. £. lutea. Root yellow. Beta vulgaris o, Lin. S. P. 322. III. 42. SPINACHIA. Spinage. Flowers unisexual. — Male. Perigonium 5-parted ; sta- mens 5. — Female. Perigonium 2 or 4-parted ; styles 4 ; utriculus upright, in the hardened and enclosing perigo- nium; spermodermis simple, membranaceous; corculum an- nular.— Flowers glomerate, axillary. 280 42. Spinachia. 16. CHENOPQDEiE. PL ex.- mon. 1. Spinachia spinosa. Prickly spinage. Leaves sagittate ; fruit horned, sessile. Spinachia, Ger. em. 330 ; Park. 496. Spinachia oleracea, Lin. S. P. 1456. Spinachia spinosa, Be Cand. FI. Gall. Spinachia sessili-fiora spinosa, Stokes Bot. Mai. Med . 4,537, Winter spinage. Cultivated; biennial; April to June. Leaves used as a potherb, laxative. 2. Spinachia inermis . Smooth spinage. Leaves oblong, ovate; fruit spineless, sessile. Spinachia oleraGea jS, Lin. S. P. 1456. Spinachia glabra. Miller Diet. Spinachia sessiliflora inermis, Stokes B. M. M. 4,537. Spinachia inermis, De Cand. FI. Gall. 2243. Round-leaved spinage . Cultivated ; annual ; April to June, Leaves used as a potherb? laxative, IV. 43. ATRIPLEX. Pliny. Orache. Flowers polygamous. — Hermaphrodite. Perigonium 5-parted ; stamens 5 ; styles 2, rarely perfect ; utriculus de- pressed.— Female. Perigonium 2-cut; style 2-cut; utri- culus compressed by the enlarging persistent perigonium ; seed upright ; spermodermis dppble, the outer crustaceous ; corculum annular; radicle above.— Leaves alternate; rarely opposite; stem rarely shrubby ; flowers glomerate, panicled. Leaves opposite; stem shrubby. Halimus. 1. Atriplex portulacoides. Purslane orache. Stem shrubby, diffused ; leaves opposite, obovate, lanceo- late, not cut, powdery, glaucous. Atriplex maritima fruticosa, Halimus et Portulaca marina dicta, an- gustifolia, Raii Syn. 153, 11. Halimus vulgaris, sive portulaca marina, Ger. em. 523, Portulaca marina nostras, Park. 724. Atriplex portulacoides, Lin. S. P. 1493. Common sea-purslane. Sea-shore; shrubby; July and August. Root woody; stem 18 in. high, 4-sided ; flowers yellowish, monoiepus, female deltoid. Leaves alternate ; stem herbaceous . Atriplex. 2. Atriplex laciniata. Jagged orache. Stem herbaceous, diffused, spreading, pubescent at top ; leaves deltoid, sinuate, toothed, silvery underneath. Pl. ex. man. 16. CHENOPODEiE, 43. Atriplex. 281 Atriplex maritima, Raii -Syn. 152,8. Atriplex marina, Ger. tin. 325, 4. Atriplex marina repens, Park. 758. Atriplex laciniata, Lin. S. P. 1494. Jagged sea-orache. Sea-shores ; annual ; July. Root fibrous; stem spreading ; leaves unequally toothed, sinuated ; hermaphrodite flowers spiked, conglomerate, small, axillary, pedicelled, crowded i fruit 3-ribbed, toothed. |3. truncata . Leaves angular, much sinuated. Atriplex maritima nostras, procerior, foliis angulosis, incanis ad- mod um sinuatis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 152, 6. 3. Atriplex patula. Spreading orache. Stem herbaceous, spreading; leaves deltoid, lanceolate, rather hastate; fruit thorny on the disc. Atriplex sylvestris, folio hastato sive deltoide, Raii Syn. 151, 1. Atriplex sylvestris vulgaris, Ger. em. 326, 5. Atriplex patula, Lin. S. P. 1494. Atriplex hastata, Huds. FI. ring. 443. Delt sea-orache. Common wild orach. Ruins and common fields ; annual ; July and August. Root fibrous ; stem much branched, upright ; leaves al- ternate ; lower leaves deltoid ; upper slender, lanceolate ; racemes leafy ; fruit deltoid, rhomboid ; seed dotted. — Herb used as a pot-herb. |3. Stem procumbent, reddish ; leaves less hoary. Atriplex maritima perennis folio deltoide seu triangulari minus incano, Dillen in Raii Syn. 152, 5. y. aurita . Stem procumbent, reddish ; leaves fleshy, eared at bottom, scarcely toothed, reddish. Atriplex maritima ad foliorum basin auriculata procumbens, et lie vix sinuata, Dillen in Raii Syn. 152, 7. Sandy sea-shores. 4. Atriplex angustifolia. Narrow-leaf orache . Stem herbaceous ; leaves lanceolate, diverging, not cut ; lower leaves somewhat hastate ; fruit hastate, smoothish. Atriplex sylvestris angustifolia, Raii Syn. 151, 2; Ger. em. 326, 7j Park. 748. Atriplex patula, Huds. FI. AnglA\3. Atriplex angustifolia, Smith FI. Brit. 1092. Spear orache. Fields and ruins; annual; June to August. Petioles short; leaves lanceolate, horizontal ; lowermost broad, sometimes hastate ; apex of the fruit long, acute ; edge not cut. — Seeds useful in dysentery, emetic. 282 43. Atriplex. 16*. CHENOPODEiE. 'PL ex. man . 5. Atriplex erecta. . Upright orache. Stem herbaceous, upright ; leaves ovate, lanceolate ; lower leaves sinuate ; fruit deltoid, acute, muricated all over. Atriplex angustifolia lacinata, Dillen in Raii Syn. 152, 4. Atriplex erecta, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 1,376. Atriplex patula, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 2, 444. Ruins; annual; August. Stem much branched ; leaves rather powdery, pointed ; upper leaves entire ; lower indented ; racemes terminal, nearly leafless ; fruit small. 6. Atriplex littoralis . Shore orache . Stem herbaceous, upright ; leaves linear ; fruit ovate, pointed, muricated, indented. Atriplex angustissimo et longissimo folio, Dillen in Raii Syn. 153, 12 *. Atriplex maritima angustifolia, obtusiori folio, Dillen in Raii Syn. 153, 12 * *. Atriplex maritima scoparia2 folio, Dillen in Raii Syn. 153, 12. Atriplex littoralis, Lin. S. P. 1494. Grass sea- or ache. Muddy sea-shores ; annual ; August and September. „ Stem much branched ; leaves not cut, powdery under- neath ; spike ovate, cylindrical, nearly leafless. 0. serrata. Leaves serrated. Atriplex angustifolia maritima dentata, Raii Syn. 152,3. Atriplex serrata, Huds. FI. Angl. 444. Atriplex marina, Pers. Syn. 1,293. Jagged long orache. 7. Atriplex pedunculata . Footstalked orache . Stem herbaceous, flexuous, diverging; leaves obovate, very entire; female flowers peduncled, wedgeshape. Atriplex marina semine lato, Raii Syn. 153, 10. Atriplex pedunculata, Lin. S. P. 1495. Heart sea-purslane . Muddy sea-shores ; annual ; August and September. Herb powdery, woolly; stem 9 in. high, angular; leaves spreading, not cut; flowers terminal, crowded; female flowers deflexed, 3-lobed. |S. humilis. Stem shorter; plant more diffused. Atriplex maritima nostras, ocymi minoris folio, Raii Syn . 153,9. V. 44. CHENOPGDIUM. Pliny. Goosefoot. Perigonium 5-parted, persisting, not enlarging after flowering ; stamens 5 ; styles 2-cut ; stigmata 2 or 4 ; utri- cula membranaceous, depressed, girt by the perigonium ; PL ex. moil' 16. CHENQPODEiE. 44. Chenopod. 283 * V seed orbicular, horizontal; spermodermis double, the outer crustaceous; corculum annular; radicle horizontal, centri- ” fugal. — Herb succulent, mostly powdery ; flowers glomerate, panicled. a. Leaves ovate or rhomboidal ; often toothed or loled; flowers not bracteated . 1. Chenopodium spinac folium. Spinage-leaved goosefoot. Leaves triangular, sagittate, not cut; spike compound, terminal, erect, leafless. Blitum sylvestre, q. Blitum perenne Bonus Henricus dictum, ilaii Sun , 156, 45. Bonus Henricus, Ger. era. 329, 1 . Lapathum unctuosum, sive Bonus Henricus, Park. 1225. Chenopodium Bonus Henricus, Lin . S. P.318. All good. Good King Harry y Cambridgeshire. English Mercury. Ruins and waysides, also cultivated ; perennial ; May to August. Root much branched; stem unctuous, powdery; leaves petioled, powdery underneath ; flowers crowded, powdery, many only female: perigOnium dilated, erose; styles pu- bescent.— Herb laxative, eaten as a potherb ; young shoots peeled and boiled eat like asparagus. 2. Chenopodium urbicum. Town goosefoot. Leaves triangular, rather toothed ; racemes crowded, very long, stiff, approaching the stem, nearly leafless. Blitum sylvestre, q. Chenopodium ereetum foliis triangularibus dentatis, spicis e foliorum alis plurimis longis, erectis, tenuibus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 155,11. Chenopodium urbicum, Lin. S. P. 318. Broad-pointed hlite. Dunghills ; annual ; August and September. Stem angular ; racemes axillary ; seeds much larger than those of chenopodium rubrum. 3. Chenopodrum rubrum. Red goosefoot. Leaves rhomboidal, triangular, sinuate, toothed ; racemes erect, compound, rather leafy, shorter than the stem. Blitum sylvestre, q. Blitum Pes anserinus dictum, Raii Syn. 154,2. Atriplex sylvestris latit'oiia, sive pes anserinus, Ger. era. 328, 1 ; Park. 749. Chenopodium rubrum, Lin. S. P. 318. Goosefoot. Soichane. Wild orach. Dunghills and ruins ; annual ; August. Leaves thick, shining, deeply toothed; racemes rather spreading, reddish ; seed very minute. 284* 44. Chenopod. 16. CHENOPOD EiE. PI. ex. mon. 4. Chenopodium lotryoides. Punch- of- grapes goosefoot. Leaves triangular, rather toothed, the upper rather blunt ; racemes upright, compound, rounded, leafless. Blitum sylvestre, q. blito pes anserinus dicto similis, Rati Syn. 154,, 4. Chenopodium botryoides, Engl. Rot. 2247. Sea-shores; annual ; August. Leaves small, fleshy ; flowers reddish. 5. Ckenopodium murale . Wall goosefoot . Leaves ovate, shining, acute, unequally toothed; racemes very much branched, cymose, leafless ; stem upright, spreading. Blitum sylvestre, q. Blitum Pes anserinus dictum, acutiore folio. Rail Syn. 154,3. Atriplex sylvcstris latifolia altera, Ger. era. 32S ; Park. 749. Chenopodium murale, Lin. S. P. 318. Ruins ; annual ; August. Herh dark green, shining, foetid ; leaves triangular, ovate, teeth incurved, petioles long ; seed minutely punctured. 6. Chenopodium angulatum . Cornered goosefoot. Leaves heartshape, angular, toothed, pointed; racemes much branched, rather cymose, divaricating, leafless. Blitum sylvestre, q. Chenopodium stramonii folio, Rail Syn. 154,5. Chenopodium hybridum, Lin. S. P. 319. Chenopodium angulatum, Lamarcke Enc. Boi. 1, 194. Maple Elite. Maple-leaved goosefoot. Damp rubbish y annual ; August. Herh smooth, foetid, slender ; leaves large, light green ; seed dotted. 7. Chenopodium album. White goosefoot. Leaves rhomboidal, ovate, crowded, not cut at the bot- tom, the upper oblong, not cut ; racemes branched, nearly leafless; seed smooth. Blitum sylvestre, q. Atriplex sylyestris dictum, Rail Syn. 154, 1. Chenopodium album, Lin. S. P. 319. Frost blite. Dunghills,' rubbish ; annual; August. Herb oily, powdery. £. rotundifolium. Leaves roundish. Blitum (sylvestre) folio subrotundo, Dillen in Rail Syn. 155, 10. y. viride . Herb green ; leaves narrow, scarcely cut ; ra- cemes loose. Atriplex sylvestris altera, Ger. era. 326, 6. Chenopodium viride, Lin. S. P. 319. Chenopodium album /3, lluds. FI. Angl. 106. PI. ex. mon. 16. CHENOPODEiE. 44. Chenopod. 285 $. integerrimum. Leaves not in the least cut. Blifum sylvestre, q. Chenopodium foliis integris racemosurn Dale, Dillen. in Raii Syn . 155, 12. £. incrassatum . Leaves thick, blunt. Blitum sylvestre, q. Chenopodium crasso et obtuso oleae folio, Dillen in Raii Syn. 156, 13. S. Chenopodium Jicifolia. Fig-leaved goosefoot. Leaves hastate, sinuate, erose, not cut behind; the upper oblong, not cut ; seeds dotted. Blitum (sylvestre) ficus folio, Dillen in Raii Syn , 155,9. Chenopodium serotinum, Hads. FI. Angl. 106, Chenopodium viride, Curt. FI. Land. Buddie's Jig -b life. Dunghill and rubbish ; annual ; August. Herb green ; axillce of the branches purplish. £. erection. Plant upright ; leaves like those of chrys- anthemum segetum. Blitum sylvestre, q. Chenopodium erectum chrysanthemi segetum folio, Dillen in Raii Syn. 155, 8. 9. Chenopodium glaucum. Seagreen goosefoot . Leaves oblong, sinuate, repand, glaucous underneath; racemes glomerate, leafless ; seeds dotted. Blitum sylvestre, q. Chenopodium angustifolium laciniatum minus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 155, 7. Chenopodium glaucum, Lin. S. P. 320. Oakleaved blite. Oakleaved goosefoot. Sandy rubbish ; annual ; August. Plant diffuse ; leaves green above ; racemes short, lobed. 10. Chenopodium olidum. Stinking goosefoot. Leaves rhomboidal, ovate, not in the least cut ; racemes conglomerate. CD Blitum (sylvestre) fcetidum, Vulvaria dictum, Raii Syn. 156, 14. Atriplex olida, Ger. em. 327. Atriplex olida, sive sylvestris fcetida, Park. 749. Chenopodium Vulvaria, Lin. S. P. 320. Chenopodium olidum, Curtis FI. Lond. Chenopodium fcetidum, Lamarck Encyc. Meth. 196. Stinking orache. Ruins, especially near the sea; annual; August. Herb very foetid, diffuse, prostrate, powdery, greyish. 11. Chenopodium poly sper mum. Many-seeded goosefoot. Leaves ovate, not cut ; stem prostrate ; racemes cymose? diverging, leafless. 286 44. Chenopod. 1G. CHENOPODEiE. PL ex. moll. Blitum sylvestre, q. chenopodium bets folio Tournefortii, Raii Syn „ 15T, 18. Atriplex sylvestris, sive Polyspermum, Ger. em. 325,3. Blitum polyspermon, Park. 753. Chenopodium polyspermum, Lin. S, P, 321. Wild orach. All-seed. Rubbish and dunghills; annual; July and August. Herb prostrate, dark green; racemes long, many-flowered, reddish ; seeds kidneyshape, reddish, minutely dotted. 1 2. Chenopodium acutifolium . Pointed-leaf goosefoot. Leaves ovate, pointed, not cut; stem upright; racemes somewhat cymose, long, leafless. Chenopodium acutifolium, Engl. Hot. 1481. Chenopodium polyspermum, Curtis FI. Lend. Rubbish and waste grounds; annual; July and August. Herb nearly erect, paler than the preceding; racemes stiffer ; seeds orbicular, blackish. 13. dentatum . Leaves with a large tooth on one or both sides. b. Leaves linear , not cut ; bractece 2 or 3 to each flower . Kali. 13. Chenopodium maritimum. Sea goosefoot . Leaves bald, subulate, fleshy, half round ; flowers glome- rate, axillary, sessile. Blitum (sylvestre) kali minus album dictum, Raii Syn. 156, 14. Kali minus, Ger. em. 535. Kali minus album, Park. 279. Chenopodium maritimum, Lin. S. P. 321. White glasswort. Sea-shore and salt-marshes ; annual ; August. Stem upright, branched, many, alternate ; bractece 2 ; style 1 ; stigmata 3, pink ; seeds shining, minutely striated. — An excellent potherb. 14. Chenopodium fruticosum. Shrubby goosefoot. Leaves bald, fleshy, round, blunt, imbricate; stem shrubby, bald ; flowers .sessile, axillary, single. Blitum (sylvestre) fruticosum minimum, Vermicularis frutex dictum Rail Syn. 156, 16. Vermicularis frutex minor, Ger. em. 523, 4. Vermicularis fruticosa altera, Park. 731. Salsola fruticosa, Lin. S. P. 324. Chenopodium fruticosum, Lin.Ifort. Clif. Shrubby glasswort . Sea-shore; shrubby; August. PI. ex. man* 16. CHENQPODEiE. 4-4. Chenopod. 287 Shrub upright, branches many ; leaves erect, perennial, rather glaucous ; flowers greenish ; bractece. 3, scariose. VI. 45. SALICORNXA. Dodonaeus. Glasswort . Perigonium turbinate, not cut, ventricose, succulent; stamen 1 or 2, inserted at the base of the perigonium ; style 2-cut ; utriculus membranaceous, enclosed in the enlarged fleshy perigonium ; seeds vertically compressed ; spermo- dermis double, the outer coriaceous; corculum annular, cylindrical ; perisperm farinaceous, radicle below. — Stem shrubby or herbaceous, leafless, round, jointed ; branches opposite ; joints 2-toothed at the tip, the terminal flower- bearing ; flowrets small, sessile, three on each side of the joint. 1 . Salicornia herlacea . Herb glasswort . Stem herbaceous, upright ; internodes reverse-conical ; joints compressed, nicked ; spikes attenuated towards the tip ; stamen 1. Salicornia, Raii Syn . 136, 1. Salicornia, seu Kali genienlatum, Ger. an. 535 ; Park. 280. Salicornia herbacea, Lin. S. P. 5. Salicornia europsea a, Huds. FI. Angl. 1. Salicornia annua, Afzel. MS. 1 ; Engl. Hot. 415. Salt-wort. Sea-grass. Crab-grass. Frog-grass. Sea-shores ; annual ; August and September. Branches many, jointed, succulent, fleshy.— Ashes alka- line. 2. Salicornia procumbens . Procumbent glasswort . Stem herbaceous, lying down ; internodes reverse-coni- cal ; branches simple ; spikes attenuated towards the tip ; stamens 2. Salicornia myosuroides procumbens, surculis longissimis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 137,2. Salicornia europsea $, Hnds. FI. Angl. 1. Salicornia herbacea y, Smith FI. Brit. 2. Salicornia procumbens, Engl. Bot. 2475. Sea-side ; annual or biennial ; August and September. Much subdivided at bottom ; style nearly simple ; spikes very long. |3. purpurea . Spike small, purplish ; stem very much spread. Salicornia ramosior procumbens, foliis brevibus purpurascentibus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 137,4. Salicornia europaea »), Huds. FI. Angl. 1. Salicornia herbacea 8, Smith FI. Brit. 2. 7 28$ 45. Salicornia. 16. CHENOPODEAS. PL ex. man * 3. Salicornia radicans. Rooting glass wort. Stem woody, rooting at bottom ; joints compressed, nicked ; internodes subcylindrical ; spikes oblong ; sta- mens 2. Salicornia erecta, foliis brevibus, cupressiforme, Dilleii in Raii Syn. 137, 5. Salicornia europaea #, Huds. Fl.Angl. 1. Salicornia biennis, Afzel. MS. 2. Salicornia prostrata, Engl. Dot. 1691. Muddy sea-shores ; biennial or perennial ; August. Root creeping ; spikes swelled. 3. Salicornia fruticosa. Shruhhy glasswort. Stem woody, ascending ; joints and internodes cylindri- cal; spikes nearly subsessile, cylindrical, obtuse. Salicornia, q. Kali geniculatum perenne fructicosus procumbens, Raii Syn. 136,2. Salicornia europaea y, Huds. FI. Angl. 1. Salicornia fruticosa, Lin. S. P. 5. Jointed glass-wort. Sea bogs ; perennial ; August. Stem rather shrubby, very much branched ; spikes many- flowered ; flowers rather distant. VII. 46. SALSOLA. Csesalpinus. Saltwort. Perigonium 5-parted, persistent; lobes furnished after flowering with a membranaceous keel, or periphyllum ; sta- mens 5 ; styles 2, 3-cut ; stigmata 2 or 3 ; utriculus mem* branaceous, enclosed in the connivent perigonium ; seed rather gibbose ; spermodermis simple, membranaceous ; perisperm 0 ; corculum spiral, horizontal ; cotyledons very long, linear; radicle above. — Stem herbaceous or shrubby; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile ; hractece 3. Salsola decumlens . Trailing saltwort . Stem herbaceous, decumbent; leaves subulate, spinous, rough ; hractece 3, leaflike, spinous. Kali spinosum cochleatum, Raii Syn. 159. Tragus Matthioli, Ger.em. 1117,2; Park. 1034. Salsola Kali, Lin. S. P. 322. Prickly 'glasswort. Bastard sea-grape. Sandy sea-shores ; annual; July. Stem stiff, very much branched, pubescent ; leaves spread- ing ; periphylla reddish. PL ex, mon . 17. AMARANTHIDEiE. 47. Amar. 289 Fam. XVII. 17. AMARANTHIDEiE. Amaranth i, Jussieu. Amar ant hacece, De Candolle. Perigonium free, often coloured; aestivation imbricate ; stamens 3 to 5, hypogynous, free or monadelphious ; ovary 1, free; styles many; stigmata simple; capsules 1 or many- seeded ; seeds upright ; perisperm farinaceous, central ; cor- culum annular, peripherical ; cotyledons incumbent ; ra- dicle below; plumule inconspicuous. — Herbaceous ; leaves alternate or opposite, not cut ; stipules 0 ; flowers small, often unisexual, capitate or spiked, often girt with coloured scales. I. 47. AMARANTHUS. Dioscorides. Strawberry-blite. Monoicous ; perigonium 3-sepaled. — Male. Stamens 3, distinct. — Fem. Styles 3; pyxidium 1-seeded, 3-beaked ; seeds erect; umbilicus naked; spermodermis double, the outer crustaceous. — Stem streaked ; flowers glomerate, axillary or panicled, terminal. Amaranthus minor. Small strawberry-blite. Stem spread ; leaves ovate, retuse or nicked ; flowers glomerate, lateral. Blitum rubrum minus, Dillcn in Raii Syn. 157 ; Ger.em. 321, 4. Amaranthus Blitum, Lin. S. P. 1405. Small garden-blite. Small red blite. Fields and dunghills ; annual ; August. Stem much branched ; leaves alternate ; petioles long ; flowers green ; seed compressed. 290 PLANTS EXOGENiE COROLLIFLOR.E. Subseries III. B. Peantje exogen^e coROLLiELORiE. Dicotyledones monopetalce hypogynee , Jussieu Gen. Plant. Perigonium double ; petals soldered into a single one ; inserted on the thalamus, and bearing the stamens. FAMILIES. A. Pericarp a cariopsis. Cariopsides 4 or 2, naked ; corolla irregular; stamens 2 or 4 LABIATAE. 32* Cariopsides 4 or 2, naked ; corolla irregular ; stamens 5 BO 11 A G I N E IE . 31. Cariopsides 4, in an utri cuius, bearing the style; stamens 4 ...... PYRENACEiE. 33. B. Pericarp 1, capsular or drupaceous * a. Seeds on a central spermophore . Fruit X-celled; corolla regular .. PRIMULA CEiE. 21. Fruit 1 -celled; corolla irregular LENTIBUL ARES. 24. Fruit 2 or 4-celled, becoming 1 -cel led ; corolla regular; stamens 4 ..... . PL ANT AG IN E JE. 18. Fruit 2-celled, septifidal; corolla not lipped, plaited ; slam. 5 . . . . SOLANEiE. 26. Fruit 2-celled, septifidal ; corolla lipped; stamens 2 or 4. . SCROPHULARIAE. 25. Fruit 2-celled, loculicidal ; retina.de 0 ; stamens 2 or 4, filaments separate RHINANTPXACEiE. 22. Fruit 3-celled, loculicidal ; corolla regular; stamens 5 ... . POLEMONXACE7E. 28. b. Seeds affixed at the base . Capsule 2 or 4-celled .... CONVQLVULACEiE. 30. Perry 1-celled JASMINEiE. 32. Capsule 1-celled, 1 -seeded ; stamens 4 LITTORELLIDEiE. 19. PLANTS EXOGENAE COROLLIFLORiE. 291 c. Seeds affixed at the tip, Utriculus 1 -seeded, seed erect .... STATICINAE. 20. Samara 2-seeded ; seed reversed . . FRAXINEAE. 35. d. Seeds parietal. Corolla not lipped GENTIANAE. 27. Corolla lipped OROBANCHIDEAE. 23. C. Pericarps many , capsular . Follicles 2 , t VINCAE. 29. Fam. I. 18. PLANTAGINEAE. Jussieu. Calyx 4-sepaled, persisting; corolla 1-petaled, tubular, scariose, persisting ; limb 4-parted ; stamens 4 ; fllaments inserted in the tube, alternate with the cuts, exserted, flaccid ; induplicate at the aestivation ; anthers 2-celled ; cells opposite, contiguous, opening longitudinally ; ovary sessile, without any girding disk, 2 or 4-celled ; ovules pel- tate, solitary or indefinite ; style 1, capillary; stigma his- pid, undivided ; pericarpium a pyxidium ; dissepiment lon- gitudinal, becoming free, seedbearing; seeds sessile, peltate, single or in pairs, or many ; shell mucilaginous ; perisperm fleshy, same shape as the seed ; coiculum straight, central, nearly as long as the perisperm ; radicle below ; plumula inconspicuous. — Stem herbaceous, short or scarcely any; hairs simple, jointed ; leaves mostly radical, crowded, stel- late, not cut, or toothed, often flat, and ribbed, sometimes semicylindrical ; scapes axillary ; flowers spiked, sessile ; bractea 1 to each flower. Ovary 2-celled ; dissepiments flat ; cells many-seeded Plantago. 48. Ovary 2-celled ; dissepiments flat ; cells one-seeded Arnoglossum. 49. Ovary 3 or 4-celled; dissepiments 4-sided; cells one-seeded Asterogeum. 50. Gen. I. 48. PLANTAGO. Pliny. Plaintain . Corolla 4- cut; anthers oblong; ovary 2-celled ; dissepi- ments flat ; cells many-seeded. — Stem scarcely any ; leaves crowded, radical, flat, ribbed ; scape radical. V 2 292 48. Plantago. 18. PLANTAGINEiE. PL ex. cor, 1 . Plaiitago major. Great plantain . Spike 30 or 40-flowered ; bractece membranaceous ; leaves ovate, 7 or 9-ribbed, toothed, or not cut. Plantago latifolia vulgaris, Raii Syn. 314, 1 ; Park. 493. Plantago latifolium, Ger. em. 419, 1. Piantago major, Lin. S. P. 163. Broad-leaved plantain. fVaybrede. Pastures and waysides ; perennial ; all the year. Stem 7 to 18 in. high, rather rough, approaching to 2-edged ; leaves with long petioles. — Leaves applied as a dressing to fresh wounds. jS. paniculata . Spike abortive, panicled ; Iractea leaflike. y. dental a. Leaves with large teeth at the base. 2. Plantago bracteata. Bracteated plantain. Bractea spreading, very long, leaflike ; leaves ovate, bald, ending in a long petiole. Plantago rosea spicata, Ger. em. 419, 4. Plantago bracteata, 3Icench. Meth. 439. Plantago major, var. Lin.S.P. 163. Spiked rose-plantain. Waysides; perennial; June. Leaves 7 or 9-ribbed ; spike flat or pyramidical, and re- mains the same when cultivated. 3. Plantago minima. Small plantain . Spike 3 to 6-flowered; bradece membranaceous; leaves ovate, 3-ribbed, toothed or not cut. Plantago latifolia glabra minor, Raii Syn. 314,3. Plantago major iS, Lin. S. P. 163. Plantago minima, De Cand . FI. Gall. 22,97. Dry barren pastures; perennial; June to August. Stem 18 in. high; leaves rough. II. 49. ARNOGLOSSUM. Dioscorides. Lambs-tongue. Corolla 4-cut ; anthers oblong ; ovary 2-celled ; dissepi- ments flat ; seeds 1 in each cell. — Stem scarcely any ; leaves and scapes radical. 1. Arnoglossum incanum. Hoary lambs-tongue . Leaves ovate, lanceolate, pubescent; spike cylindrical; scape round. Plantago major incana, Raii Syn. 314, 3 j Park. 493. Piantago incana, Ger. em. 419,2. Plantago media, Lin. S. P . 163. Hoary plantain. PI, ex, cor. 18. PLANTAGINEiE. 48. Arnoglos. 293 Chalky soils; perennial ; June to August. Stem loin, high; spikes shorter than the scape; leaves 5-ribbed, often toothed and ovate. £. ramosum. Spike branched. y. variegatum. Leaves variegated with yellow. 2. Arnoglossum lanceolatum. Spearshape lamls-iongue. Leaves lanceolate ; spikes ovate, bald ; scape angular, downy. Plantago quinquenervia, Raii Syn. 314, 5 ; Ger. em. 422, 1. Plantago angustifolia, sive quinquenervia major. Park. 496. Plantago laneeolata, Lin. S. P. 164. Ribwort plantain. Rib-grass. Pastures; perennial; June. Leaves mostly 5-ribbed, dark green; spike variegated; scape 2 feet high. 0. trinei'vium. Leaves narrow, 3-ribbed. Plantago angustifolia minor, Dillen in Raii Syn. 315, 6. y. roseum. Lower Iractece leaflike, longer than the spike. Plantago quinquenervia rosea, Ger. em. 422,2. — & ramosum . Spike with 2 or 3 heads. 3. Arnoglossum maritimum . Sea lamls-tongue . Leaves half-round, not in the least cut, fleshy, woolly, at bottom; spike cylindrical, dense; scape round, downy, upright or ascending, longer than the leaves. Plantago marina, Raii Syn. 315,7. Plantago marina vulgaris, Park. 498. Plantago maritima, Lin. S. P. 165. Plantago montana, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 1,53, Coronopus, Ger. em. 425, 1. Sea buckshorn. Sea plantaine. Sea-coasts ; perennial ; June and July. Root woody, truncated; scape 6 in. high; spikes an inch long ; leaves grooved above ; Iractece keeled ; tubes of the corolla woolly. 4. Arnoglossum gramineum . Grasslike lambstongue . Leaves jather linear, flat, sparingly toothed, bald at bot- tom ; spike cylindrical ; scape round, scarcely as long as the leaves. Plantago graminea, Lamarck Illustr. 343. Plantago maritima 3, With. Bot. Arr. 256. Sea-coasts ; perennial ; July. Leaves 5 inches long, 3-ribbed ; spike 2 in, long; Iractece ribbed, not keeled. 2 294 49. Arnoglos. 18. PLANTAGINEiE. PL ex, cor. 5. Arnoglossum Alpinum . Alpine lambstongue . Leaves linear, lanceolate, flat, bald, not cut, soft ; spike cylindrical ; bractece shorter than the flower ; scape round, double the length of the leaves. Plantago, an Alpina angustifolia J. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 315, 9. Plantago Alpina, Lin. S. P. 165. Plantago maritium y, Huds. FI. Angl. 64. Alpine pastures • perennial; June. Leaves 2 inches high ; spike an inch long ; flowers loose. 6. Arnoglossum subulatum . Awlshape lambstongue . Leaves linear, awlshape, hard; spike cylindrical; bractece shorter than the flower; scape round, pubescent, rather flexuose. Plantago subulata, Lin. S. P . 166. Plantago Coronopus 3, With. 257. Meadows on the sea-coast ; perennial ; June to August. Leaves hard, pointed, dark green, hairy ; spike cylin- drical ; flowers slightly distant. III. 50. ASTEROGEUM. Star-of- the- earth, Perigonium 4-lobed; anthers ending in a small lanceolate membrane ; ovary 3 or 4-celled ; dissepiments 3 or 4-seeded ; cells 1 -seeded.— Stem scarcely any; spike and leaves radical. Asterogeum laciniatum. Jagged star-of-the-earth , Leaves rather hairy, pinnatifid ; scape round, downy; bractece hairy. Plantago foliis laciniatis, Coronopus dicta, Raii Syn. 315,8. Cornu cervinum, Ger. em. 427. Plantago Coronopus, Lin. S. P. 166. Harts-horn. Herb-ivy. Sandy places ; annual ; May to August. Leaves hairy, pinnatifid or bipinnatifid ; scape an inch long. /3. capitatum . Spike very short, few-flowered, almost ca- pitate ; leaves nearly entire. Plantago gratnineo folio hirsuto, minor, capitulo rotundo brevi, Dillen in Raii Syn. 316, 10. Fam. II. 19. LITTORELLIDEiE. Plantaginum genus. Jussieu. Flowers unisexual. — -Male. Calyx 4-parted, persisting; corolla 1-petaled, tubular, scariose, persisting; limb 4-parted; stamens 4, inserted on the receptacle ; filaments exser ted, Pl.ex.cor . 19. LITTORELLIDEaE. 51. Littorel. 295 flaccid ; before aestivation induplicate ; anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally ; rudiment of the pistill minute.— Fem. Calyx none ; bracleec 3 ; corolla urceolate, undivided,, contracted at the mouth, slightly toothed; stamens 0; ovary 1-celled, 1 -seeded; ovule upright; style 1, capillary, very long; stigma hispid, not cut; pyxidium 1 -seeded. — Herb stemless; leaves linear, rushlike, dilated at bottom, rather sheathing; male flower peduncled, solitary; peduncle with a pellucid, reticulated, membranaceous bractea about the middle ; female flowers 2 or 3, radical, sessile. 51. LITTORELLA. Linnaeus. Shore-iveed. No other genus in this family. Litlorella lacustris. Lake shore-weed . Plantago palustris gramineo folio monanihos, Parisiensis, Raii Syn. 11. Plantago nniflora, Lin. S. P. 167. Littorella lacustris, Lin. Mant. 295. Inundated sandy places; perennial; June. Root fusiform ; leaves bald, convex beneath; flowers up- right, white; style nearly as long as the scape. /3. hirsuta. Leaves hairy. Fam. III. 20. STATXCINiE. HofFmansegg and Link. Plumbaginum pars. Jussieu. Perigonium double, persisting; calyx 1 -leafed, tubular, not cut, plaited, persisting ; corolla 5-petaled, equal ; sta- mens 5, adnate to the claw of the petals; ovary 1, free, 1-seeded ; ovule upright; placentarium apicular ; placenta threadlike, bent; styles 5 ; stigmata 5; utriculus membra- naceous; spermodermis single, coriaceous; perisperm fa- rinaceous ; corculum central, compressed, erect, nearly as long as the seed; plumula inconspicuous ; radicle below. — Herbaceous or under-shrubby ; leaves simple, not cut, al- ternate or crowded, radical ; rather sheathing at bottom ; flowers hermaphrodite, capitate or spiked. Flowers capitate, involucrated ; leaves radical Statice. 52. Flowers sessile, spread ; leaves spread Limoni um. 53, Pl. ex. cor . 296 52. Statice. 20. STATICINJE. I. 52. STATICE. Dalechamp. Thrift. Involucrum many-flowered, scariose, many-leaved, re- flexed at bottom, sheathing the scape ; cahjx scariose, plaited ; stamens 5. — Leaves small, radical ; scapes many, naked ; flowers capitate, terminal. Statice pulchellum. Handsome thrift. Leaves linear, flat, obtuse, flaccid. Statice montana minor, Rail Syn. 203. Caryophyllus marinus minimus Lobelii, Ger. gw. 602, 1. Gramen marinum minus, Park. 1279. Statice Arineria, Lin. S. P. 394. Sea gilliflower. Thrift. Sea-grass. Our ladies cushion. Sea-shores and alpine places ; peren. ; July and August. Root woody ; leaves in tufts, linear, bald ; scape downy ; flowers rose-coloured. Involucrum scariose, 3 or 4-leaved, 1 -flowered. — Leaves cauline, spread ; flowers sessile, distant, in a longitudinal series. Stem panicled, round; leaves oblong, bald, obtuse, be- neath mucronate, edge undulated. Limonium, Raii Syn. 261, 1 ; Ger. em. 411, 1. Limoni u m majus vulgatius, Park. 1234. - Sea-shores; perennial ; July and August. Root woody ; leaves not in the least cut; scape alternately branched ; twigs corymbose ; flowers sky-blue. 0. minus. Plant much smaller ; leaves pointed, tapering to the bottom. Limonium minus, Raii Syn. 202, 2. Limonium parvum, Ger. em. 411,2. y. obtusum. Plant smaller ; leaves short, blunt, tapering at bottom. serotinum. Leaves long, taper, pointed ; flowers late. Limonium Anglicum minus, caulibus ramosioribus, floribus in spicis rarius sitis, Diilen in Raii Syn. 202,3. 2. Limonium reticulatum. Network sea-lavender . Stem diffused, prostrate, panicled ; barren branches naked, bent back ; leaves wedgeshape, unarmed ; scales of the in- volucrum smooth. Statice reticulatum, Lin. S. P. 394. Sea -shore ; perennial ; July and August. II. 53. LIMONIUM. Dioscorides. Sea-lavender. Limonium commune. Common sea-lavender. PL ex. cor, 20. STATICINJE. 5 3. Limoni um. 297 Leaves oblong wedgeshape, petioled, acute ; scape pro- strate; twigs divaricating, lower ones barren; flowers ter- minal, blue. Fam. IV. 21. PRIMULACEAL. Ventcnat, Lysimachice , Jussieu. Anagallidce , Adanson. Rota - cearum et Preciarum pars , Linnaeus. Calyx 1-leaf, persisting, 5 or rarely 4-cut, regular; co- rolla 1-sepaled, regular; limb 4 or 5-cut; stamens as many as the lobes opposite to them; ovary free, 1 -celled ; style 1 ; stigma capitate ; capsule valvate ; spermophore central, free; seeds many, peltate ; perisperm fleshy ; corculum straight, enclosed, parallel to the umbilicus; radicle below (De Can- dolle) or vague. — Stem herbaceous; leaves simple, often not cut, opposite, whirled, or spreading. Calyx 4-sepaled; corolla rather pitcher-shape; stamens 4, distinct, bald; pyxidium . . . Centunculus. 54. Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla rotate ; stamens 5, bearded ; pyxidium An agallis. 55. Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla nearly bellshape ; stamens 5, connate; pyxidium Irasekia. 56. Calyx 5-sepaled ; cor . rotate ; lobes distant ; stam. 5, distinct, smooth; capsule 10-valved Naumburgia. 58. Calyx 5-sepaled; corolla rotate, 5-toothed; stamens 5, distinct, smooth; capsule 10-valved Numularia. 59. Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla salvershape ; stamens 5, nearly sessile ; capsule 5-valved Hottonia. 60. Calyx 5-sepaled ; cor. rotate, limb reflexed ; stam. 5, short; capside fleshy, 5-valved ,. . . Cyclamen. 63. Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla rotate ; stam. 5, connate, glandular; caps. 5 to 10-valved Lysimachia. 57. Calyx 7-sepaled ; corolla rotate ; stamens 7 ; capsule . Trientalis. 61. Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla salvershape ; lobes 2-cut; stam. 5, enclosed; capsule .... Primula. 62. I. 54. CENTUNCULUS. Pliny. Chaff-weed. Calyx 4-lob ed; corolla rather pitchersliape, 4-cut; sta- mens 4 ; filaments short, bald, distinct; pyxidium globose. • — Leaves alternate ; flowers axillary ; bractece 0. 298 54. Centunculus. 21. PRIMULA CEAE. PL ex. cor1. Centunculus minimus. Small chaff-weed Leaves ovate ; flowers sessile. Centunculus, Dillen in Raii Syn. sheet A. 16. Centunculus minimus, Lin. S. P. 169. Bastard pimpernel. Bogs and inundations; annual ; June and July. Stem rather branchy ; leaves sessile, spreading ; flowers white or pink, shortlived, only open in the hottest part of the day. II. 55. AN AG ALLIS. Dioscorides. Pimpernel. Calyx 5-lobed; corolla rotate, 5-lobed, spreading; sta- mens 5; filaments bearded, distinct; stigmata obtuse, ere- tiate; pyxidium globose. — Stem 4-angled ; leaves opposite, dotted underneath ; flowers solitary, axillary. 1. Anagallis ever idea. Blue pimpernel. Stem rather erect ; leaves opposite or ternate, ovate, ra- ther pointed ; lobes of the corolla ' becoming reflex, edge toothed. Anagallis foemina, Raii Syn. 382,3 ; Ger. em. 617, 2. Anagallis caeruleo flore, Park. 558. Anagallis ccerulea, Schreb. Fields and gardens ; annual ; June and July. Stem slightly branched, rather winged ; flowers blue. /3. alba. Flowers white. Anagallis terrestris flore albo, Raii Syn. 282, 4. 2. Anagallis phcenice a. Scarlet pimpernel. Stem diffused, slightly procumbent; leaves opposite and ternate, ovate, obtuse ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; lobes of the corolla not cut, dilated; margin glandular, hairy. Anagallis flore phceniceo, Raii Syn. 282, 1 ; Park. 558. Anagallis mas, Ger. em. 617, 1. Anagallis arvensis, Lin. S. P. 211. Fields and gardens; annual; June and July. Stem much branched, not winged ; flowers scarlet. — Collected before the flowers expand, and given in powder 1 scr. 4 times a day, useful in epilepsy and madness ; flower opens only when fine weather is coming on. <9. verlicillata. Leaves in threes or fours. Anagallis phcenicia foliis amplioribus ex adverso quaternis , Raii Syn. 282, 2. PL ex. cor. 2-1. PRIMULACEiE. 56. Irasekia. 299 III. 56. IRASEKIA. Schmidt. Twopenny -grass. Calyx 5-lobed ; corolla nearly bellshape, veined ; limb 5-lobed, upright, spreading ; stamens 5 ; filaments connate at the base, bearded; stigma, acute; pyxidium globose.— Stem angular; leaves opposite, petiolated ; flowers solitary. Irasekia alpina. Alpine twopenny-grass. Leaves opposite, ovate, pointed, petiolate; stem prostrate, filiform. Nummularia minor, flore purpurasvente, Rail Syn . 283, 2 ; Ger. em. 632, 2; Park. 555. Lysimachia tenella, Lin. S. P. 211. Anagallis tenella, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 14, 196. Irasekia alpina, Hoffm. Germ. 2. Purpleflowered moneywort. Inundated heaths and bogs ; perennial ; July and August. Stem creeping, thin ; leaves spreading, light green ; pe- duncles 2 or 3 times as long as the leaves. IV. 57. LYSIMACHIA. Dioscorides. Loosestrife . Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla rotate, 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; filaments covered with capitate glandular hairs, connate at the base; capsule globose, opening at the tip by many valves.— Stem 't-angular; flowers axillary, solitary, or race- mose. Flowers solitary , axillary. 1 . Lysimacdiia repens. Creeping loosestrife . Stem creeping; leaves roundish, rather heartsh ape ; pe- duncles solitary ; sepales ovate, pointed; Nummularia, Ran Syn. 283, 1 ; Ger. an. 630, 1. Nummularia vulgaris, Park. 555. Lysimachia Nummularia, Lin. S. P. 211. Moneywort. Herb twopence . Twopenny-grass. Fields and damp pastures; perennial; June, July. Stem compressed, mostly simple ; leaves pale green, often perennial ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; corolla glan- dular. Flowers terminal , racemose , hr act ea ted. 2. Lysimachia vulgaris. Common loosestrife. Leaves opposite, attenuated, ovate, lanceolate; sepales lanceolate. Lysimachia lutea, Rail Syn. 282, 1 $ Ger. em. 474, 1. Lysimachia lutea major vulgaris, Park. 544. Yellow willow-herb. Watery places and rivers; perennial; July. 1 300 57. Lysimachia. 21. PRIMULACEiE. PL ex. cor. Root creeping; stem upright; leaves pointed, veined, bald. $. tomentosa . Leaves tomentose underneath. V. 58. NAUMBURGIA. Moench. Yellowherh. Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla rotate, 5-lobed ; lobes distant with a tooth between each ; stamens 5, longer than the co- rolla ; filaments filiform, smooth, distinct; style long, fili- form ; pyxidium globose, many-valved.— Herb entirely co- vered with red glands; stem simple, round; leaves opposite, sessile, entire; racemes axillary, opposite, solitary ; flowers peduncled, bracteated. Naumburgia guttata. Spotted Yellowherh . Leaves linear, lanceolate ; racemes peduncled. Lysimachia lutea, flore globoso, Ran Syn. 282, 3; Ger. em. 475,3; Park. 544. Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Lin. S. P. 209. Naumburgia guttata, Moench. Meth. Sup. 23. Tufted loosestrife. Watering places ; perennial; July. Root creeping; stem upright, 18 in. high; leaves bald; racemes erect, close ; flowers yellow, spotted. VI. 59. NUMULARIA. Tragus. Moneywort. Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla rotate, 5-lobed ; stamens 5, shorter than the corolla ; filaments distinct, smooth, bald ; capsule globose, many-valved. — Stem recumbent, 4-sided ; leaves opposite, petiolated, bald, entire ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1 -flowered; Iractea 0. Numularia sylvatica. Wood moneywort. Leaves ovate, pointed; peduncles longer than the leaves; sepales subulate. Numularia sylvatica, Gesner Hort. Germ. Anagallis lutea, Raii Syn. 282,5; Ger. em. 618,4. Anagallis flore luteo, Park. 558. Lysimachia nemotum, Lin. S. P.211. Yellow pimpernel. Woods and damp hedges; perennial; May to September. Stem rooting, shining ; peduncle slender ; flowers yellow. PL ex, cor. 21. PRIMULACEAE. 60. Hottonia. 301 VII. 60. HOTTONIA. Boerhaave. Water-violet . Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla salvershaped ; tube short; limb flat, 5 to 8-lobed ; stamens 5 to 8, nearly sessile ; stigma globose; capsule globose, pointed, 1 -celled. — Herb aquatic; leaves whirled, pinnate or toothed, immersed; flowers ver- ticillately spiked; spikes terminal; bracteci 1 to each flower. Hottonia palustris. Marsh water-violet • Leaves pinnately pinnatifid, not cut; flowers peduncled, whorled. Hottonia, Raii Syn. 285. Viola palustris, Ger.em. 826, 1. Hottonia palustris, Lin. S. P. 208. Bog feather foil. Watery places ; perennial ; June and July. Root sarmentose; stem naked; leaves bald, not in the least cut; flowers flesh-coloured. 0. rosea . Flowers deep rose-colour. VIII. 61. TRIENTALIS. Cordus. Winter green. Calyx 7-sepaled ; sepales subulate ; corolla 5 to 7-parted, equal, persistent ; stamens 5 to 7 ; stigma nicked ; pericarp membranaceous. — Rhizoma creeping ; stem simple, naked at bottom ; leaves verticillate, veined ; peduncles terminal, aggregate, 1 -flowered. Trientalis europea . European winter green* Alsinanthemos, Raii Syn. 286. Trientalis europea, Lin. S. P. 488. Chickvcetd winter-green. Turfy mountains ; perennial ; May and June. Rhizoma rather tuberous; stem 12 in. high; leaves lan- ceolate, not cut, bald ; flowers spreading, snow-white, ele- gant; anthers subulate. IX. 62. PRIMULA. Matthiolus. Primrose . Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, persistent ; corolla salvershape ; tube cylindrical, longer than the calyx ; limb 5-cut ; lobes nicked ; stamens 5, enclosed ; capsule ovate, opening at the top in 10 valves. — Leaves radical, mostly wrinkly; flowers fascicled ; brsxciea 1 at the bottom of each peduncle. 302 62. Primula. 21. PRlMULACEiE. PI. ex. con 1 . Primula grandiflora. Large- flowered primrose . Leaves ovate, oblong, wrinkled, toothed; fascicles ra- dical, few-flowered ; lobes of the calyx lanceolate, pointed, as long as the tube; limb of the corolla flat. Primula veris vulgaris, Raii Syn. 284, 1 ; Park. 535. Primula veris minor. Gar. em. 781,5. Primula veris, Lin. S. P. 205. Primula acaulis, Curt. FI. Lond. Primula sylvestris, Scopoli Cam. Primula vulgaris, Huds. FI. Angl. S3. Primula grand iflora, Lamarck. FI. Fr. Field primrose. Woods and hedges; perennial; April. Leaves hirsute underneath ; peduncle as long as the leaves ; Iractece awdshape; flowers upright. — leaves in doses of a drachm and a half, a strong but safe emetic. £. rufa. Flowers reddish, liver-colour. 2. Primula elatior. Tall primrose . Leaves ovate, wrinkled, rather toothed; fascicles many- flowered; teeth of the calyx chaff-like, pointed, scarcely half as long as the tube; limb of the corolla flat. Primula pratensis inodorata lutea, Raii Syn. 284, 2 ; Ger. em. 780, 2. Primula veris /3, Lin. S. P. 204. Paralysis altera odorata, flore pallido, polyantbos, Park. Par. 244. Primula vulgaris, Huds. FI. Angl. 84. Primula inodora, Rel/i. Cant. 81. Primula elatior, With. Bol. Arr. 234. Great covos-lips. Ox-lips. Fields and pastures ; perennial ; April. Scape longer than the leaves; outer flowers often" droop- ing; neck of the tube of the corolla hemispherical. 3. Primula veris . Spring primrose . Leaves ovate, oblong, wrinkled, rather toothed ; fascicles many-flowered; flowers drooping; teeth of the calyx very blunt ; limb of the corolla concave, very small. Primula veris major, Raii Syn. 284, 3 ; Ger. em. 780, 1. Paralysis vulgaris pratensis, flore simplici odornto, Park. Par. 244. Primula veris a, Lin. S. P. 204. Primula veris, Huds. FI. Angl. Primula officinalis, With. Rut. Arr. Common cuws-lips. Paigles. Fields and pastures ; perennial ; April to June. Leaves contracted in the middle; scapes fewr, longer than the leaves; flowers scented; limb small; tube oblong. — Root scented like anise ; leaves sometimes used as a pot- herb or as salad ; flowers used to make a fine slightly nar- cotic wine. PL ex. cor. 21. PRIMULA CEiE. 62. Primula. 803 4. Primula P farinosa. Mealy primrose. Leaves ovate oblong, rather crenate, bald, beneath pow- dery ; fascicles many-flowered; flowers spreading; limb of the corolla flat. Auricula ursi, q. Verbasculum uinbellatum Alpinum minus C. Buuhini, Rail Syn. 285, 1 . Primula veris flore rubro, Ger. em. 783, 1 . Paralysis minor flore rubro, Park. Par. 246. Primula farinosa, Lin. S. P. 205. Bird’s eye. Mountain bogs ; perennial ; June and July. Leaves light green, smooth, veined beneath ; scape up- right; limb of the corolla small, red, paler beneath; lobes linear, nicked; mouth of the tube glandular. X. 62. CYCLAMEN. Theophrastus. Sow-bread. Calyx 5-cut ; corolla rather rotate ; tube short ; mouth prominent; limb 5-parted, reflex; stamens 5; filaments very short ; anthers approximating ; stigma pointed ; cap- sule fleshy, globose, 5-valved. — Root fibrous ; comlus roundish; leaves radical, veiny, often spotted; petioles long, flexuous; scape 1 -flowered ; flowers drooping, white or purplish ; fruit twists up spirally, and buries itself in the ground. Cyclamen vernum . Spring sowbread. Leaves heartshape, angular, edge toothed. Cyclamen vernum, Ger. em. S43,3. Cyclamen europseum, Smith FI. Brit. 224. Cyclamen hederaefolium, Ait. Hort. Kevs. 196. Woods and hedges; perennial ; April. Combus large; leaves bald, spotted and waved with white, beneath purplish ; lobes of the corolla twisted. Fam.V. 22. RHI NANTHACEiE. Be Candolle. Pedi- cular es. Jussieu. Calyx divided, often tubular, persisting; corolla hypo- gynous, irregular, often lipped ; stamens 2 or 4, inserted on the corolla, 2 often shorter than the others ; anthers often 2-bristled at the base; ovary free, 2-cell ed ; style simple ; capsule 2-valved, valves joined together by the central pla- centarium ; perisperm fleshy ; corculum straight ; cotyledons half round ; plumula inconspicuous. — Herb often becomes black by drying ; leaves opposite or alternate ; flowers often spiked ; bractea 1 to each flower. 304? 64?. Veronica. 22. RHINANTHACEiE. PL ex. cor* A. Corolla rotate , irregular; calyx 4? or 5-parted. Stamens 2; corolla 4-lobed Veronica. 64?. Stamens 4, didynamous ; cor. 5-lobed . . Sibthorpia. 65. B. Corolla ringent , clipped; calyx 1-leaf edf 4:-cut; stamens 4, didynamous. Seeds striated ; lower anthers spinose . . Euphrasia. 66. Seeds striated ; anthers spinose Odontites. 67. angular ; anthers tomentose Bartsia. 68. Seeds flat, imbricate; galea compressed Rhinanthus. 69. Seeds 2, smooth ; galea compressed Meeampyrum. 71. C. Corolla ringent > 2-lipped; calyx 1-leaf ed, 5-cut; stamens 4, didynamous. Seeds mucronate; galea compressed Pedicularia. 70* I. 64. VERONICA. Euchs. Speedwell. Calyx 4-parted ; corolla rotate, 4-lobed, unequal ; sta- mens 2 ; capsule compressed, ovated, or rather heartshape. — Stem herbaceous, rarely shrubby ; leaves opposite or ver- ticillate, flowers spiked, terminal or axillary ; or leaves al» ternate, flowers solitary, axillary. a. Spike terminal; leaves opposite; root perennial . 1 . Veronica spicata . Spiked speedwell . Spike terminal ; leaves opposite, oblong, crenate, blunt, not in the least cut at the tip ; stem ascending. Veronica spicata recta minor, Ran Syn. 279, 2. Veronica recta minima, Ger. em. 627,4. Veronica erecta angustifolia, Parle, 550. Veronica spicata, Lin. S. P. 14. Smallest Jludlin, Smallest Paul's Betony. Dry chalky pastures ; perennial ; July to September. Stem 9 in. high, rather woody, downy; leaves crenulately serrate, hairy ; flowers dark blue, mouth bearded. £. linearis. Leaves linear, scarcely cut. 2. Veronica hyhrida. Mule speedwell. Spike terminal ; leaves opposite, elliptical, blunt, une- qually crenulately serrated ; stem upright. Veronica spicata Cambro-Britannica, bug u la: subhirsuto folio, Rail Syn. 278, 1 . Veronica hybrida, Lin. S. P. 14. Veronica spicata j8, Huds. FI. Angl. 3. PL ex* cor. 22. RHINANTHACEiE. 64?. Veronica. 305 Mountains ; perennial ; July. Stem 18 in. high; spikes many. 3. Veronica saxatilis . Rock speedwelL Spike corymbose, few-flowered; leaves elliptical, rather obtuse, scarcely cut ; sepales rather blunt ; capsules ovate, 4-valved ; stem diffuse, rather shrubby. Veronica fruticans serpillifolia, Ger. em. 628, 5. Veronica saxatilis, Lin. Supp. PI. 83. Veronica fruticulosa, FI. Dan. 342. Shrubby fluellin. Scotch alps; perennial; July. Stem much branched; branches simple; leaves dark green; flowers 3 or 5, large, violet blue; mouth red; pe- duncles longer than the bractese. 4. Veronica fruticulosa. Shrubby speedwelL Spike corymbose, loose, many-flowered; leaves lanceo- late, ovate, rather toothed, pointed ; sepales pointed ; cap- sules ovate, 4-valved; stem rather shrubby, upright. Veronica fruticulosa, Lin. S. P. 15. Veronica frutescens, Scop. Cam. Moist mountains; perennial; July. Stem much branched, prostrate ; branches upright, 9 in. high ; leaves pale green ; spike downy ; peduncles the length of the bractese ; flowers pale flesh-colour with purple lines. 5. Veronica Alpina . Alpine speedwelL Spike crowded ; leaves oblong, lanceolate, bald, acute, toothed or scarcely cut ; sepales fringed ; stem simple, up- right, leafy. Veronica Alpina, Lin. S. P. 15. Alpine spongy bogs; perennial; July and August. Stem 6 in. high ; leaves 3-ribbed, dark green, shining ; flowers blue, small ; capsule elliptical, nicked, 2-valved. 6. Veronica serpyllifolia . Thymeleaf speedwelL Spike loose; leaves ovate, bald, blunt, crenate; bractece leaflike, not cut ; capsule reverse heartshape, shorter than the style; stem creeping at bottom. Veronica pratensis minor, Itaii Syn. 279,3; Park. 551. Veronica minor, Ger. em. 627, 2. Veronica serpillifolia, Lin. S. P. 15. PauVs betony. Little fluellin. Fields and pastures ; perennial ; May and June. VOL. II. x 306 64. Veronica. 22. RHINANTHACEiE. PI. ex. cor . Leaves petioled, shining, rather fleshy ; flowers blue or flesh-colour, streaked with violet; sepales reverse ovate; bractece twice as long as the peduncle. 7. Veronica humifusa. Ground speedwell . Spike short; leaves heartshape, roundish, slightly scal- loped ; stem prostrate. Veronica Alpina, Lightf. Scot. 72. Veronica humifusa, Dick. T. L. S. 2, 288. Veronica serpillifolia /3, Smith FI. Brit. 19. Mountains 5 perennial ; June. Stem only 3 in. high, creeping; leaves roundish, nearly sessile; flowers few, crowded, blue; peduncles short. b. Spike lateral ; leaves opposite ; root perennial . 8. Veronica fontinalis. Spring speedwell . Leaves ovate, very blunt, serrate, petioled ; stem creeping. Veronica aquatica rotundifolia, Beccabunga dicta, minor, Raii Syn . 280, 8. Anagallis sive Beccabunga, Ger. em. 620, 1. Anagallis aquatica vulgaris, sive Beccabunga, Park. 1236. Veronica Beccabunga, Lin. S , P. 16. Brook-lime. Rivulets; perennial; June. Leaves light green, shining, rather fleshy; spikes oppo- site, many-flowered; bractece linear, shorter than the pe- duncles ; flowers blue; capsules twin.— -Leaves eaten in sallads as an antiscorbutic. 9. Veronica aquatica. Water speedwell . Leaves lanceolate, serrate, sessile; stem upright; spikes opposite. Veronica aquatica longifolia media, Raii Syn. 280,9. Anagallis aquatica major, Ger. em. 620, 2. Anagallis aquatica folio oblongo crenato, Park. 1237. Veronica Anagallis-aquatica, Lin. S. P. 16. Veronica Anagallis, Smith FI. Brit. 20. Great long-leaved brook-lime. Bogs and ditch-sides ; perennial ; J uly. Leaves pointed, bald, shining; flowers blue; capsules nearly twin. 10. Veronica angustifolia. Narrow-leaved speedwell. Leaves linear, denticulate; spikes alternate; peduncles divaricated. Veronica aquatica angustifolia minor, Raii Syn. 280, 10. Veronica scutellata, Lin. S. P. 16. Sandy bogs and inundations ; perennial ; July and Aug. PI. ex. cor, 22. RHINANTHACEjE. 64. Veronica. 307 Stem weak, diffused ; flowers small, blue, flesh- colour, streaked. ft puhescens . Stem and leaves downy. 11. Veronica mont ana. Mountain speedwell. Leaves ovate, petioled, serrate; stem hairy; petioles hairy; spikes alternate, loose, threadshape, few-flowered. Veronica cbamaedryoides, foliis pediculis oblongis insidentibus, Rail Syn. 281, 12. Veronica montana, Lin. S. P. 17. Madwort. Woods and hedges, chalky soils; perennial; May, June. Stem weak; leaves shining; flowers pale blue streaked with purple ; capsules margined, fringed. 12. Veronica hiharhata . Two-bearded speedwell . Leaves ovate, sessile, wrinkled, cut, serrated ; stem with 2 opposite rows of hairs ; spikes opposite, many-flowerd. Veronica Chamaedrys syivestris dicta, Rail Syn. 281. Chamaedrys syivestris, Ger. em. 657,3. Chamaedrys spuria syivestris. Park. 107. Veronica Chamaedrys, Lin. S. P. 18. Veronica bibarbata, Stokes Bot. M. M. 31. Wild germander. Fields and pastures ; perennial ; May. Stem decumbent ; flowers large, light contused-flesh colour; capsules reverse heartshape. — Leaves substituted for those of tea, more grateful than those of veronica offi- cinalis. 13. Veronica officinalis. Shop speedwell. Leaves reverse oval, toothed, hairy, rough ; stem pro- cumbent, hairy. Veronica supina et vulgatissima, Raii Syn. 281, 2. Veronica vera et major, Ger. em. 626, 1. Veronica mas et supina. Park. 550. Veronica officinalis, Lin. S. P. 14. Fluellin. Speedwell. Bare sandy places ; perennial ; May and June. Stem diffuse ; spike solitary, many-flowered ; flowers light blue, veined. — Leaves substituted for those of tea, but are rather too astringent and bitter. c. Flowers solitary , axillary ; leaves alternate ; root annual . 14. Veronica verna. Vernal speedwell. Flowers solitary ; leaves finger-parted ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; stem upright, stiff. x 2 308 64. Veronica. 22. RHINANTHACEiE. PL ex* cor, Veronica verna, Lin. S. P. IT. Dry fields ; annual ; April. Stem 6 in. high, often much branched ; flowers blue ; sepales pointed. 1 5. Veronica iriphyllos . Three-leaved speedwell . Flowers solitary ; upper leaves finger-parted ; peduncles longer than the calyx ; seeds flat. Veronica flosculis singularibus, foliis laciniatis erecta, Rail Syn. 280,6. Alsine recta, Ger. em. 612, 5. Veronica triphyllos, Lin.S. P. 19. Upright chickweed. Sandy fields; annual; April. Stem much branched ; lower leaves not cut ; upper leaves nearly sessile, unequal, 3 to 5-lobed ; peduncles long ; se- pales blunt, unequal ; flowers dark blue ; capsule nicked ; seeds many, flat.— Her b dries black. 16. Veronica arvensis . Cornfleld speedwell . Flowers solitary; leaves ovate, heartshape, cut; bractece oblong, scarcely nicked; seeds many, flat; stem upright. Veronica flosculis singularibus, cauliculis adherentibus, Raii Syn. 279,5. Alsine foliis veronicse, Ger.em. 613, T. Alsine foliis subrotundis Veronicse, Park . 762. Veronica arvensis, Lin. S. P. 18. Speedwell chickweed. Dry fields and walls ; annual ; May. Stem 6 in. high ; leaves pale green ; sepales lanceolate, pointed ; flowers pale blue ; capsules reverse heartshape ; seeds elliptical. 17. Veronica agrestis. Field speedwell. Flowers peduncled ; leaves heartshape, ovate, broadly serrate ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; stem spreading, diffused; seeds many; umbilicus concave; outside wrinkled. Veronica floris singularibus, in oblongis pediculis chamaedryfolia, Raii Syn. 279, 4. Alsine foliis trissaginis, Ger.em. 616, 1 ; Park. 764, Veronica agrestis, Lin. S. P. 18. Germander chickweed. Henbit. Fields and pastures; annual; May to September. Stem hairy; leaves nearly sessile; flowers small, light blue; sepales blunt, fringed; capsules twin, hairy. 18. Veronica hedercefolia. Ivyleaved speedwell. Flowers peduncled ; sepales heartshape; peduncles longer than the leaves; leaves heartshape, flat, 5-lobed; seeds 2 to 4* in each celi ; umbilicus concave, outside wrinkled. PL ex. cor . 22. RHINANTHACEiE. 64. Veronica. 309 Veronica flosculis singularibus, hederulae folio, Raii Syn. 281,7. Alsine hederacea, Ger.em. 616,3. Alsine hederulae folio minor. Park. 762. Veronica hederaefolia, Lin. S. P. 19. Small henbit. Winter weed. Ivy chickweed. Fields and cultivated places ; annual ; May to September. Stem semiprostrate ; leaves longly petioled; sepales broad, fringed, pointed ; flowers pale blue ; capsules twin. II. 65. SIBTHORPIA. Hudson. Pennywort . Calyx 5- parted; corolla nearly rotate; tube short; limb 5-lobed, nearly regular; stamens 4, distant, very short; stigma peltate ; capsule compressed, orbicular, opening at the apex, 4-seeded. — Herb creeping, hairy, rooting ; leaves alternate; peduncles capillary, solitary; flowers yellow. Sibthorpia Europxa. European pennywort . Leaves kidneyshape, rather peltate, crenate. Alsine spuria pusilla repens foliis saxifragae aureae, Raii Syn. 352, I. Sibihorpia Europea, Lin. S. P. 880. Sibthorpia prostrata, Salisb. Icon. 2, 6. Cornish pennywort. Cornish moneywort. Damp boggy places ; perennial; July and August. Stem prostrate, creeping, threadshape, rooting near the petioles ; leaves petioled, horizontal ; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; calyx hispid ; corolla purplish yellow. III. 66. EUPHRASIA. Brunsfell. Eyebright . Calyx cylindrical, 4-toothed, equal; corolla tubular, two- lipped ; galea nicked ; lip 3-lobed, lobes equal, 2-cut ; sta- mens 4, didynamous ; lobes of the lower anthers spinose ; capsule ovate, oblong ; seeds few, rather angular, striated. — Leaves opposite or alternate ; flowers axillary. Euphrasia officinalis . Shop eyebright. Leaves ovate, linear, shortly toothed. Euphrasia, Raii Syn. 282 *, 1 ; Ger. em. 663, 1. Euphrasia vulgaris, Park. 1329. Euphrasia officinalis, Lin. S. P. 841. Meadows and pastures ; annual; July to September. Stem 8 in. high, purplish; branches racemose; flowers alternate, sessile, white with purplish lines; palate yellow; capsule nicked. — Herb weakly astringent, reputed oph- thalmic. 310 67. Odontites. 22. RHINANTH ACE/E. PI. ex. cor . IV. 67. ODONTITES. Tabernsemontanus. Odontites. Calyx coloured, 4 rarely 5-cut ; corolla tubular, two- lipped ; galea not cut, straight, enclosing the anthers ; lip 3-cut; lobes linear, equal, blunt; anthers bald, lobes spi- nose ; capsule ovate, compressed, naked ; seeds many, stri- ated.— Stem 4-angular ; leaves opposite, sessile ; bractece leaflike ; flowers spiked, one-sided. Odontites rubra. Red odontites. Stem much branched, pilose ; leaves linear or lanceolate, serrate. Euphrasia pratensis rubra, Rail Syn. 284 *, 2. Crataeogonon Euphrosyne, Ger. em. 91,3. Euphrasia pratensis rubra major, Park. 1329,3. Odontites, Rivini Monop. irr. 90,2. Euphrasia Odontites, Lin. S. P. 841. Bartsia Odontites, fluds. FI. Angl . 268. Wood chickweed. Eyebright cow-whcat. Fields and pastures; annual; July and August. Stem much branched; leaves rough; spikes many-flower- ed ; flowers rose-colour ; capsules hairy. V. 68. BARTSIA. Linnaeus. Painted-cup. Calyx tubular, not bellied, 4-cut, unequal, coloured at the tip; corolla tubular, 2-lipped; galea concave, long, not cut ; lower lip reflexed, 3-cut ; lobes equal, not cut ; stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers tomentose ; capsule ovate, compressed; seeds many, angular. — Leaves alternate and opposite ; flowers alternate, bracteate, spiked or terminal. 1 . Bartsia Alpina. Alpine painted-cup . Leaves opposite, heartshape, ovate, bluntly serrated. Euphrasia rubra Westmorlandica, foliis brevibus obtusis, Raii Syn, 285 *, 3. Clinopodimn Alpinum, Ger.em. 676,6. Bartsia alpina, Lin. S. P. 839. Wild basil of the Alps. Poley mountain. Alpine rivulets ; perennial ; J uiy. Root creeping; stem simple; leaves sessile; bractece. co- loured : spike purple, terminal; calyx viscid, purple \ flowers purplish violet; capsule pubescent; seeds winged at the angles, striated. 2. Bartsia viscosa. Viscous painted-cup . Pubescent; stem simple; leaves lanceolate, pointed, ser- rated ; lower leaves opposite ; flowers lateral, distant. PL ex, cor. 22. RHINANTHACE.ZE. 68. Bartsia. 311 Euphrasia major lutea latifolia palustris, Raii Syn. 285 *,4. Bartsia viscosa, Lin. S. P. 839. Bogs ; annual ; July and August. Stem round, upright ; leaves sessile, veined \ flowers nearly sessile, yellow, lobes blunt; calyx villous; capsule roundish; seeds not winged. VI. 69. RHINANTHCJS. Linnaeus. Rattle . Calyx bellied, 4-cut; corolla tubular, 2-lipped; galea arched, compressed; lip flat, 3-lobed; lobes equal; sta- mens 4, didynamous ; anthers hirsute ; capsule scariose, compressed, blunt, covered by the calyx ; seeds many, im- bricate, compressed, flat, winged. — Leaves opposite, sessile ; flowers opposite, bracteated, spiked, terminal, yellow. Rhinantkus glaher . Smooth rattle. Leaves lanceolate, acutely serrated ; calyx bald. Pedicularis seu crista galli lutea, Raii Syn. 284 *, 1 j Park. 713. Crista Galli, Ger. em. 1071. Khinanthus Crista-galli, Lin. S. P. 840. Yellow rattle. White rattle . Cockscomb. Penny-grass. Fields and pastures ; annual ; June. Stem much branched, smooth, often spotted ; flowers rough, heartshape at bottom; calyx reticulately veined; peduncles short. 0. major. Plant large ; leaves narrow ; stem much branched ; flowers small, yellow ; lip purple. Pedicularis major angustifolia ramosissima, flore minore luteo, labello purpureo, Dillen in Raii Syn. 284 *, 2. VII. 70. PEDICULARIA. Tragus. Lousewort. Calyx bellied, 5-cut; corolla tubular, 2-lipped; galea compressed, often nicked; lip 3-lobed, flat, spreading; lobes equal, or the middle smallest; stamens 4, didynamous; capsule compressed, mucronated, often oblique and longer than the calyx ; seeds few, angular, mucronate. — Leaves opposite or alternate, mostly pinnatifid ; flowers opposite or alternate, bracteated, spiked, terminal, 1 . Pedicularia palustris. Marsh lousewort. Stem much branched; leaves pinnate; pinnae lanceolate, pinnatifidly toothed ; calyx ovate5 inflated, 2-parted, crest- ed ; galea obtusely truncated. Pedicularis palustris rubra elatior, Raii Syn , 284 *, 4. Pedicularis palustris, Lin. S. P . 845. Tall red rattle. 312 70. Pedicul. 22. RHINANTHACEAL PI. ex. cor , Bogs and damp pastures ; perennial ; June and July. P' Root fibrous; stem 18 in. high, angular; leaves spread; flowers large, purple ; calyx rather leaflike ; galea slightly nicked ; hies of the lip round, fringed. 2. Pedicularia sylvatica . Wood lousewort. Stem much branched at the bottom, simple above ; leaves pinnace ; pinnce ovate, acutely toothed ; calyx oblong, in- flated, unequally 5-cut, crested; galea blunt, truncated, acutely 2-toothed. Pedicularis pratensis rubra vulgaris, Raii Syn. 284 *, 3 ; Park. 713. Pedicularis, Ger.etn. 1071, 1. Pedicularis sylvatica, Lin. S. P. 845. Lousewort. Red rattle. Rattle grass. Pastures; perennial; June and July. Root fusiform ; stem 9 in. high, erect; branches spreading ; leaves radical, simple, ovate; flowers large, rose-colour; lip of the corolla unequally 3-cut; edge bald. — Juice, or de- coction, a good injection for sinuous ulcers : farmers sup- pose it renders sheep scabby, overrun with vermin, and makes their wool loose. VIII. 71. MELAMPYRUM. Theophrastus. Cow-wheat . Calyx tubular, 4-cut; corolla tubular, 2-lipped, com- pressed; galea arched, edge replicate; lip furrowed, 3-cut; stamens 4, didynamous; capsule oblong, obliquely pointed, compressed; cells 2-seeded, gibbous, smooth. — Leaves op- posite; flowers opposite, spiked, terminal; hractece leaflike, edge of the base crested. 1. Melampyrum cristatum. Crested cow-wheat. Spike 4-angular; hractece heartshape, compact, imbricate, toothed. Melampyrum cristatum, flore aibo et purpureo, Rail Syn. 286 *, 1. Melampyrum cristatum, Lin. S. P. 842. Crested cow-wheat. Woods and cornfields ; annual ; July. Stem rough, 4-angular; leaves linear, not cut; spike so- litary, many-flowered ; hractece compressed, coloured, pec- tinately toothed. 2. Melampyrum arvense. Corn-field cow-wheat. Spike conical, lax; hractece lanceolate, pinnately toothed; teeth coloured, setaceous; teeth of the calyx rough. pi, ex* cor. 22. RHINANTHACEiE. 71. Melamp. 31 S Melampyrum purpurascente coma, Raii Syn. 286 *,3. Melampyrum caeruleum, Ger. em. 90,3. Melampyrum arvense, Lin. S. P. 842. Blue cow-wheat. Purple cow-wheat . Sandy fields; annual; July. Stem 2 feet high, much branched, upright ; leaves lan- ceolate, not cut ; spike many-flowered ; bractece spreading, purple ; corolla closed ; apex purple. 3. Melampyrum vulgatum. Common cow-wheat. Flowers axillary, one-rowed, conjugately remote ; corolla closed ; lip porrected ; calyx rather coloured ; lobes ascend- ing; ste m much branched. Melampyrum sylvaticum flare lufeo, sive satureja lutea sylvestris, Raii Syn. 286 *,2. Crataeogonon album, Ger. em. 91, 1. Crataeogonon vulgarp, Pash. 1326, 1, Melampyrum pratense, Lin. S. P . 843. Melampyrum vulgatum, Pers. Syn. 151. Woods and hedges; annual; July and August. Stem smooth ; leaves lanceolate ; hractece pinnatifid ; tube of the corolla white ; mouth closed, yellow ; palate fulvous. 0. album. Corolla white, with 2 yellow spots on the lower lip. Melampyrum latifolium fiore albo, labio inferiore duabus maculis luteis distincto, Dillen in Raii Syn. 286 *, 2. 4. Melampyrum alpestre. Alp cow-wheat . Flowers axillary, 1 -rowed, conjugately remote; corolla open; lip deflexed; galea hirsute; leaves linear; 2 lower ones reverse ovate. Melampyrum sylvaticum, Lin. S. P. 843. Melampyrum alpestre, Pers. Syn. 151. Alpine woods and pastures ; annual; July and August. Stem not much branched, roughish ; leaves not cut ; flowers small ; lobes of the calyx broad at the bottom ; co- rolla yellow, mouth fulvous. Fam. VI. 23. OROBANCHEiE. Link. P edicularibus ajflnes , Jussieu. Rhinanlhacearum sectio , De Candolle. Calyx divided, persistent, tubular; corolla bypogynous, ringent ; stamens 4, inserted on the corolla, didynamous ; anthers 2-celled; ovary free, 1-celled, glandular at the base; style simple; stigma 2-lobed; capsule 2-valved, 1-celled; valves distinct; placentarium longitudinal, on the middle 314 72. Orobanche. 23. OROBANCHEAL PL ex . cor . of the valves ; seeds numerous, minute ; spermodermis sim- ple, fungous; perisperm fleshy; corculimi subglobose, ex- centric; cotyledons very short; radicle centrifugal.— Herb rather fleshy, mostly parasitic on the root of other plants ; root tuberous, scaly, imbricate ; stem alternately scaly, mostly simple ; flowers bracteated, spiked, terminal. 2-parted ; lobes 2-cut Orobanche. 72. Calyx 4-cut, bellshape Lathrjea. 73. I. 72. OROBANCHE. Theophrastus. Broomrape . Calyx 2-parted ; lobes 2-cut; corolla tubular, 2-lipped, 4 or 5-lobed ; stamens 4, didynamous. — Herb light-brown, simple ; Iractea 1 or 3 to each flower. a. Bractea 1 to each flower ; corolla i-lobed . 1. Orobanche major . Great broomrape . Stem quite simple ; corolla 4-cut, inflated ; lobes of the lip equal, acute; stamens below bald; stigma 2-lobed; lobes distant ; style above pubescent. Orobanche major garyophyllum olens, Raii Syn. 288*, 1. Itapum genista?, sive Orobanche, Ger . em. 1311,2; Park. 229, Orobanche major, Lin. S. P. 882. Sterile places on leguminous plants; perennial; June and July. Root rather tuberose ; stem 1 foot high, pubescent ; spike many-flowered ; flowers scentless. 2. Orobanche elatior . Tall broomrape . Stem not branched; corolla 4-cut, tubular ; lobes equal, acute i filaments downy beneath ; stigma reverse-heartshape; style bald above. Orobanche elatior, Sutton T. L. S. 4, 178. Orobanche amethystea, Thuill. Ft. Par. Margin of fields; perennial; July and August. Herb yellowish ; spike many-flowered, close ; stigma yel- low. 3. Orobanche minor. Small broomrape . Stem not branched; corolla 4- cut* tubular ; middle lobe 3-cut ; filaments fringed beneath ; style bald above. Orobanche flore minore, Dilltn in Raii Syn. 288 *, 2 ; Park. 1363. Orobanche minor, Eng. Bot. 422. Clover fields ; annual ; July and August. Herb pale purplish ; stem rather bent ; stigma purple. PL ex. cor, 23. OROBANCHEiE. 72. Orobanche. 315 b. Br actea 1 to each flower ; corolla 5-lobed. 4. Orohanclie rubra. Red broomrape . Stem not branched ; corolla tubular ; galea cloven ; lip equally 3-lobed ; fllaments fringed at bottom ; style fringed above. Orobanche rubra, Eng. Bel. 1786. Basalt rocks ; perennial ; August. Root creeping; herb purplish red; stem a foot high; spike 20-flowered ; flowers glandular, hairy ; bracteae pointed ; lobes of the caiyx undivided ; style red, sweet-scented. c. Bractece 3 to each flower j corolla 5-lobed . Gymnocaulis. 5. Orobanche cacrulea . Blue broomrape. Stem seldom branched; corolla tubular; galea 2-lobed, cut; caly x 4-cut, tubular. Orobanche flore majore, Ger. em. 1312. Nidus avis flore et caule violaceo purpureo colore, Ger. em. 228. Orobanche ramosa With. Bot. Arr. 508. Orobanche purpurascens, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 954. Orobanche purpurea, Jacq. Austr.'illQ. Orobanche lrevis, Lamarcke FI. Fr. 2,327. Orobanche casrulea, ViUar's Dauph. 2, 406. Large-flowered, broomrape. Mountainous pastures; perennial; July. Stem straight, bluish; spike few-flowered, loose; flowers bluish-violet, palate white; stamens bald; style downy; stigma yellowish. j3. ramosa. Stem branched. 6. Orobanche ramosa . Branched broomrape. Stem branched; corolla 5-cut, lobes blunt, not in the least cut; calyx short, deeply 4-cut. Orobanche ramosa, Dillen in Raii Syn. 288 *,3; Park. 1363; Ger. em. 1312; Lin. S. P. 882. Hemp-fields; annual; August and September. Stem 1 foot high ; spike many-flowered, pointed ; flowers purplish-blue, tube yellowish; stamens rather fringed; stifle rather bald ; stigma white. II. 73. LATHRiEA. Linnaeus. Toothwort. Calyx bellshape, 4-cut; corolla tubular, 2-lipped; galea 2-cut; lip 3-cut; stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers hirsute; stigma nicked ; seeds globose. — ■ Root scaly ; scales close, imbricated; stem not branched, purplish ; bractea 1 to each flower ; flowers pedicelled. 3 316 73. Lathraea. 23. OROBANCHEFE. PL ex. cor. Lathrcea simplex. Branchless toothwort. Stem not branched ; flowers peduncled. Anblatum Cordi sive aphyllon, Raii Syn. 288 *. Dentaria major MaUbioli, Ger. era. 1585, 1. Squamaria, Rivini Monop. irr. 89,5. Lathraea Squamaria, Lin. S. P. 844. Clown's lungwort. Dry woods, on hazel and elm ; perennial ; April. j Root white; scales heartshape; stem upright, 9 in. high, downy; bractece ovate, bald; calyx white; limb of the co- rolla purple; tube white. — Used as a pectoral by country people. Fam. VII. 24. LENTIBULARIAl. Richard. Utricu - lariee, Hoffinansegg and Link. Lysi- machiis qffines , Jussieu. Personata - rum sectio , De Candolle. Calyx divided, persisting ; corolla, monopetalous, hypo- gynous, irregular, spurred, 2-lipped ; stamens 2, enclosed at the tooth of the corolla ; anther simple or contracted in the middle; ovary 1-celled; style 1, very short; stigma two- lipped; seeds small ; perisperm fleshy; cotyledons sometimes only 1 ?-—Herb aquatic or marsh ; leaves radical, undivided, fleshy, or compound rootshape and bladdery; scape naked, or covered with minute scalelike or bladderlike stipules, often undivided, 1 or many-flowered ; bractea 1 to each flower, or none. Calyx 2-parted; lower lip not cut . Utricularia. 74. Calyx 5-cut, bellshape ; lower lip 2-lobed PlNGUICULA. 75. I. 74. UTRICULARIA. Linnaeus. Bladder-snout. Calyx 2-leaved ; lips equal, undivided ; corolla personate, upper lip sometimes nicked ; lower lip large, not nicked, spurred at the base ; stamens 2 ; stigma 2-lippied. — Plant herbaceous, aquatic, free; leaves rootshape, underwater, many- cut, with many bladders full of air while flowering, and of water before and after ; scape leafless ; flowers spiked or solitary, yellow. 1. Utricularia vulgaris , Common bladder snout. Stem conical ; scape few-flowered ; upper lip of the co- rolla as long as the palate, not nicked ; leaves pinnatifidlv many-cut; lobes hairlike. 2 PL ex. cor. 24. LENTIBULARIiE. 74. UtricuL 317 Lentibularia, Raii Syn. 288 *, 1. Millefolium palustre galericulatum, Ger.em. 828,5. Millefolium aquaticum tlore luteo galericuiato, Park . 1258. Utricularia vulgaris, Lin. S. P. 26. Hooded water-milfoil. Stagnant waters and bogs ; perennial ; July. Herb much branched ; scape upright; spike 3 to 8-flowered; flowers large, golden-yellow with red lines ; nectary bent, nearly as long as the lips. 2. Utricularia intermedia. Intermediate bladdersnout. Spur conical; scape 3 or 4 -flowered ; upper lip of the corolla flattened, not cut, double the length of the palate ; leaves crowded, 3-parted; lobes hairlike, forked. Utricularia intermedia, Heyne in Schrad. Journ. 18,5. Utricularia minor, FI. Hanica, 128. Irish lakes; perennial; July. More leafy, and less bladdery, than utricularia vulgaris. 3. Utricularia minor. Small bladdersnout . Spur keeled, blunt, very short; upper Up of the corolla nicked, as long as the palate ; leaves 3-parted ; lobes hair- like, forked. Lentibularia minor, Raii Syn. 286 *, 2. Utricularia minor, Lin. S. P. 26. Small hooded-milfoil. Ditches and bogs ; perennial ; July. Herb slender ; flowers small, pale. II. 75. PINGUICULA. Gesner. Butter wort. Calyx bellshape, 5-cut ; corolla 2-lipped, upper lip three- lobed ; lower lip shorter, 2-lobed, spurred at the base ; stamens 2; stigma 2-lipped. — Leaves radical, fat; scape 1 -flowered; flowers purplish. 1. Pinguicula vulgaris. Common butterwort. Spur conical, obtuse, straight, the length of the corolla ; upper lip 2-lobed; lower 3-parted; scape bald; capsule ovate. Pinguicula Gesneri, Raii Syn. 281 *, 1. Pinguicula sive sanicula Eboracensis, Ger. em. 788, 2 ; Park. 532. Pinguicula ovata, Slokes Bot. Mat. Med. 37. Yorkshire sanicls . Butter root. White root. Spongy bogs and damp heaths; perennial; May, June. - Leaves bald, slightly involute; limb of the corolla un- equal.—Warm rein-deer milk strained through the leaves. 318 75. Pinguicula. 24. LENTIBULARLE. PL ex. cor. and left for a day or two to turn sour, is coagulated without any separation of cream or curd, but not cow’s milk ; juice kills lice, and heals chaps in cows’ udders. 2. Pinguicula Lusitanica. Portuguese hutterwort. Spur conical, subulate; scape drooping, downy; leaves reticulately veined ; capsules globose. Pinguicula flore minore earneo, Raii Syn. 281. Pinguicula Lusitanica, Lin. S. P. 25. Marshes; perennial; June and July. Leaves pale green, downy, lasting all the winter; veins red ; flowers flesh-colour ; limb regular. 3. Pinguicula grandiflora. Large-flowered lutterwort. Spur awlsliape, straight, as long as the corolla ; upper lip of the corolla spreading, nicked, very large; lower lip 3-Iobed. Pinguicula grandiflora, Lamarck Encyc. Meth. 3, 21. Marshes in Ireland; perennial; May. Leaves much larger than those of pinguicula vulgaris, more veiny and yellower ; scape 9 in. high ; flowers reticu- lated with dark blue veins. Earn. VIII. 25. SCROFULA RINiE, Link. Personate e, De Candolle. S crop hular ice , Jussiem Scrophular inarum pars9 Brown. An- tirrhince , Persoon. Calyx divided, persisting; corolla irregular; limb di- vided, mostly 2-iipped; stamens 4, didynamous, inserted in the corolla; ovary free; style 1 ; stigma simple or 2-cut; capsule 2-celled, 2-valved; valves concave, more or less separated from one another, sometimes 2-parted ; dissepi- ments central, parallel with the valves, sometimes simple and free ; sometimes double, formed of the united intro- flected valves ; seeds many, on the middle of the dissepi- ments; perisperm fleshy; corcuium straight; cotyledons half-round. — Stem herbaceous; leaves opposite or alter- nate ; flowers bracteated. Cor. small, bellshape, equally 5-lobed ; stigma globose; capsule half 2-celled .... Limosella. 76. Cor. bellshape, unequally 4-lobed ; stigma simple; capsule 2-celled Digitalis. 82. Pi. ex, cor. 25. SCROFULARINAE. 76* Limosella. Sid Cor. 2-lipped ; 4 or 5-lobed ; stigma 1 ; dissepiments double Scrofularia. 77. Cor. personate, spurred ; pyxidium 2-celled; seeds wrinkled; leaves ovate Elatine. 78. Cor. personate, spurred; capsule opening by 2 rents ; seeds wrinkled ; leaves angular Cymbalaria 79. Cor . personate, spurred ; capsule opening by 2 rents ; seeds compressed ; winged ; leaves linear Antirrhinum. 80. Cor. personate, spurless ; capsule opening by 3 holes; leaves linear ....... Oronicum. 81. I. 76. LIMOSELLA. Linnseus. Mudwort . Calyx 5-cut, equal ; corolla short, bellshape, 5-cut, equal; stamens 4 with 2 very slightly shortened, or only 2 ; stigma capitate; capsule half 2-celled, 2-valved; valves not nicked; dissepiments incomplete. — Herb very small, marsh, creep-? ing; leaves bundled; petioles dilated, rather sheathing at the base; scape 1 -flowered; hractea 0. Limosella aquatica . Water mudwort . Leaves lanceolate, spathulate ; scape shorter than the leaves. Plantiginella palustris, Raii Syn. 278. Plantago aquatica minima Clusii, Park. 1244. Limosella aquatica, Lin. S. P. 881. Dried-up ponds and stagnant pools; annual; July, Aug. Root fibrous ; stolones creeping ; leaves upright, acute, not cut, bald ; scape becoming reflexed; flower flesh-colour ; calyx pointed. II. 77. SCROFULARIA. Brunsfell. FigworL Calyx 5-lobed ; corolla globose ; limb contracted ; 2-lip- ped ; upper lip 2-lobed with a scale on the middle of the inside ; lower lip short, 3-lobed ; stigma 1 ; capsule roundish, pointed; valves not cut, introflected at the bot- tom ; dissepiments double. — Stem herbaceous, angular ; leaves mostly opposite ; peduncles 2 or many-flowered ; bractece 2 at the divisions ; flowers opposite, axillary or terminal, spiked. 320 77. Scrofularia. 25. SCROFUL ARINiE. PI. ex. cor* 1 . Scrofularia nodosa. Knotty Jigwort . Keanes heart-shape, lanceolate, acute, toothed; 3-ribbed at the base; stem acute-angled; racemes terminal. Scrophularia major, Raii Syn. 283 *, 2 ; Ger. em. 716, 1. Scrophularia vulgaris, Park, 6 JO. Scrophularia nodosa, Lin. S „ P. 863. Great jigwort. Kernel wort. Brown wort. "Wood and hedges; perennial; July. Root granulated ; stem 3 feet high, upright, simple ; leaves petioled ; spikes terminal, forked ; flowers blackish blood-colour. — Its rank smell and bitter taste indicate it to have some active qualities : a decoction of the leaves is used as a wash for the scab in swine. 2. Scrofularia aquatica. Water jigwort . Leaves heartshape, blunt, serrated, petioled ; stem mem- branaceously winged ; racemes terminal. Scrophularia aquatica hiajor, Raii Syn. 283 *, 1. Betoniea aquatica, Ger. em. 715, 1. Betonica aquatica major, Park. 613. Scrophularia aquatica, Lin. S. P. 864. Water betony. Brown wort. Bishop's leaves , Yorkshire. Watery places ; perennial ; July. Root fibrous; stem 4 feet high ; racemes mostly solitary, upright; flowers blackish blood-colour. 3. Scrofularia scorodonifolia. Sage-leaf Jigwort. Leaves heartshape, doubly serrated, beneath tomentose ; racemes terminal, 3-forked, leafy. Scrophularia scorodonise folio, Raii Syn. 283 *, 3. Scrophularia scorodonia, Lin. S. P. 865. Watery places and fields; perennial ; July and August. Calyx hairy; flowers paler than those of S. aquatiea. 4. Scrofularia lutea. Yellow jigwort. Leaves heartshape, acutely and doubly serrated, downy; peduncles axillary, solitary, forked, leafy. Scrophularia flore luteo, Ger. em. 7 17, 3. Scrophularia vernalis, Lin. S. P. 864. Spring Jigwort. Watery places and hedges ; biennial ; April and May. Stem 4-angular, hairy ; leaves petioled, pointed ; peduncles as long as the leaves, manv-fiowered ; flowers crowded, yellow, bellied. PL ex. cor . 25. SCROFULARINiE. 78. Elatine. 821 III. 7S. ELATINE. Dioscorides. Fluellin. Calyx 5 -sepal ed ; sepales lanceolate, acute ; corolla per- sonate, spurred; upper lip 2-cut, reflexed; lower lip 3-cut; mouth closed; palate gibbous; stamens 4, didynamous; stigma simple ; capsule globose, 2-celled ; cells obliquely cut round ; valve circular, from the upper part of each cell; seeds oblong, wrinkled. — Stem prostrate, weak; leaves petioled, penninerved. 1. Elatine hastata. Sharp-pointed fluellin. Upper leaves hastate ; lower leaves oval, alternate ; pe- duncles bald. Linaria Elatine dicta, fnlio acuminato, Uaii Syn. 282*, 5. Elatine altera, Ger . era. 625, 2. Elatine folio acuminato, Park. 553. Antirrhinum Elatine, Lin. S. P. 851. Elatine hastata, Moench Meth. 523. Fields ; annual ; July to September. Leaves hairy; sepales lanceolate; corolla yellow, throat violet-colour, spur pale. /3. purpurea . Corolla violet. y. regularis. Corolla regular, 5-cut ; spurs 5. 2. Elatine ovata. Round-leaved fluellin. Leaves ovate, alternate, hairy; lower leaves opposite, slightly toothed ; peduncles villose. Linaria Elatine dicta, folio subrotundo, Raii Syn. 282 #, 6. Veronica fcemina Fuchsii, sive Elatine, Ger. em. 625,2. Elatine folio subrotundo. Park. 553. Antirrhinum spurium, Lin. S. P. 851. Elatine ovata, Moench Supp. 171. Female fluellin . Fields ; annual ; July to September. Branches hairy ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; flowers yellow, upper one violet. /3. regularis . Flowers regular, 5-cut. IV. 79. CYMBALARIA. Matthioli, Bastard navel-wort . Calyx 5-sepal ed ; corolla personate, spurred ; galea 2-cut, reflexed; lip 3-cut, mouth closed; palate prominent, two- lobed; stamens 4, didynamous; style 1; stigma simple; capsule valveless, 2-celled, opening by a rent at the top of each cell; seeds wrinkled, angular. — Stem prostrate, weak; leaves alternate, fleshy, palmately ribbed; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered. VOL. II. Y 322 79. Cymbal. 25. SCROFULARLE. PL ex. cor . Cymhalaria hederacea. Ivy bastard-navelwort . Leaves heartshape, 5-lobed, bald. Linaria hederaceo folio glabro, seu Cymbalaria vulgaris, Dillen in Raii Syn. 282 *,4. Cymbalaria Italica, Ger . em. 529, 6. Antirrhinum Cymbalaria, Lin. S. P. 851. Antirrhinum 5-lobum, Stokes Bot. Mat . Med. 885. Elatine Cymbalaria, Moench Meth. 522. Cymbalaria, Rivinus Mon. irreg. 186. Italian bastard-navelwort. Old walls ; perennial ; May to November. Stem rooting, bald ; leaves petioled, fleshy ; beneath pur- plish ; corolla violet, palate yellow ; spur short. V. 80. ANTIRRHINUM. Theophrastus. Toad-flax . Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla personate, spurred ; galea 2-cut, reflexed; lip 8-cut; mouth closed, palate prominent; sta- mens 4, didynamous ; style 1 ; stigma simple ; capsule ovate, valveless, 2-celled, opening by a rent at the top of each cell ; seeds compressed, edged. — Stem mostly upright ; leaves not cut; flowers generally spiked. a. Leaves alternate; spur long , pointed. 1. Antirrhinum vulgar e. Common toad-flax . Leaves lanceolate, linear, crowded ; stem upright, spiked ; calyx bald, much shorter than the spur. Linaria lutea vulgaris, Raii Syn. 281 *, 1 j Ger. em. 550. Linaria vulgaris nostras, Park. 458. Antirrhinum Linaria, Lin. S. P. 858. Linaria vulgaris, Moench Meth. 528. Osyris, Fuchsii Hist. 545. Great toad-flax. Yellow toad-flax. Batter and eggs , Fields and pastures; perennial ; June and July. Roots creeping ; stem scarcely branched ; leaves spread, bald, rather glaucous ; spike many-flowered, close ; flowers gold-yellow; palate villous, fulvous. — > Juice mixed with milk a poison to flies ; leaves in infusion diuretic and pur- gative ; in ointment useful in the piles. regulare. Corolla 5-cut, regular ; 5-spurred ; stamens 5, equal in length. Peloria, Lin. Amoen. Ac. 1,3. y. album. Corolla nearly white. bicalcaratum. Corolla irregular, 2-spurred. PL ex. cor. 25. SCROFULARIiE* 80. Antirrh. 823 b. Lower leaves in whirls; spur pointed , longer than the sepales. 2. Antirrhinum repens. Creeping toad-flax. Leaves linear, glaucous ; upper leaves crowded, alter- nate, spread ; lowest leaves in whirls ; stem panicled, nearly upright; root creeping; flowers streaked; calyx bald, as long as the capsule and spur. Linaria caerulea foliis brevioribus et angustioribus, Raii Syn. 282 *,3„ Linaria odorata Monspessulana, Raii Syn. 282*, 4. Antirrhinum repens, Lin. S. P. 854. Antirrhinum Monspessulanum, Lin. S. P. 854. Antirrhinum striatum, Lamarck Encycl. Meth. 4, 149. Linaria decumbens, Moench Meih. 523. Blue toad-flax. Chalky hills ; perennial ; July to September. Root creeping; stem decumbent at the base; leaves up- right, 4< or 5 in a whirl ; branches panicled, alternate, spiked; flowers sweet-scented; corolla greenish white; upper lip streaked with purple ; seeds angular. /3. regulare . Flowers regular, 5-cut, 5-spurred. 3. Antirrhinum arvense . Field toad-flax . Leaves linear, bald ; lower leaves in whirls of 4 ; calyx pilose, viscid; flowers racemose; spur recurved; stem up- right, branched. Antirrhinum arvense, Lin. S. P. Linaria comosa, Moench Meth. 523. Sandy corn-fields ; annual ; July and August. Leaves bald; flowers small, blue; bractece recurved, P. luteum. Flowers yellow. Settle in Yorkshire. Withering Bot. Arr. c. Lower leaves opposite; spur blunt , shorter than the sepales. 4. Antirrhinum minus. Small toad-flax. Leaves lanceolate, blunt, elliptical, alternate ; lower leaves opposite; stem very much branched, diffuse; calyx longer than the spur. Linaria Antirrhinum dicta, Raii Syn. 283*, 7. Antirrhinum minimum repens, Ger. em. 549, 5. Antirrhinum sylvestre minimum. Park. 1334. Antirrhinum minus, Lin. S. P. 852. Linaria viscida, Moench. Meth. 523. Small creeping snapdragon. Sandy corn-fields ; annual ; June to August. y 2 324? SO. Antirrh. 25. SCROFULARJJE. PL ex. cor. - Stem pubescent; leaves viscid; peduncles axillary, one- flowered, as long as the leaves ; sepales hairy, nearly as long as the corolla ; corolla violet ; lip white ; palate yellow. VI. 81. ORONTIUM. Dodonseus. Sriapdragon. Calyx 5-sepaled, 2 lower sepales distant ; ' corolla per- sonate, spurless, gibbous at the base; tube inflated; limb 2-lipped ; galea 2-cut, reflexed ; lip 3-lobed ; palate pro- minent closing the mouth ; capsule oblique at the base, opening often in 3 holes, 1 in the upper, and 2 in the lower cell ; seeds oval, convex on one side, and concave on the other, edged.— Stem erect; leaves linear; flowers rather spiked. 1 . Qrontium arvense. Field snapdragon. Leaves lanceolate, slender ; flowers rather spiked ; sepales linear, longer than the corolla ; stem and peduncle hirsute. Antirrhinum angustifolium sylvestre, Raii Syn. 283 *. Antirrhinum minus, Ger. em. 549, 4. Antirrhinum sylvestre minimum, Park. 1334. Antirrhinum Orontium, Lin. S. P. 860. Orontium arvense, Persoon Syn. 2, 159. Antirrhinum craniolaris, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 283. Antirrhinum humile, Salisb . Prod. 98. Small snapdragon. Chalky and sandy fields; annual; July and August. Stem upright, much branched, hairy ; leaves bald ; flowers nearly sessile; sepales unequal ; corolla flesh -colou r ; galea and lip rose-colour; palate yellow; capsule dotted. — Poi- sonous. 0. album. Corolla white ; galea and lip violet. 2. Orontium majus. Great snapdragon. Leaves lanceolate, spiked ; sepales ovate, obtuse, hairy ; hairs glandular. Antirrhinum purpureum sive album, Ger. em. 549, 2. Antirrhinum majus, Lin. S. P- 859. Antirrhinum grandifiorum, Stokes Bot. M. M. 384. Antirrhinum murale, Salisb. Prod. 100. Orontium m^jus, Persoon Syn. 159. Old walls; perennial; July ahd August. Stem seldom branched; leaves bald; spike terminal; flowers close; corolla very large, rose-colour; palate yellow. jS. album. 0orolla white. PL ex. cor. 25. SCROFULARIAL 82. Digitalis. 325 VII. 82. DIGITALIS. Gesner. Foxglove . Calyx 5- sepal ed ; sepales unequal ; corolla bellshape, bellied; limb oblique, 4 or 5-lobed; lobes unequal; stigma simple ; capsule ovate, pointed, 2- celled ; dissepiments double from the inflected edges of the valves ; seeds very numerous, rather prismatic. — Leaves alternate ; flowers spiked, terminal. Digitalis speciosa. Handsome foxglove. Sepales ovate, acute; lobes of the corolla blunt ; upper lobe not cut ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, wrinkled, pubescent. Digitalis purpurea, Itaii Syn. 283 * ; Ger. em. 790, 1 ; Lin , 5. P. 866. Digitalis purpurea vulgaris, Park. 653. Digitalis speciosa, Salisb. Prod . 100. Woods; perennial; June and July. Stem 4 feet high, upright, downy; leaves petioled, crenate; spike upright, many-flowered ; flowers purple and white, with blood-coloured spots and hairs. — The old authors recom- mend it as a pulmonary and epileptic medicine boiled in wine or water, without any particular caution : the leaves are now considered as one of our most valuable diuretics in dropsy, either in powder, infusion, or tincture, and as a sedative in pulmonary consumption; but it must be em- ployed with care, as it has a great effect in reducing arterial action and retarding the pulse, and this action is frequently exerted suddenly, by the accumulated effects of small doses, so that if the practitioner be not constantly on his guard, he may be surprised by the occurrence of fatal symptoms and lose his patient, even after he has relinquished the use of the medicine. Fam. IX. 26. SOLANEiE. Jussieu. Calyx 5-cut or 5-parted, persisting; corolla regular, 5- cut, deciduous : aestivation plaited ; stamens 5, at the base of the corolla, alternate with the lobes; ovary 1, free, 2 or 4-celled, many-seeded ; style 1 ; stigma blunt, rarely 2-furrowed ; pericarp 2 to 4-celled ; capsular 2-valved ; dissepiments pa- rallel and double, or berried ; placentarium central, adnate to the dissepiment ; seeds numerous, sessile ; perisperm fleshy ; corculum enclosed, curved or spiral, excentric ; ra- dicle near the hilum ; cotyledons half-round. — Herbs or shrubs ; leaves alternate ; flowers mostly extrafoliaceous, pedicelled, bracteated, or rarely spiked. 326 26. SOLANEiE. PI. ex. cor . 1. Pericarp capsular. Cor, rotate ; stamens 5 ; filaments villous ; capsule 2-valved Verbascum. 83. Cor, funnelshape ; limb unequally 5-lobed ; capsule ovate, operculated Hyoscyamus. 84. Cor, funnelshape; limb regularly 5-lobed; capsule 2-valved ; stigma nicked Nicotian a. 85. Cor, funnelshape, 5-angular, 5-pointed ; capsule 4-valved; stigma 2 -lamellar . . Stramonium. 86. 2. Pericarp berried. Cal, and cor, campanulate ; stam. 5, fili- form; berry globose, on the calyx AtrOpa. 87. Cal, 5-sepaled ; cor. rotate, nectariferous at the base ; anthers opening at top by 2 pores Dulcamara. 88. Cal. 5-sepaled ; cor. rotate, naked at the base ; anthers opening at top by 2 pores . .. Solanum. 89. Cal. 5-sepaled ; cor. rotate ; anthers open- ing longitudinally ; seeds villous Lycopersicon. 90. I. 83. VERBASCUM. Pliny. Mullein. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla rotate ; limb 5-lobed, unequal ; stamens 5, mostly unequal ; filaments villous at the base ; capsule 2-valved, 2- celled ; dissepiments double, from the inflected edge of the valves; seeds many; spermodermis double; outer leathery; corculum straight; cotyledons ob- long, rather leaflike ; radicle central. 1 . Flowers glomerate. 1. Verbascum decurrens. Decurrent mullein . Leaves decurrent, tomentose on both sides ; stem simple. Verbascum mas latifolium luteum, Raii Syn. 287, 1. Tapsus barbatus, Ger. era. 773, 1. Verbascum album vulgare, siveTbapsus barbatus communis, Park. 6C. Verbascum Thapsus, Lin. S . P. 252. Verbascum decurrens, Stokes Bot. M. M. 378. Great mullein. High taper. Cow’s lungivort. Hares' beard. Chalky and sandy banks; biennial; July and August. Root fusiform; stem 35 feet high, tomentose; leaves not cut, hairy, white, very much branched, entangled; spike terminal, many-shaped ; flowers sessile, yellow or white. — Externally used it is emollient; given also to cows that are consumptive ; a decoction, 2 oz. to the quart, given daily, PL ex. cor . 26. SOLANEiE. 83. Verbascum. 327 is useful in diarrhoea, or as a clyster in tenesmus ; the down of the leaves is also used for tinder ; the whole herb flung into ponds is said to intoxicate the fish so that they may be taken by the hand. £. thapso-nigrum . Leaves ovate ; lower leaves petioled ; middle sessile; upper decurrent; stem branched ; flowers in bunches, sessile. A mule-plant of v. decurrens impregnated by v. nigrum, Poison. y. mgra-lychnitis. Leaves woolly ; radical leaves petioled ; stem leaves sessile ; flowering branches numerous, axillary ; flowers in bunches. Near Yarmouth, probably a mule-plant, Turner . 2. Verbascum thapsoides. Thapsus-like mullein . Leaves decurrent ; stem branched. Verbascum thapsoides, Huds. FI. Angl. 90. Verbascum Thapsi, Lin, S. P. 1669. Verbascum Lychnitis /6, Smith Ft, Brit. 250. Bastard mullein. Chalky and sandy meadows, Kent, Hudson . 3. Verbascum lychnites. Candlewick mullein . Leaves wedgeshape, oblong, naked on the upper surface; stem angular, panicled; beards of the filaments yellowish. Verbascum flore albo parvo, Rail Syn. 287, 3. Verbascum lychnite Mattbioli, Ger. em. 775, 3. Verbascum mas, foliis longioribus, Park. 60. Verbascum lychnites, Lin. S. P.252. Waysides in chalky soils; perennial; July and August. Stem 3 feet high, woolly ; leaves very woolly beneath, re- ticulately veined above; stem leaves sessile ; flowers pedi- celled, in bunches, milk-white. 4. Verbascum pulverulentum Hoary mullein. Leaves ovate, oblong, slightly serrated, powdery on both sides, tomentose ; stem round, panicled ; beard of the fila- ments yellow; anthers bright red. Verbascum pulverulentum flore luteo parvo, Raii Syn. 287,2. Verbascum Lychnitis j8, Huds. FI. Angl. 90. Verbascum pulverulentum, Salisb. Prod. 104. Yellow hoary mullein. Norfolk mullein. Waysides and hedges in chalky soils; biennial; July. Herb mealy, downy ; stem 4 feet high ; leaves all sessile, obsoletely serrated ; flowers golden yellow ; beard of the stamens whitish yellow. 328 83. Verbascum. 26. SOLANEJE. PI. ex. cor. 5. Verbascum mixium . Mixed mullein . Leaves oblong, acute, slightly crenate, sessile, mealy tomentose ; lower leaves petioled ; branches panicled, vil- lous ; beards of the filaments violet. Verbascum nigro-pulverulentum /3, Smith FI. Br. 251. Verbascum mixtum, Be Candolle FI. Fr. 2674. 6. Verbascum nigrum. Black mullein. Leaves oblong, heartshape, petioled, crenate rather downy ; beards of the filaments purplish. Verbascum nigrum flore parvo, apicibus purpureis, Raii Syn. 288,4. Verbascum nigrum, Ger. em. 775, 2 ; Lin. S. P. 253. Verbascum nigrum vulgare, Park. 61. Waysides; perennial; July and August. Stem upright, angular, purplish, slightly branched ; leaves dark green ; spike very loose ; flowers in bunches, pedi- celled, golden yellow' ; anthers yellowish red. 7. Verbascum virgatum. Rodlike mullein. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, toothed, sessile ; radical leaves rather lyrate, downy ; stem branchy ; flowers aggregate, sessile. Blattaria flore amplo, Ger.em. 778. Verbascum Gallicum, Willd. Sp. PI. 1005. Verbascum virgatum, Stokes in With. B. Arr.3 19. Verbascum Chaexii, Villars Belph. 491. Waysides and fields; biennial; August. Stem 6 feet high, branched at bottom, round ; branches simple, virgate ; radical leaves wrinkled, pinnatifid at bot- tom, above shining, beneath venose ; flowers yellow, very large, tube purplish. b. Flowers solitary. 8. Verbascum luridum. Dark mullein. Leaves amplexicaul, crenate, oblong, bald, serrate; ra- dical leaves nearly lyrate, sinuate; peduncles 1 -flowered, solitary ; stem branched, angular ; beards of the filaments purple. Blattaria lutea, Raii Syn. 288, 1. Blattaria Plinii, Ger. em. 776. Blattaria flore luteo, Park. 64. Verbascum Blattaria, Lin. S. P. 254. Verbascum luridum, Salisb. Prodr. Moth mullein. Sandy places; annual; July. Root fusiform ; stem 4 feet high ; spikes terminal, many- flowered ; flowers golden yellow with purple lines. PI. ex, cor, 26. SOLAN EJE. 84?. Hyoscyamus. 329 II. 84. HYOSCYAMUS. Dioscorides. Henbane. Calyx tubular, 5-cut ; corolla funnelshape ; limb obliquely spreading, unequally 5-lobed ; stamens 5 ; stigma capitate ; capsule ovate, compressed, dehiscent, circumscissile ; seeds ascending; corculum homotropous. — Herbaceous; bractece mostly double ; flowers solitary, axillary, mostly facing one way. 1. Hyoscyamus niger. Black henbane. Leaves amplexicaul, sinuate ; flowers nearly sessile. Hyoscyamus vulgaris, Raii Syn. 274, 1. Hyoscyamus niger, Ger. em. 353, 1 ; Lin . 3. P. 257. Hyoscyamus niger vel vulgaris, Park. 362. Hyoscyamus lethalis, Salisb . Prod. 131. Common henbane . Ruins and waysides; annual; July. Root fusiform; herb viscous, foetid, woolly, clammy; stem-leaves alternate; flowers upright; calyx reticulateiy veined ; tube of the corolla white, purple in the middle ; limb pale yellow veined with purple ; anthers and style deep purple. — Roots, leaves, and seeds, reputed poisonous; but the seeds may be eaten with impunity; the inspissated juice is added to opium to prevent costiveness ; the smoke removes toothach. 2. Hyoscyamus albus. White henbane. Stem-leaves petioled, heartshape, pointed, sinuate; brac- tece not cut ; flowers nearly sessile ; corolla bellied. Hyoscyamus albus, Ger. em. 353, 2 ; Lin. S. P. 257. Hyoscyamus luridus, Salisb. Prod. 132. Rubbish by the sea-side ; annual ; July. Leaves downy, paler than those of hyoscyamus niger. — Effects similar but milder than those of the black. III. 85. NICOTIANA. Lonicerus. Tobacco. Calyx 5-parted ; lobes equal ; corolla funnelshape ; limb 5-plaited ; stamens 5, equal, villous at bottom ; stigma ca- pitate, nicked ; capsule ovate, conical ; apex cut. 1. Nicotiana rustica. Country tobacco. Leaves petioled, ovate, not in the least cut ; lobes of the corolla blunt. Hyoscyamus luteus, Ger. em. 356. Nicotiana rustica, Lin. S. P. 258. Yellow henbane. English tobacco. Dunghills, naturalized from America; annual; July. 7 sso 85. Nicotiana. 26. SOLANEiE. PI. ex. cor . Leaves may be smoked for the same purposes as Ame- rican tobacco. IY. 86. STRAMONIUM. Lobel. Thorn-apple . Calyx large, tubular, bellied, 5-angular; apex 5-cut, falling off ; base orbicular, peltate, persistent ; corolla very large, funnelshape; tube long; limb 5-angular, 5-plaited, 5-pointed ; stamens 5 ; stigma 2-lamellar ; capsule rough or smooth, half ovate, 4-celled; valves 2 or 4 ; dissepiments prominent. Stramonium fee tidum. Stinking thorn-apple . Capsules ovate, thorny, upright ; leaves ovate, sinuate, •bald, narrowed at bottom into a petiole. Solanum porno spinoso oblongo, flore calathoide, stramonium vulgo dictum, Rail Syn. 266, 1. Stramonium spinosum, Ger. em. 348, 2 ; Lamarck FI. Gall. Stramonium majus album, Park. 360. Datura Stramonium, Lin. S. P. 255. Stramonium feet id uni, Scop. Cam. 252. Stramonium vulgatum, Gcertn. Fr. et Sem. 2, 243, Datura lurida, Salisb. Prod . 131. Dunghills, waysides, naturalized from America; annual; July. Herb lurid, narcotic ; stem forked, spreading, 3-feet high; ■leaves from the fork ; flowers axillary, white.— -Leaves given internally bring on delirium, itching, eruptions and inflam- mation of the skin ; these effects are counteracted by acetous or citric acid ; the expressed juice of the leaves inspissated, used in doses of 2 to 16 grs. a day, is useful in convulsive and epileptic diseases : ointment made from them is ano- dyne : the seeds used internally produce the same effects as the leaves; the root and lower part of the stem smoked as tobacco is antispasmodic. V. 87. ATROPA. Linneeus. Dwale . Calyx bellshape, 5-cut; corolla bellshape, double the length of the calyx; stamens 5, equal ; filaments thread- shape, downy at bottom ; anthers oval ; stigma capitate ; berry globose, sitting on the calyx. — Stem caulescent; leaves mostly in pairs; flowers extra-axillary, solitary, or rather crowded. Atropa let halts . Deadly dwale . Stem herbaceous; leaves ovate, edge not cut. PL ex „ cor. 26. SOLANtLE. 87. Atropa. 331 Belladonna, Raii Syn. 265, 1. Solanum lethale, Ger. em. 340 ; Park. 346. Atropa Belladonna, Lin. S. P. 360. Atropa lethalis, Salisb. Prod. 132. Belladonna trichotoma, Moench. Meth. 179. Chalky ruins; perennial; July. Rhizoma creeping, fleshy; stem erect, 2-forked, downy; leaves lateral, in pairs, dark green ; flowers lateral, solitary, peduncled, drooping, dark-violet ; calyx viscous ; anthers white;; berry blackish, shining. — Leaves externally applied with advantage to tumours of the breasts, even if cancerous; applied to the eye it causes a dilatation of the pupil, and affects it for some time, so that it will not contract even in the strongest light. A poultice of the roots boiled in milk cures hard, ill-conditioned tumours and ulcers. Juice of the ripe berries is poisonous, and has frequently been fatal to children ; it also stains paper of a durable purple. VI. 88. DULCAMARA. Dodonseus. Bitter-sweet. Calyx 5-parted; corolla rotate, 5-parted; lobes equal, reflected, with 2 green spots at the base of each ; stamens 5 ; anthers oblong, soldered together; opening at the tip with 2 pores ; stigma simple ; berry ovate, shining, 2-celled, many-seeded; seeds smooths — Stem shrubby; leaves lobed or sinuate; flowers corymbose, opposite to the leaves. Dulcamara flexuosa. Bending bitter-sweet. Stem flexuous; leaves bald, ovate, heartshape; upper leaves lobed, eared. Solanum lignosum, sen Dulcamara, Raii Syn. 265, 1 $ Park. 350, Amara dulcis, Ger. em. 350. Solanum Dulcamara, Lin. S. P. 264. Dulcamara flexuosa, Moench. Meth. 514. Woody nightshade. Bitter-sweet. Damp hedges; shrubby; June and July. Root woody; stem branched; leaves petioled, alternate, not cut, bald; corymbus opposite or terminal, drooping; flowers violet, flesh-colour, or rarely white. — Root smells like potatoes: twigs in infusion highly esteemed as a resto- rative and alterative, far superior to China or sarsaparilla. Two drms. of the sliced dry twigs infused in a pint of hot water for half an hour, then boiled for 15 min. dose two cupfulls, morn and even. Useful in acute rheumatism, in- flammatory diseases, fevers, suppression of the lochise, asthma, scurvy, and lues venerea. 332 88. Dulcamara. 26. SOLANEiE. Pl.ex.lor> &. hirsuta. Leaves rough with hairs. Solatium lignosum, seu dulcamara marina, Raii $yn. 265, 2. Sea-coasts, Ray, Hudson. VII. 89. SOLANUM. Pliny. Nightshade . Calyx 5-parted ; corolla rotate, 5-lobes ; lobes naked at bottom ; anthers 5, oblong, opening at their tip by 2 pores; stigma blunt; berry smooth, fleshy, 2-celled, many-seeded; seeds smooth; corculum spiral. — Stem shrubby or herba- ceous ; leaves simple, sometimes pinnate with an odd one, in many doubly ; peduncles solitary or many ; one or many'* flowered ; extra-axillary, or scattered or terminal. a. Stem herbaceous , not armed; leaves sinuate or lobed ; racemes forked , rather umbelled or panicled, drooping , extra - foliaceous ; peduncles short ; flowers small , white , or light violet ; berry small, globular. Maurella. 1. Solanum nigrum. Black nightshade. Stem angular ; leaves ovate, toothed, angular, bald ; berries black. Solanum vulgare, Raii Syn. 265, 4 ; Park. S46. Solanum hortense, Ger. em. 339, 1. Solanum nigrum, Lin. S. P. 266. Solanum humile, Salisb. Prod. 134. Garden nightshade. M or ell. Petty m or ell. Dunghills and gardens; annual ; June to September. Root much branched; stem spreading; leaves petioled; flowers smell like musk. — Leaves applied externally abate inflammation ; internally, 1 or 2 grs. infused in boil- ing water, and taken at bedtime, occasions a copious per- spiration, are diuretic, and generally purge the next day. 2. Solanum villosum. Villous nightshade. Stem round, villous at top ; leaves ovate, angulate, rather villous ; berries yellow. Solatium nigrum /3, Huds. FI. Atigl. 93. Solanum villosum, Re Cand. FI. Fr. Dunghills and cultivated grounds ; annual ; July. b. Leaves pinnately cut with an odd lobe ; lobes not cut ; racemes corymbose, terminal . 3. Solanum tuberosum. Tuberous nightshade . Root bearing tubers ; stem herbaceous, not armed ; seg- ments of the leaves unequal, alternate ; pedicells jointed ; corolla 5 -angular. PL ex. cor. 26. SOLANEiE. 89- Solarium. 333 Solanum tuberosum esculentum, Rail Syn. 265, 3. Battata Virginiana, sive Virginianorum, et Pappus, Ger. em. 927. Pappas, seu Battatas Yirginianorum, Park. Par. 517,3. Solanum tuberosum, Lin. S. P. 285. Lyeopersicon tuberosum, Miller Diet. Battatas. Virginia potatoes. Potatoes. Cultivated, naturalized from Peru; peren.; June, July. Root tuberous, abounding in starch, nutritive, yielding far more food on an acre than any other plant, hence the cultivation of it spreads rapidly over the globe ; tulers nearly cylindrical ; skin white ; leaves dark green ; corolla white. @. rulrum . Tulers large, nearly cylindrical ; skin red ; leaves dark green ; corolla reddish, variegated. y. album. Tubers oblong; skin red; leaves dark green ; corolla whitish. & variegatum . Tubers roundish ; skin yellowish ; leaves crisp ; corolla variegated. s. violaceum. Tubers first round, growing rather cylin- drical ; skin mottled with yellow and red ; corolla violet. VIII. 90. LYCOPERSICON. Anguillara. Love-apple. Calyx 5 to 20-parted ; corolla 5 to 20-cut ; anthers poly- adelphious, conical, tip lengthened by a membrane opening lengthways ; style broad, nearly simple ; stigmata many ; ovary many-celled; berry bunched, broad, fleshy; seeds vilious. — Leaves pinnately-cut with an odd lobe; pedicell jointed under the flower ; corolla yellow. Lyeopersicon esculentum. Eatable love-apple. Stem hairy, hairs diverging; leaves irregularly pinnately- cut ; segments incised, beneath glaucous. Poma amoris, Ger. em. 346. Pomum amoris majus, Park. 353. Solanum Lyeopersicon, Lin. S. P. 185. Lyeopersicon Pomum amoris, Moench. Moeth. 515. Gold apples. Tomatoes. Dunghills, and cultivated as a potherb ; annual; June. Panicles internodial; fruit shining. — Fruit boiled in soups ; pulp of the fruit boiled with salt and spices used as a sauce. 27. GENTIANS. PL ex. cor. 334 Fam. X. 27. GENTIANS. Calyx 1 -leafed, 5 rarely 8-cut, persistent; corolla mono- petalous, hypogynous, regular, withering or falling off; limbs lobed; lobes equal to the lobes of the calyx; aestivation imbricate ; stamens as many as the lobes, alternating with them; ovary 1, free, 1 or 2-celled, many-seeded; style 1, rarely 2 ; stigma simple or 2-lobed ; capsule many-seeded, 1 or 2-celled, 2-valved ; valves with inflected edges, which, in the 2-celled, form the dissepiments ; seeds small, on the edge of the valves ; corculum straight, in the centre of the fleshy perisperm ; radicle near the umbilicus. — Stipules 0 \ flowers terminal or axillary. Corolla rotate ; lobes fringed ; base bearded ; seeds margined, fringed Limnanthe. 98. Corolla rotate ; lobes bald ; base 2-glandular ; seeds margined, not cut Swertia. 97. Cor. rotate, 8-cut; lobes bald; base naked ; seeds ovate Chlora. 96. Cor. funnelshape; tube long; stigma 2-cut ; anthers becoming spirally twisted . . Erythjea. 94. Cor. funnelshape ; lobes hairy ; stigma capitate; leaves ternate Menyanthes. 99. Cor. funnelshape; mouth naked; lobes not fringed, eared ; anthers distinct Ericala. 92. Cor. hypocrateriform ; mouth bearded : • lobes 4 or 5, not fringed; anthers distinct Erythalia. 93. Cor. hypocrateriform ; tube bellied ; lobes 4; anthers straight; stigma capitate Franouevillia. 95. Cor. bellshape; mouth naked; lobes not fringed; anthers connate ...... Pneumonanthe. 91. A. Gentians verje. Leaves opposite, mostly sessile; edge not cut; capsule 1 -celled; herb very bitter. I. 91. PNEUMONANTHE. Val. Cordus. Lungflower. Calyx rather 5-sided, 5-toothed; corolla bellshape, 5-cut; mouth naked ; teeth 5, alternating with the lobes ; edge not cut ; stamens 5 ; anthers grown together into a tube ; stig- mata 2, sessile; capsule oblong, 1 -celled, 2-valved, opening at the tip ; seed round, not margined.— Root perennial ; Jlowers blue, plaited. PL ex. cor. 27. GENTIANiE. 91. Pneumonanthe. 335 1 . Pneumonanthe vulgaris . Common lung flower. Leaves linear, blunt ; flowers axillary and terminal, pe- duncled. Gentiana palustris angustifolia, Raii Syn. 274, 1. Pneumonanthe, Ger. em. 438. Gentianella autumnalis, pneumonanthe dicta, Park. 406. Gentiana Pneumonanthe, Lin. S. P. 330. Gentiana linifolia, Salisb. Prod. 137, Gentiana linearifolia, Lamarck FI. Fr . 2,298. Ciminalis Pneumonanthe, Brockh. in Rcemer. Arch. 1, 26. Pneumonanthe vulgaris, Schmidt in Roem. Arch. 1,17. Calathian violet. Autumn bellflower. Harvest bells. Turfy heaths ; perennial ; August and September. Root flagelliform ; stem upright, simple, 4-angled ; flowers deep blue, plaits of the corolla green, 2. Pneumonanthe grandiflora. Large lungflower. Stem 1-flowered, scarcely as long as the flower; plaits of the corolla spotted on the inside ; spots ovate ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, 3-ribbed. Gentiauella verna major, Ger. em.436, 1. Gentianella Alpina verna major, Park. 403. Gentiana acaulis, Lin. S. P. 330. GentiaiA grandiflora, Lamarck. Fl. Fr. 2,333, Pneumonanthe acaulis, Schmidt in Rcem. Arch. I, 17. Ciminalis acaulis, Brockh. in Roem. Arch. 1,26. Ciminalis longiflora, Moench. Meth. 514. Mountains of South Wales; perennial; May. Flowers very large, blue. II. 92. ERICALA. Renealm. Rastard-felwort. Calyx tubular, 3 to 5-angular, toothed ; corolla funnel- shape or hypocrateriform ; limb 5-iobed, lobes with a tooth on each side ; edge not cut or crenate : mouth naked ; sta- mens 5; anthers free; stigmata 2-lobed, fringed, sessile; capsule fusiform, 1 -celled, 2-valved, opening at the top; seeds ovate. — Root perennial; stems many, mostly simple; flowers terminal and axillary, blue. 1. Ericala verna . Spring lastard-felwort . Stems many, simple, 1-flowered; leaves ovate, acute; radical leaves crowded, large; corolla hypocrateriform, longer than the stem, 5-cut. Gentiana alpina verna, Ger. em. 436, 2. Gentiana verna, Lin. S. P. 331. Gentiana Bavarica, Jacq. Obs. 3, 19. Ericala verna, Brockh. in Roem. Arch. 1, 26. Hippion vcrnale, Schmidt in Rcem. Arch. 1, 17% Gentianella serrata a, Lamarck Fl. Fr. 2, 294, Spring alpine felwort, 2 336 92. Ericala. 27. GENTIANS. PL ex. cor. Barren mountains ; perennial ; April. Root creeping; stem short, branched at bottom, 4 -angular above ; flowers terminal ; corolla deep blue, tube whitish green ; lobes crenate. 2. Ericala Bavarica. Bavarian bastardflelwort . Stems many, simple, 1-flowered; leaves ovate, blunt; radical leaves crowded, imbricate, smaller than the others. Gentiana Bavarica, Lin. S. P. 331. Hippion Bavaricmn, Schmidt in Roem. Arch. 1, 17. Ericala Bavarica, Brockh. in Rcem. Arch. 1,26. Barren mountains ; perennial ; April. 3. Ericala nivalis. Snow bastard-felwort . Stem branched; branches alternate, 1-flowered; stem leaves lanceolate; corolla funnelshape, 5-cut. Gentianella fugax minor, Ger. em. 437, 3. Gentiana nivalis, Lin. S. P . 332. Hippion nivale, Schmidt in Rcem. Arch. 1, 17. Ericala nivalis, Brockh. in Rcem. Arch. 1, 26. Small alpine gentian. Dwarf felwort. Scotch alps ; annual ; August. Root fibrous; stem and branches upright; radical leaves pointed; flowers deep blue, tube greenish. Calyx bellshape, 4 or 5-cut; corolla hypocrateriform, 4 or 5-lobed, edge not cut, with a many-cut scale or para- phyllum at the base of each lobe; stamens 4 or 5, distinct; styles 2; stigmata clubshape; capsule 1 -celled; seeds ovate, not margined. — Root annual ; leaves and lobes of the calyx minutely cartilaginously serrated at the edge ; flowers fascicled, rather umbelled. Calyx 4 or 5-lobed : lobes equal ; leave late. Gentianella fugax autumnalis elatior, centaurii minor foliis, Rail Syn. 275,1. Gentiana Amarella, Lin. S. P. 334. Gentiana Germanica, Willd. Sp. P. Gentiana campestris, Allioni Pedem. Gentiana Atnarella a, Lamark FI. Fr. 292. Gentiana pulchella, Salisb. Prod. 137, Erythalia Amarella, Brockh. in Rcem. Arch. 1,26. Hippion Amarellis, Schmidt in Roem. Arch. 1, 17. Chalky pastures ; annual; August. III. 93. ERYTHALIA. Renealm. Erythalia. 1. Erythalia pulchella. PL ex. cor. 27. GENTIANS. 93. Erythalia. 337 Root fusiform, twisted; stem upright, branchy above; leaves ovate, 3 -ribbed ; peduncles 1 or 2-flowered ; tule of the corolla white, limb purple* jS. quadrifida. Corolla 4-cut. Gentiana campestris, Walcot, Brit. Flor . y. prcecox. Flowering in April or May. Geutiana fugax verna, seu praecox, Raii Syn. 275, 3. £ multiplicata. Flowers double ; lobes inflected. 2. Erythalia campestris . Field erythalia « Calyx 4-lobed ; 2 outer lobes larger, ovate, spearshape, overlapping the other 2; edge of the lobes of the calyx and of the leaves cartilaginous and minutely serrated. Gentiana pratensis, flore lanuginoso, Raii Syn. 275, 1. Gentiana campestris, Lin. S. P. 334. Gentiana Amarella jS, Lamark FI. Fr. Gentiana Amarella, Allioni Pedem. 353. Erythalia campestris, Brockh. in Roem. Arch. 1,26. Hippion campestre, Schmidt in Roem. Arch. 1, 17. Gentianella tetandra, Moench Meth. 482. Chalky pastures and hills by the sea; ann. ; September. Stem 9 in. high, rather branchy; calyx appearing as if enclosed in 2 bractese. IV. 94. ERYTHRiE A. Renealm. Centory a Calyx 5-sided, 5-cut; corolla funnelshape; tube cylin- drical ; mouth denticulated ; limb 5-cut ; stamens 5, equal, exserted, declined ; anthers distinct, after the anthesis spi- rally twisted ; style 1 ; stigma capitate, 2-parted ; capsule linear, 1 -celled. — Flowers rose-coloured, in bundles, ter- minal or axillary. 1. Erythrcea vulgaris . Common centory. Stem long, forked; leaves ovate, oblong; radical leaves crowded ; flowers sessile, panicled, girt at the base with J or 2 scales ; calyx shorter than the tube. Centaurium minus, Raii Syn. 287, 1. Centaur ium parvum, Ger. cm. 547, 1. Centaurium minus vulgare, Park. 272. Gentiana Centaurium, Lin. S. P. 332. Chtronia Centaurium, Curtis FI. Lond . Centaurium vulgare, Rajinesque. Chironia pulchella, Salisb. Prodr. 334. Erythrasa Centaurium, Pers . Syn. 1,283. Little centory. Small centory. Small purple centory. Dry pastures ; annual ; July and August VOL. n. 7, 338 94?. Erythraea. 27. GENTIANS. PL ex. cor. Root branched; stem 12 in. high, 4-angular, branched at bottom ; leaves 3-ribbed, smooth. 0. quadrifida. Corolla 4-cut. y. alba. Corolla white. 2. Erythrcea littoralis. Shore centory. Stem simple, stiff; leaves linear, obovate; lobes of the calyx subulate; flowers sessile, corymbose, capitate. Chironia littoralis, Eng. Bot. 33,2305. Erythra;a conferta, Persoon Syn. 1,283? Northern sea-shores ; annual ; June. Stem 3 in. high ; style scarcely declined. 3. Erythrcea pulchella. Pretty centory , Stem short, much branched; leaves ovate; lobes of the calyx awlshape, little shorter than the tube of the corolla ; flowers erect, pedicelled. Gentiana Centaurium /3, Lin. S. P. 333. Chironia pulchella, Swart. Act. Hoi. 1783, 85. Erythraea ramosissima, Pers. Syn. 283. Sandy sea-shores ; annual ; August and September. Stem 2 in. high, forked ; leaves 3 or 5-ribbed. V. 95. FRANQUEVILLIA. R. A. Salisbury. MSS. Gentianella. Calyx cupshape, rather angular, 4-cut; corolla hypocra- teriform ; tube ovate ; limb 4-cut, regular ; stamens 4, short, upright ; anthers straight, distinct, slightly exserted ; style 1 ; stigma capitate; capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, open at top; seeds angular, dotted. — Flowers upright, terminal, loosely panicled or solitary, yellow, persisting ; peduncles long. Franquevillia minima. Least gentianella. Stem rather forked ; radical leaves roundish ; stem leaves awlshape, connected at the base. Centaurium palustre luteurn minimum nostras, Rail Syn . 286,2. Gentiana filiformis, Lin. S. P.335. Exacum iili forme, Engl. Bot. 235. Hippion filiforme, Schmidt in Raemer Arch. Bogs; annual; July. Roots fibrous; stem forked or simple, roundish, 2 in. high; peduncles 4-sided, 1 -flowered. PL ex. cor. 27. GENTIANS. 96. Chlora. 339 VI. 96. CHLORA. Renealm. Yellow-wort , Calyx 8 or 1 0-sepaled ; sepales lanceolate ; corolla hypo- crateriform; tube short; limb 6 or 10-parted; stamens 6 to 10 ; filaments short, inserted in the mouth of the co- rolla; anthers upright, exserted ; styles 1, short, 2-cut; stigmata 2, 2-cut; capsule oblong, 1-celled, many-seeded; seeds ovate. — Stem forked at top ; leaves connate at the base; flowers solitary, from the forks of the stem. Chlora perfoliata. Thoroughleafed yellow-wort. Herb glaucous ; radical leaves ovate, stellate ; stem leaves 3-angular, acute, connate. Centaurium luteum perfoliatum, Raii Syn. 287, 4. Centaurium luteum Lobelii, Ger. em. 547,2. Centaurium minus luteum et perfoliatum non ramosum, Park. 271. Gentiana perfoliata, Lin. S. P. 335. Chlora perfoliata, Lin. Mant. Blackstonia perfoliata, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 1, 146. Chironia perfoliata, Salisb. Prod. 137. Yellow cent or y. Chalk hills ; annual ; July and August. Root tortuous ; stem 1 foot high. VII. 97. SWERTIA. Linnaeus. Fellwort. Calyx 4 or 5 sepaled ; corolla rotate ; tube very short, not spurred ; limb 5-parted ; lobes lanceolate ; glands 2, fringed, at the base of each lobe ; stamens 4 or 5, shorter than the corolla; anthers versatile; style very short, 2-parted; stigmata 2; capsule ovate, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded; seeds margined, wing not cut. — Flowers blue, axillary and terminal; peduncles often 1 -flowered. Swertia perennis. Perennial fellwort. Stem simple; radical leaves lengthened into a petiole; peduncles 4-sided, opposite ; corolla 5-cut. Gentiana Pennei minor, Ger. em. 433,5. Swertia perennis, Lin. S. P.328. Spotted gentian. Marsh gentian. Alpine bogs; perennial; August. Root white ; stem a foot high ; flowers upright, purplish, spotted with black. 34:0 98. Limnanthes. 27. GENTIANJE. PL ex. cor. B. Menvanthf;e. Leaves alternate, mostly toothed, or ternate; aestivation inflected. VIII. 98. LIMNANTHES. Stokes. Water-rose. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla rotate, limb spreading, 5-parted ; edge of the lobes ciliated, base bearded; stamens 5 ; style short; stigma 2-lobed, lobes crenate; glands 5, hypogy- nous, alternating with the stamens; capsule compressed, 1 -celled, valveless, suture seedbearing, in 2 rows; seeds compressed, edge winged ; wings fringed.— Her b floating ; leaves alternate, peltate, rough underneath ; petiole dilated at the base, rather sheathing; flowers yellow, axillary, in bundles; peduncles 1 -flowered. Limnantiies peltata . Shield-leaf water-rose. Leaves heartshape orbicular ; edge not cut. Nymphaea lutea minor, flore fimbriato, Rail Syn. 368,2, Nymphraa lutea minima, Ger. em. 820, 5. Nymphasa lutea minor, Park. 1252. Menyanthes nymphoides, Lin. S. P. 207. Limnanthemum peltatum, Gmel.Act. Petr. 1769,527. Waldschmidia nymphoides, Wigg. Fl.Holsat. 20. Villarsia nymphoides, Ventenat. Menyanthes natans, Lamarck FI. Fr. 203. Menyanthes nymphaeoides, Engl. Bot. 217. Limnanthes nymphoides, Stokes Bot. Med. Mat. 300. Fringed buckbean. Less yellow water-lily. Dwarf water-lily. Ditches and slow streams; perennial; July and August Stem very long; leaves dark green, sometimes spotted. IX. 99. MENYANTHES. Dioscorides. Buckbean. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla funnel-shape ; inside densely villous ; limb spreading, bent back, 5-lobed ; edge not cut ; stamens 5: style 1, exserted; stigma capitate, 2 cut; cap- sule 1 -celled, 2-valved ; seeds ovate, compressed, shining. — Leaves ternate, petioled; base of the petiole dilated, rather sheathing; scape many-flowered; flowers spiked; bractea I at the base of each peduncle. Menyanthes palustris . Marsh buckbean. Menyanthes palustre, triphyllum latifolium et angustifolium, Raii Syn. 285, l. Trifolium paludosum, Ger. em.1194; Park. 1212. Menyanthes trifoliata, Lin. S. P. 208. Marsh clover. Marsh trefoil. Watery places and spongy bogs; perennial ; June, July. 2 Pl.ex.c6r. 27. GENTIANS. 99. Menyanthes. 341 Roof black; stem ascending, branched at bottom ; leaf- lets toothed, repand ; flowers peduncled, flesh-colour. — • Leaves extremely bitter, used instead of hops, and to de- stroy worms, as also in rheumatism and dropsy ; they are also smoked. Fam. XI. 28. POLEMONIACEiE. Ventenat Polemonii9 Jussieu. Polemomdece , Persoon. Personatce , Adanson. Calyx 1 -leafed, divided, persisting; corolla 1 -petal ed, hypogynous, regularly 5-lobed ; stamens 5, inserted in the middle of the tube of the corolla, alternating with the lobes ; ovary 1, free, 3-celled, many-seeded, girt at the base with an annular gland ; style simple ; stigmata 4 ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved; dehiscence loculicidal; spermophore axile, 3-sided, angles opposed to the middle of the valves ; seeds many, peritropal ; spermodermis membranaceous ; perisperm fleshy; corculum straight, transverse; radicle below; coty- ledons elliptical, leaflike. — Stem herbaceous ; leaves opposite or alternate ; flowers terminal or axillary. I. 100. POLEMONIUM. Dioscorides. Jacob's ladder. Calyx pitchershape, 5-cut ; corolla bellshape, rotate ; tube short; limb 5-lobed; stamens 5; filaments dilated, villous at bottom ; anthers oval, incumbent ; capsule 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded: seeds angular.— -Herb erect; leaves alter- nate, pinnate with an odd leaflet ; flowers subcorymbose, terminal. Polemonium vulgare. Common Jacob's ladder . Flowers upright ; calyx longer than the tube of the co- rolla ; root fibrous. Polemonium vulgare caeruleum et album, Raii Syn. 288, 1. Valeriana Graeca, Ger.em. 1076; Park. 122. Polemonium caeruleum, Lin. S. P. 280. Polemonium elatum, Salisb. Prod. 125. Greek valerian. Ladder to heaven. Setwalt. Limestone rocks ; perennial ; June. Stem pubescent, angular; leaflets 14 to 17 pair, ovate, unequal at the base ; corolla blue or white. 342 101. Vinca. 29. VINCiE. PI. ex. cor. Fam. XII.* 29. VINCiE. Apocynarum genus. Jussieu. Calyx 5-cut, persisting; corolla 1-petaled, hypogynous, regular, 5-lobed ; aestivation imbricate, deciduous ; stamens 5, on the corolla, alternating with the lobes ; filaments dis- tinct ; anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally ; pollen gra- nular, applied immediately to the stigma ; ovaries 2 ; style 1 ; stigma 1, capitate ; follicles 2, long, 1-celled or half 2-celled ; opening longitudinally on the inner edge; seeds naked, often margined, on the edges of the follicles ; spermodermis simple; perisperm fleshy ; corculum straight ; radicle above ; plumule inconspicuous; cotyledons leaflike. — Shrubs or under-shrubs often twining, lactescent; leaves opposite, edge not in the least cut, often fringed with glands ; flowers axillary or terminal. I. 101. VINCA. Pliny. Pervinkle. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla salvershape; tube long; mouth slightly prominent, 5-sided ; limb flat, 5-lobed ; lobes blunt ; anthers approaching ; stigma annulate at the base ; follicles upright, round, half 2-celled ; seeds ovate. — Stem shrubby, diffuse ; flowers solitary, axillary. 1. Vinca minor. Small pervinkle. Stem procumbent ; leaves oblong, lanceolate, edge bald ; peduncles 1 -flowered, solitary, axillary, longer than the leaves ; teeth of the calyx lanceolate. Vinca pervinca minor, Raii Syn. 268, 1 j Ger. em. 894, 1. Vinca pervinca vulgaris, Park. 380. Vinca minor, Lin. S. P. 304. Vinca ellipticifolia, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 495. Vinca humilis, Salisb. Prod. 146. Woods and coppices; perennial; May. Bhizoma creeping ; stem upright ; leaves perennial ; flowers alternate, violet; mouth white. 2. Vinca major. Great pervinkle. Stem upright ; leaves ovate, edge fringed ; peduncles one- flowered, solitary, axillary; teeth of the calyx bristlelike, long. Vinca q. Clematis daphnoides major, Raii Syn. 268, 2. Clematis daphnoides, sive Pervinca major, Ger. em. 894. Clematis daphnoides latifolia, seu Vinca pervinca major. Park. 381. Vinca major, Lin. S. P. 304. Pervinca major, Scop. Cam. 274. Vinca grandiflora, Salisb. Prod. 146. Vinca ovali folia, Stokes B. M. M. 497. PL ex . cor . 29. VINCiE. 101. Vinca. 343 Woods and coppices ; perennial ; May. Stem upright ; leaves rough ; flowers blue ; follicles shining. Fam. XIII. 30. CONVOLVULACEiE. De Candolle. Convolvuli , Jussieu. Calyx 5-1 obed, persisting; corolla 1 -petal, hypogynous, deciduous, limb 5-lobed ; lobes regular ; stamens 5, in- serted at the base of the corolla and alternate with the lobes; ovary simple, 2 or 4-celled, rarely 1-celled or 2 or 4-parted, few-seeded, girt at the base with an an- nular gland; ovules definite; style 1, simple or divided; stigma obtuse or acute ; capsule 2 or 4-celled, mostly valvular, rarely valveless or opening transversely ; edge of the valves opposite to the dissepiments : seeds bony, affixed at the base of the inner angles of the dissepiments; pe- risperm mucilaginous ; corculum curved ; cotyledons cor- rugated ; radicle below.— Stem herbaceous, rarely shrubby, mostly twining, milky, bald or simply pubescent; leaves alternate, mostly undivided, rarely 0; stipules 0; inflo- rescence axillary or terminal : peduncles 1 or many-flowered ; Iractece usually 2 to each flower. Corolla bellshape ; calyx 5-parted ; Iractece 2, leaflike, embracing the calyx. Calystegia. 102. Corolla bellshape ; calyx 5-parted ; Iractece 0, or very small, distant .... Convolvulus. 103. Corolla bellshape, tube naked ; leafless, parasitic Cassytha. 105. Corolla funnelshape, tube 4 or 5-scaled ; plant leafless, parasitic Cuscuta. 104. A. Convolvuli. Ovary 1 ; capsule mostly valvate ; cotyle- dons wrinkled ; plant leafy. I. 102. CALYSTEGIA. R. Brown. Bindweed. Calyx 5-parted, inclosed in a 2-leaved bractea; corolla bellshape, 5-plaited, 5- angled ; stamens 5, nearly equal, shorter than the limb ; ovary half 2-celled, 4-seeded ; style undivided ; stigmata 2, blunt, round or globular ; capsule 1-celled. — Herb milky, bald, twining or prostrate; peduncles solitary, 1 -flowered. 344 102. Calyst. 30. CONVOLVULACEiE. PLex.cor0 1. Calystegia sepium . Hedge bindweed . Stem twining ; leaves arrowshape, acute, barb blunt ; bractece half the length of the corolla; peduncle 4*sided, longer than the petiole. Convolvulus major, Raii Syn. 275, 1. Smilax lenis sive laevis major, Ger. em. 861, 1. Convolvulus major albus, Park. 163. Convolvulus sepium, Lin. S. P. 212. Convolvulus repens, Lin. S. P. 218. Convolvulus laetus, Salisb. Prod. 123. Calystegia sepium, R. Brown, Pr. FI. N. H. 483. Great bindweed. Withe-wind. Hedge bells. Damp hedges and holts; perennial; July and August. Root creeping ; stem angular ; leaves hanging down ; flowers white, flesh or deep rose-coloured. 2. Calystegia asarifolia. Asaralacca-leaved bindweed . Stem prostrate ; leaves kidney-shape, rather fleshy ; pe - duncles 4- angled, angles winged ; bracteae blunt, the length of the calyx. Convolvulus maritimus Soldanella dictus, Raii Syn. 276,5. Soldanella marina, Ger. em. 838, 1. Soldanella vulgaris, Park. 161. Convolvulus Soldanella, Lin. S. P. 236. Convolvulus asarifolia, Salisb. Prod. 12 3. Sea bindweed. Sea withewind. Sea-bells. Sea-cqle. Sea foalfoot. Scot- tish scurvygrass. Sandy sea-shores ; perennial ; July. Root creeping ; stem short, few-flowered ; leaves smooth ; peduncles upright ; flowers flesh-colour, plaits yellow ; stigma 2-lobed ; lobes 2-cut ; seeds angular. II. 103. CONVOLVULUS. Pliny. Convolvulus . Calyx 5-par ted ; brae tea 0, or 2, slender, distant from the calyx ; corolla bellshape, 5-plaited, 5-angled ; stamens 5, nearly equal ; ovary 2-celled ; cells 2-seeded ; style undi- vided ; stigmata 2, threadshape ; capsule valvate. — Stem twining, milky ; peduncles solitary, 1 or few-flowered. 1 . Convolvulus arvensis . Cornfield convolvulus . Stem twining; leaves arrowshape; barbs and tip sharp ; peduncles 4-sided, 1 -flowered; brae tece linear. Convolvulus minor vulgaris, Raii Syn. 275, 2 ; Park. 171. Smilax lievis minor, Ger.em. 861,2. Convolvulus arvensis, Lin. S. P.218. Convolvulus sagittifolia, Salisb. Prod. 123. Small bindweed. Withe-wind. Hedge-bells. Fields and hedges; perennial; June and July. PL ex. cor. 30. CONVOLVULACEiE. 103. Convol. 345 Root creeping ; stem angular ; leaves rather bald ; pe- duncles bracteated in the middle ; flowers flesh-colour, sweet-scented. 2. Convolvulus auriculatus. Eared convolvulus . Leaves linear, hastate, pointed ; barbs not nicked ; pe- duncles 4-sided, 1 -flowered ; bracteae lanceolate. Convolvulus arvensis minimus, Rail Syn. 276. Convolvulus arvensis /3, Lin . S. P. 232. Convolvulus auriculatus, Lamarck Encyc. Meth. 540. Hedges ; perennial ; June. Leaves and flowers much smaller than those of C. ar- vensis. B. Cuscutje. Ovary 1 ; capsule opening tranversely, two- celled; corculum spiral ; cotyledons 0; plant leafless, pa- rasitic. III. 104. CUSCUTA. Matthiolus. Dodder . Calyx 4 or 5-cut; corolla funnelshape ; tube short; limb 4 or 5-cut; stamens 5 ; filaments inserted in the mouth, with a scale near the bottom ; stigmata 2, pointed ; capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, cut round. — Herb leafless, twining, pa- rasitic ; flowers sessile, aggregate, capitate ; bractea 1 . Cuscuta minor. Small dodder. Flowers sessile ; nectariferous scale crenate ; stigmata pointed. Cuscuta major, Rati Syn. 281. Cuscuta sive cassuthe, Ger. em. 577. Cuscuta, Park. 10. Cuscuta europsea jS, Lin. S. P . 180. Cuscuta europaea, Huds. FI. Angl. 104. Cuscuta epithymum, Lin . Sys. Veg. a Murray , 167. Cuscuta campanulata, Stokes Hot. Mat. Med. 239. Parasitic on heath ; perennial ; August. Stem twisted : flowers crowded ; calyx reddish ; corolla white.— Herb purgative; but believed to partake, in some measure, of the virtues of the plants on which it grows. IV. 105. CASSYTHA. Gesner. Hellweed. Calyx 5-cut ; corolla bellshape, 5-cut ; stamens 5 ; fila- ments inserted in the throat of the corolla, naked ; stig- mata 2, pointed; capsule cut round, 2-celled, 2-seeded. — - Stem annual, leafless, twining, parasitic ; flowers peduncled, aggregate, capitate; bractea 1. 346 105. Cassyth. 30. CONVOLVULACEiE. Pl. ex. cor. Cassytha major . Great hellweed. Flowers nearly sessile ; stigmata pointed. Cuscuta major, C. Baah. Pin. 219, 3. Cuscuta europaea, Lin. S. P. 180. Great dodder. Strangletare. Devil's guts. Parasitic on thistles and nettles ; annual ; August. Stem bald; jlowers transparent, reddish. Fam. XIV. 31. BORAGINEiE, Jussieu. Buglossince , Link. Calyx 5-cut; corolla hypogynous, 1-petaled, mostly re- gular, 5-cut, rarely 4-cut ; mouth naked or with 5 scales ; aestivation inbricate; stamens on the corolla, equal, alter- nating with the lobes, rarely 0; ovary 1, free, 4-parted, 4- seeded, or simple^ or 4-celled; ovules definite, pendu- lous; style 1, on the gynobasis ; stigma 2-cut; cariopsides? 4, distinct or connate at the base; perisperm 0; corculum straight; radicle above; cotyledons leafiike. Herbaceous or shrubby; leaves alternate, mostly rough; hairs conical, usually not partitioned, stiff, often rough, filled with a grumous mass, dilated at bottom, placed on a cellular tu- bercle, often girt with cells at bottom, and very rarely with other partitioned hairs placed among the others; stipules 0; jlowers mostly in a 1 -sided spike, rarely panicled or corym- bose, something axillary, solitary. A. Cariopsides 4, topshape , distinct , l- celled, imperforate at the bottom ; gynobasis flat ; mouth of the corolla pervious . Corolla funnelshape; mouth naked; tube 2 or 3 times as long as the calyx Mertensia. 114. Cor. funnelshape ; mouth naked ; tube twice as long as the calyx ^Egonychon. 115. Cor . funnelshape, mouth with 5 gibbous warts ; as long as the calyx . Lithospermum. 116. Cor .'funnelshape; mouth hairy; calyx tubed, • or 5-angular Pulmonaria. 113. Cor. tubular; limb swelled, unequal; calyx 5- parted Echium. 1 IS. B. Cariopsides 4, topshape , distinct, l-cslled, imperforate at the bottom ; gynobasis flat ; mouth of the corolla closed. Cor. funnelshape; mouth closed with scales; cariopsides smooth Myosotis. 106. 6 PL ex. cor. 31. BORAGINEAE. 347 Corolla rotate ; mouth closed with radii ; cariopsides wrinkled Borrago. 109. C. Cariopsides 4, topshape , distinct , 1 -celled, perforated at the bottom ; gynobasis flat ; mouth of the corolla arched. Cor. funnelshape ; arches upright ; calyx 5-parted, in fruit upright . . Buglossa. 111. Cor. funnelshape ; arches upright ; calyx 5-parted, becoming bellshape, drooping Anciiusa. 112. Cor. bellshape; arches awlshape, conical; calyx 5-parted Symphytum. 117. D. Cariopsides 4, depressed , distinct , 4- celled ; perforated at bottom ; gynobasis columnar ; mouth of the corolla arched. Calyx becoming compressed ; lobes sinuated ; cariopsides smooth Asperugo. 110. Calyx 5-parted ; cor. funnelshape ; arches convex y cariopsides prickly Cynoglossum. 107. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla rotate ; cariopsides smooth, cyathiform ....... Omphalodes. 108. I. 106. MYOSOTIS. Dioscorides. Mouse-ear . Calyx 5-cut, or toothed ; corolla salvershape, mouth with short convex, connivent scales; limb 5-parted ; lobes blunt or nicked ; stamens enclosed ; cariopsides 4, turbinate, one- celled, bald, smooth, imperforated at bottom ; gynobasis flat, small. — Flowers spiked ; spike 1- sided, before flowering re- volute. 1. Myosotis sylvatica. Wood mouse-ear . Leaves oblong, lanceolate, rather blunt, with soft hairs ; racemes very long, loose ; bracteae 0 ; pedicells in fruit spread- ing, rather longer than the calyx ; calyx 5-cut, close ; limb spread out, longer than the tube. Mydsotis scorpioides latifolia hirsuta, Bilim in Raii Syn. 229, 2. Myosotis sylvatica, Pers. Syn. 1, 156. Myosotis rnontana, Besser Prod. FI. Gall. 1 , 142. Myosotis scorpioides sylvatica, Horn. Hort. Hafn. 2,986. Myosotis scorpioides y, Smith FI. Brit. 1,213. Woods; annual; all the summer. Roots fibrous; stems many, upright, divided at top into very loose racemes; leaves fringed; upper leaves embracing; lower leaves reverse- ovate. S4S 106. Myosotis. 31. BORAGINEiE. PL ex. cor, 2. Myosotis alpestre . Alp mouse-ear. Leaves lanceolate, rather pointed, slightly 3-ribbed, hir- sute ; hractece 0 ; pedicells in fruit spreading, rather longer than the calyx; calyx 5- cut, close; hairs long, spreading; limb spread out, longer than the tube. Myosotis alpestris, Willd. enum. 1, 175. Myosotis lithospermifolia, Horn. Hort. Ilaffn. 1, 173. Myosotis seorpioides /3, Willd. Myosotis suaveolens, Willd. Myosotis odorata, Poirot Encyc. Bot. Myosotis rupicola, Engl. Bot. 36, 2259. Myosotis Pyreniaca, Poirot Mem. Toul. 3, 323. Alpine rocks; perennial; July. Stems many, upright, hairy, spreading at bottom, simple top ; racemes terminal, short, conjugate, solitary ; flowers before aestivation conglomerate. S. Myosotis palustris. ' Marsh mouse-ear. Leaves reverse-ovate, lanceolate, blunt, rather rough; hractece 0 ; pedicells in fruit diverging, twice as long as the calyx; calyx 5-cut, blunt, open; bristles straight, closely adpressed ; limb spread out, longer than the tube. Myosotis seorpioides palustris, Rail Syn. 229,4 ; Ger, em.331,3. Myosotis seorpioides repens, Park. 691. Myosotis palustris, Roth. Germ. 221. Myosotis perennis, Gmel. FI. Baden. 1,409. Myosotis seorpioides, Willd. S. P. 1,746. Myosotis repens. Dorr. Gat. Myosotis seorpioides y, Smith. FI. Brit. 212. Echioides palustris, Moench. Meth. 416. Myosotis adpressa, Stokes Bot. M. M. 269. Water scorpion- grass. Damp fields and rivulets; perennial; July and August* Plant light green ; stems many, rather creeping at bot- tom, upright, simple; racemes terminal, revolute before flowering, becoming upright. 4. Myosotis arvensis. Cornfield mouse-ear. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, pointed, hirsute ; hractece 0 ; pedicells in fruit spreading, twice as long as the calyx ; calyx 5-cut, upright; bristles spread, hooked; limb upright, spread- ing, nearly as long as the tube. Myosotis seorpioides hirsuta, Rati Syn. 229, 1 ; Park. 691. Myosotis seorpioides arvensis hirsuta, Ger.em. 337. Myosotis arvensis, Roth. Germ. 222. Myosotis annua, Gmel. FI. Baden. 1,410. Myosotis seorpioides, Hesfont. Fl.Atlant. 153. Myosotis seorpioides 8, Smith FI. Brit . 1, 212. Echioides annua, Moench. Meth. 416. Myosotis haraosa, Stokes B. M. M. 269. Mouse-ear scorpion-grass. PL ex. cor, 31. BORAGINE/K. 106. Myosotis. 349 Dry fields ; annual ; June. Root fibrous ; stems many, branched ; racemes terminal, revolute becoming upright and long. 5. Myosostis versicolor . Changeable mouse-ear. Leaves lanceolate, rather blunt, hirsute; racemes 0; pedi- cells in fruit upright, spreading shorter than the calyx ; calyx 4>-cut, pointed ; bristles spreading, hooked ; limb spreading, shorter than the tube. Myosotis scorpioides hirta minor, Rail Syn. 239, 3. Myosotis scorpioides minor, flosculis luteis. Park. 692. Myosotis versicolor, Ehrh . Pers. Syn. 1, 156. Myosotis collina, Hojfm. Fl. Germ. 1791, 61,4, Myosotis arvensis j8, Gmel. Fl. Bad. 1,41 1. Barren sandy places ; annual ; June. Stems one or many, middle stem upright, side stems ascending; racemes terminal, spikeshape; flowers small, sky-blue or pale yellow. II. 107. CYNOGLOSSUM. Dioscor. Hounds-tongue, Calyx 5-parted ; corolla funnelshape ; tube short, mouth arched; arches convex, connivent; cariopsides 4, 1 -celled, compressed, not perforated at bottom ; outer side covered with glochidated prickles; affixed at the side of the columnar gynobasis. — Leaves tomentose or bald ; flowers spiked or glomerate, axillary. 1. Cynoglossum officinale . Shop hounds-tongwe , Stem upright, leafy ; lower leaves broad, lanceolate, narrower at bottom ; upper leaves broader at bottom, pointed, downy, nappy ; racemes paniculate during flower- ing ; hr acted 0 ; stamens enclosed. Cynoglossum, Rail Syn. 226, 1 . Cynoglossum majus vulgare, Ger.em. 804, 1 ; Park. 51 1. Cynoglossum maximum montanum. Park. 512. Cynoglossum officinale, Lin. S. P. 1, 192. Ruins and waysides ; perennial or biennial ; June. Plant foetid ; stem upright, branched above, from the axillae of all the upper leaves, ending in racemes ; leaves grayish, waved ; flowers drooping, 1 -sided: corolla one-third longer than the calyx ; tube white ; limb bellshape, veined. |3. album. Flowers white. 2. Cynoglossum sylvaticum. Wood hounds- tongue. Stem upright; lower leaves rather spatul ate, lanceolate ; upper leaves embracing the stem, ovate, oblong, pointed ; above rather bald, shining ; beneath rough ; hr acted 0 ; star mens enclosed. 350 107. Cynogloss. 31. BORAGINEJE. PL ex, con Cynoglossum folio virenti, Raii Syn. 226,2. Cynoglossum minus folio virente, Ger. em. 805, 4. Cynoglossum semper virens. Park. 512. Cynoglossum officinale y, Lin. S. P. 193. Cynoglossum Virginianum, Lin. Syst. Veg. 15 7. Cynoglossum sylvaticum, Gmelin Baden. 1,421. Cynoglossum montanum, Lamarck lllustr. 1794. Cynoglossum Virginicum, Willd . S. P. 1,762. Cynoglossum Apenninum, Roth Tent. Germ. 2, 219. Cynoglossum virens, Schreber FI. Lips. 162. Cynoglossum Germanicum, Jacq. Obs. 2, 31. Small green-leaved hounds-tongue. Waysides; biennial; June. Root fusiform ; stems many, below simple, above branched; branches upright, spreading ; leaves flat, above light green, bald ; racemes terminal, drooping at top before flowering. III. 108. OMPHALODES. Venus-navelwort. Calyx 5-parted; corolla rotate; mouth arched; arches short, connivent ; limb 5-parted ; lobes blunt ; cariopsides 4, 1' celled, compressed, smooth; edge membranaceous, often cyathiform; bottom not perforated; gynobasis columnar. — Flowers spiked, glomerate. Omphalodes verna . Spring Venus-navelwort . Leaves petioled, smooth ; root-leaves ovate, heartshape ; stem-leaves ovate; racemes conjugate, few-flowered. Cynoglossum omphalodes, Lin. S. P. 193. Omphalodes verna, Moench. Meth. Omphalodes repens, Schrank. Rocks at Teignmouth, Mrs. Turner; perennial; March and April. Rhizoma creeping, buried ; stems many ; flowering stems simple, emitting stools at the bottom ; hradece 2 ; flowers peduncled, blue. IV. 109. BORRAGO. Marcellus. Borrage . Calyx 5-parted; corolla rotate, mouth arched, arches blunt, nicked; anthers distinct, oblong or lanceolate; cari- opsides 1 -celled, topshape, imperforated at bottom; gyno- basis small, flat. Borrago oflzcinalis. Shop borrage. Lower leaves reverse ovate, narrowed at the base ; lobes of the corolla ovate, pointed, spread out. Borrago hortensis, Raii Syn. 228 ; Ger, em. 796, l. Borrago, Park. 249. Borago officinalis, Lin. S. P. 197. PL ex. cor, 31. BORAGINEiE. 109. Borrago. 351 Road-sides; annual; Root fusiform; stem upright, hispid, branchy; branches upright, spreading; leaves hispid ; flowers drooping; pedi - cells long, 1 -sided. — Racemes terminal, short, bracteated; corolla skyblue ; stamens and arches black. 0. alba. Flower white. Borrago flore albo, Ger. cm. 797, 2. V. 110. ASPERUGO. Pliny. Madwort . Calyx round, deeply 5- cut, with teeth between the cuts, becoming long and compressed; lamellae flat, parallel, sinuated, toothed ; corolla rather funnelshape, mouth arched; arches convex, connivent ; filaments short; anthers rounded; stigma capitate; cariopsides 4, 1 -celled, smooth, compressed, not perforated at bottom ; gy nobasis columnar. Asperugo procurnbens. Procumbent madwort. Asperugo vulgaris, Raii Syn. 228. Aparine major Plinii, Ger. em. 1122,2. Borrago minor sylvestris, Park. 765. Asperugo procurnbens, Lin. S. P. 198. Great goose-grass. German madwort. Rich waste land ; annual ; April and May. Root slender; stem procumbent, flagelliform, branchy, with small hooked spines; leaves in threes or fours, oblong, obtuse; rough above; rather baldish beneath; edges hairy, hooked ; flowers from the side of the leaf, solitary, purplish. /3. alba. Flowers white. VI. 111. BUGLOSSA. Dioscorides. Bugloss. Calyx 5-parted; corolla funnelshape; mouth closed; arches upright, blunt; cariopsides 4, 1 -celled, topshape, concave, perforated at bottom ; gynobasis flat, small.— Flowers race- mose; fruit upright. 1. Buglossa arvensis. Field bugloss. Stem upright, branchy ; leaves lanceolate, half-embracing, subrepand, toothed, strigose, very rough; racemes leafy; calyx as long as the bent tube ; lobes of the corolla unequal, lanceolate. Buglossa sylvestris minor, Raii Syn. 227, 1 ; Ger.em. 799, 3. Buglossum sylvestre minus, Park. 765. Lycopsis arvensis, Lin. S. P. 199. Anchusa arvensis, Ilojfm. et Link FI. Lusit. 1, 179. Small wild bugloss. 352 111. Buglossa. 3b BOllAGINEiE. Pl.ex.c0r4 Way-sides ; annual ; June and July. Root fusiform ; stem upright or ascending, branched ; leaves wavey ; hairs sitting on tubercles ; racemes terminal ; pedicells short; corolla blue, finely veined with white. 2. Buglossa sempervirens. Evergreen lugloss. Stem upright; leaves ovate, scarcely toothed, hispid; upper sessile; lower longly peduncled; peduncles axillary, 2-leaved ; racemes conjugate, rather capitate ; lobes of the corolla equal. Buglossum latifolium semper virens, Dillen in Raii Syn.227,2. Borago semper virens, Ger.em. 797,3. Anchusa sempervirens, Lin. S. P. 192. Buglossum sempervirens, Allioni Pedem. 166. Waysides ; perennial ; May and June. Stem upright, extremely rough, bristles turned back- wards ; leaves pointed, rough on both sides, edges waved ; calyx deeply 5-parted; corolla nearly rotate, blue; tube very short; limb horizontal, 5-parted; lobes rounded, equal; foramina of the cariopsides closed with a scale. VII. 112. ANCHUSA. Hippocrates. Alkanet . Calyx 5-cut or toothed, becoming bellshaped and in- flated; corolla funnelshaped, 5-lobed; lobes equal; mouth closed; arches upright, blunt; cariopsides 4, 1 -celled, tur- binate, perforated at the base; gynobasis flat, small.— Flowers racemose ; fruit drooping. Anchusa officinalis . Shop alkanet . Leaves lanceolate, hispid; bracteee ovate, lanceolate, as long as the calyx ; calyx 5-cut, pointed. Buglossa vulgaris, Ger. em. 798, 1. Anchusa officinalis, Lin. S. P. 191. Waste places by the sea; perennial; June and July. Stems many, upright, branched at top ; leaves pointed, not in the least cut; flowers sessile, imbricated ; spikes ter- minal ; tube of the corolla as long as the calyx, constricted under the limb ; limb upright, spreading; lobes rounded ; mouth closed with 5 upright arches. 0. incarnata. Flowers red, variegated. y. alba. Flowers white. PL ex. cor. 31. BORAGINEiE. 113. Pulmonaria. 353 VIII. 113. PULMONARIA. Gesner. Lungwort. Calyx 5- cut, prismatic, 5-sided, when in fruit bellshape ; corolla funnelshape ; mouth pervious, hairy ; cariopsides 4, 1 -celled, topshape, not perforated at bottom; gynolasis flat, small. 1 . Pulmonaria angustifolia. Narrowleaved lungwort. Leaves pubescent, hirsute, lanceolate; root-leaves p etio- late ; stem-leaves sessile, half embracing the stem. Pulmonaria foliis echii, Raii Syn. 22 6, 1 ; Ger. em. ed. 2, 80S. Pulmonaria maculosa, Ger. em. ed. 1, 808, 1. Pulmonaria angustifolia, Park. Par. 251,2; Lin. S. P. 191. Pulmonaria maculata /3, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 278. Bugloss cows-lips. Long-leaved stage of Jerusalem. Woods; perennial; May. Root branched, black; stem upright, roundish, simple; leaves pointed; hairs short, pressed to the stem; flowers pedicelled ; bractea lanceolate ; racemes 2, terminal, in bundles. 0. oblongata. Leaves small, short, broad, and blunt. 2. Pulmonaria ojficinalis. Shop lungwort . Leaves rough ; root-leaves ovate, cordate, petioled ; upper stem-leaves sessile, ovate, oblong. Pulmonaria foliis echii, Ger. em. ed. 1, 808, 2. Pulmonaria maculosa, Ger. em. ed. 2, 808, 1. Pulmonaria latifolia maculosa, Park. 251. Pulmonaria officinalis a, Lin. S. P. 194. Pulmonaria maculata y, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 280. Jerusalem cows-lips. Spotted lungwort. Broad-leaved lungwort. Woods; perennial; May. Stems many, simple, upright; leaves pointed; upper stem-leaves with short petioles; lower sessile, ovate, oblong; flowers purple, pedicelled, when in fruit drooping. — Yields a large quantity of ashes when burned. IX. 114. MERTENSIA. Roth. Martens, Calyx deeply 5-parted; corolla rather funnelshape; tube much longer than the calyx ; limb rather bellshape ; lobes short, rounded ; mouth pervious, naked ; filaments as long as the tube; anthers oblong; stigma capitate; cariopsides 4, 1-celled, ovate, imperforate at the base; gynobasis flat, small. Radical leaves growing after flowering; flowers racemose. 2 A VOL. IT. 354f 114. Mertensia. 31. BORAGINEiE. Pl.ex.cor.- Mertensia maritima. Sea merter\s . Stem procumbent, branched ; leaves ovate, blunt, fleshy, bald, glaucous ; calyx bald. Echiutn aiarinum, Raii Syn. 228, 1. Buglossum dulce ex insulis Lancastriae, Park. 765? Pulmonaria maritima, Lin. S. P. 195. Pulmonaria procumbens, Stokes Bot. M. M, 281. Sea buglass. Sea-shore; perennial; July. Root fusiform; stems many, procumbent or ascending; lower leaves petioled ; upper half-embracing the stem ; ra- cemes terminal, rather corymbose ; flowers pedicelled, up- right.— Narcotic. X. 115, AEGONYCHON-. Bastard-alkanet . Calyx 5-parted, shorter than the corolla ; corolla funnel- shape ; mouth naked, pervious ; anthers oblong, enclosed ; cariopsides 4, 1 -celled, ovate, imperforate at the bottom ; gynobasis flat, small. — Leaves not growing after flowering, not veined; flowers axillary, solitary; racemes leafy. 1 . JEgony chart repens. Creeping bastard-alkanet. Stem herbaceous : barren stems creeping ; flowering stems upright; leaves lanceolate, pointed, attenuated at the base, rough; cariopsides stony, smooth, bald. Lithospermum majus Dodonari, flore purpureo, semine anchusse, Raii Syn. 229, 2. Lithospermum majus, Ger.eni. 609, 1. Lithospermum vulgare majus, Park. 2131. Lithospermum purpureo-caeruleum, Lin. S. P. 190. Lithospermum repens, Stokes Bot. M. M. 271. Lithospermum violaceum, Lamarck FI. Fr. 271. Great gromwell. Pearl plant. Lichicale. Chalk woods ; perennial ; May. Rdot branched, black; stems many; middle stems upright; all the rest decumbent, simple ; leaves stiff; petioles short ; corolla violet or flesh-colour, rarely white ; cariopsides white. 2. JEgojiychon arvense. Field bastard-alkanet , Stem herbaceous, upright, branched ; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base, pointed, hirsute, rather fringed ; calyx rather shorter than the corolla, spreading when in fruit; cariopsides wrinkled, rough. Buglossum arvense annimm, lithospermi folii, Raii Syn . 227. Anchusa degener facie milii solis, Ger. em. 610, 4. Lithospermum arvense radice rubente, Park. 432. Lithospermum arvense, Lin. S. P. 190. Bastard gromwell . Bastard alkanet » Pi. etc. cor. 31. BORAGINEiE. 115. iEgonychoh. §55 Fields ; annual ; May and June. Boot branched, reddish ; stems upright, above branched ; hairs adpressed; leaves sessil flowers sessile; corolla whitish yellow; cariopsides oval, white. — Root tinges oil red; juice of the root used to dye the face red. XI. 116. LITHOSPERMUM. Dioscorides. GromwelL Calyx 5-parted ; lobes unequal, growing connivent ; co- rolla nearly bellshape; mouth nearly closed with 5 up- right rotate tubercles ; anthers nearly sessile, oblong ; cari- opsides 4, 1 -celled, ovate, imperforate at the bottom; gyno- basis small, flat .— Leaves veined; radical leaves not en- larging after flowering ; flowers axillary. Lithospermum officinale. Shop gromwell. Stem herbaceous, round, upright, very much branched ; leaves broad, lanceolate, veined, pointed, very rough ; tube of the corolla as long as the calyx. Lithospermum seu milium solis, Raii Syn. 223, 1. Lithospermum minus, Ger. em. 609, 2. Lithospermum vulgare minus, Park. 432. Lithospermum officinale, Lin. S. P. 189. Lithospermum ochroleucum, Stokes Rot. M. M. 270. Small gromwell. Gray mill. Grey millet. Edges of fields ; perennial ; May. Boot branched; stem straight, much branched above; leaves nearly sessile, above dark green, below paler \ flowers yellow ; cariopsides smooth, bald. XII. 117. SYMPHYTUM. Dioscorides. Comfrefl Calyx 5-parted; corolla cylindrical, bellshape, mouth closed; arches awlshape, forming a cone; nuts 4, 1 -celled, perforated at the base ; gynobasis flat, small. 1. Symphytum tuberosum. Tuberous comfrey * Stem simple ; leaves ovate, oblong, narrower at the base ; lower leaves petiolate ; upper leaves sessile, rather decur- rent. Symphytum tuberosum, Ger. em. S06, 3 ; Lin. S. P, 195. Moist shady places ; perennial ; July. Boot tuberous, creeping, white on the outside; stem di- vided at top into 2 peduncles ; leaves not in the least cut, above hairy, beneath smoother and paler, much veined ; ra* cemes terminal, drooping. 2 A 2 856 117- Symphytum. 31. BORAGINEiE. PL ex. cor. 2. Symphytum officinale. Shop comfrey. Stem branched, above winged ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, narrower at the bottom, decurrent, above very rough, be-* neath hirsute ; calyx pointed, hirsute. Symphytum magnum, Raii Syn. 230, 1. Consolida major, Ger. era. 805, 2. Symphytum majus vulgare, Park . 523. Symphytum officinale, Lin.S. P. 195. Great comfrey. Great consound. Knit-back. Black-wort. Watery places; perennial; May. Root cylindrical, black ; stems many, 3 feet high ; leaves waved; root-leaves ovate; racemes terminal, conjugate, 1 -sided, drooping, becoming upright; corolla bellied, white or yellowish* — Root astringent, glutinous, mucilaginous ; the decoction extracts the colour from seed lac ; leaves fla- vour cakes and panada ; shoots a good pot-herb. 0. purpureum . Corolla purple or reddish ; calyx expand- ing, shorter than the tube of the corolla. Censollda major flore purpureo, Ger. em. 806, 1. Symphytum patens, Sibthorp Ft. Ox. 70. Symphytum Behenium, Schmidt Ft. Bohem. 3,212. XIII. 118. EC I HUM. Dioscorides. Viper s-bugloss. Calyx 5-parted; corolla funnelshape or bellshape; mouth enlarged, naked; lobes mostly unequal; huts 4, 1-celled, topshape, rough, imperforate at bottom ; gynobasis small, fiot.—Stem herbaceous. 1. Echium Italicum. Italian viper s-bugloss. Stem simple, stiff; leaves linear, lanceolate, strigose, hispid; racemes very long, spike-like; spikelets 2-cut, short; flowers close; lobes of the corolla nearly equal; sta- mens twice as long as the corolla. Echium q. Lycopsis, Raii Syn . 227,2. Lycopsis, Park. 519. Echium Italicum, Lin. S. P. 2.0 0. Echium aspcrrimum, Buberst. FI. Tour. 1, 135. Echium altissimum, Jacq. FI. Austr. 5, 35. Echium lineari folium, Mcench. Meth. Supp. 149. Wall bugloss. Sandy grounds, Jersey ; biennial? July. Stem simple or many, upright, 4 feet high, spotted with dark purple; flowers sessile, imbricate, 1 -sided, in many spikelets ; corolla whitish. 1 PI. ex. cor. 31. BORAGINEJE. 118. Echium. 35 7 2. Echium vulgare. Common viper s-hugloss. Stem jnostly simple, tubercular, hispid ; leaves linear, lanceolate, hispid ; racem.es terminal, spikeshaped, very long; spikelets simple, spreading; stamens longer than the corolla. Echium vulgare, Raii Syn. 221, 1; Ger. cm. 602,2; Park, 414; Lin. S. P. 200. Fields and wastes; biennial; June and July. Root branched, thick ; stems many, simple, upright ; leaves hispid; flowers imbricate; spikes short, axillary; pe- dicells upright, spreading. — Root chewed, used as a poultice in venomous bites. /3. violaceum. Sterg branched from the bottom, spread- ing and often decumbent ; stamens very long. Echium alterum, sive lycopsis Anglica, Gillen in Raii Syn. 228,3. Echium vulgare Hudson FI. Angl. 83. Echium violaceum, Schmidt FI. Bohem. 203,3, y. album. Corolla white. Fam. XV. 32. LABIA T/R. Jussieu. Stachydece , R.A. Salisbury. Calyx 1 -leafed, tubular, persisting, 4 or 5-cut; corolla lip- ped, ringent, or irregular ; stamens 2 or 4, often didynamous, inserted on the corolla; ovary 1, free, 4-lobed ; style 1, on the receptacle or gynobasis, between the lobes of the ovary; stigma mostly 2-cut ; microbasis (cariopsides 4) at the base of the calyx; perisperm 0; corculum straight; radicle be- low; cotyledons flat. — Stem herbaceous, rarely shrubby, 4-sided ; hairs distinctly partitioned ; leaves opposite \ flowers mostly in bundles, disposed in close panicles forming spu- rious whirls, rarely solitary, sometimes terminal and capi^ tate, bracteated. a. Stamens 2, corolla not lipped. Upper lobe of corolla nicked Lycopus. 119. b. Stamens 2; corolla lipped ; filaments \-toothed. Galea arched \filam. toothed in the middle Salvia. 147. Galea arched, not compressed Horminum. 149. Galea compressed Sclarea. 148. c. Stamens 4 ; corolla not Upped. Calyx 5-cut, slightly hairy ; upper lobe of the corolla nicked Mentha. 120. 358 32. LABIATE Pi. ex. cor . Calyx 5-cut ; mouth hairy ; upper lobe of the corolla not nicked Pulegium. 121. d. Stamens 4 ; upper lip of the corolla truncated. Corolla truncated above, 2-toothed ; cariopsides reticulated Bugula. 122. Corolla above deeply cut ; calyx-teeth rather unequal Cham^brys. 123, Corolla deeply cut above ; upper tooth very broad Scorodonia. 124. e. Stamens 4; corolla 2-lipped ; lips distant ; calyx irregular , not lipped. Galea slender, spread, 2-parted ; calyx spread Lavandula. 125. Galea slender ; mouth toothed on each side; anthers hirsute . Lamium. 132, Galea slender, mouth 2-toothed below ; anthers bald Galeopsis. 134. Galea slender, mouth not toothed ; sarcoma round the ovary ; anthers co- herent Glechoma. 131. Galea slender, mouth not toothed ; sarcoma 0 ; middle lobe of the lip rounded, concave Nepeta. 126, f. Stamens 4; corolla 2-lipped ; Ups distant ; galea slender ; mouth not toothed; sarcoma 0; middle lobe of the lip flattened or deflected ; calyx irregular , not lipped. Bractece 0 ; calyx baldish on the inside ; tube of corolla short, rather gibbous Stachys. 128. Bractece 0; calyx baldish on the inside ; tube long, curved, not gibbous Betonica. 127. Bractece 0 ; calyx bald on the inside ; tube short ; lip obtusely 3-lobed Trixago. 129. Bractece 0; calyx bald on the inside; tube short; lip acutely 3-lobed; anthers bald Galeobdolon. 133. Bractece 0; calyx bald on the inside; tube short ; lip acutely 3-lobed ; anthers spotted Cardiac a. 135. Bractece 0 ; calyx woolly inside, en- larged above ; tube short Eriostomum. 130. PI. ex. cor. 32. LABIATiE. 359 Bractece 0 ; calyx bearded inside, cylin- drical ; tube middling long Satureja. 14S. Bracteated ; calyx bearded inside, cylin- drical ; flowers densely spiked. ........ Origanum. 138. g. Stamens 4; corolla 2-lipped ; calyx regular , not 2-lipped. Galea not cut; lip unequally 3-lobed . . . Ballota. 136. Galea 2-cut; calyx 1 0-toothed .... Marrubium. 137. h. Stamens 4 ; corolla 2- lipped ; calyx 2-lipped) 5-cut ; fllaments not 2-forked. Involucrum from the secondary bractese ; calyx bald inside ; galea nicked Clinipodium. 144, Involucrated ; flowers densely spiked; calyx cylindrical, inside bald Majgrana. 139. Invol. 0 ; calyx cylindrical ; middle lobe of the lip of the corolla not cut Thymus. 140. Invol. 0 ; calyx cylindrical ; middle lobe 2-cut i Calamintha. 142. Invol. 0; calyx gibbous at the base Acinos. 141. Invol . 0; calyx enlarged above Melissa. 145. i. Stamens 4; corolla 2-lipped; calyx 2-lipped , 5-cut ; fllaments 2-forked . Stigma 2-cut Brunella. 1 50. k. Stamens 4; corolla 2-lipped; calyx 2-lipped, 2 to 4>-cut . Calyx 3 or 4 cut Melittis. 146. Calyx 2-cut Scutellaria. 150. l. 119. LYCOPUS. Fuchs. Gypsey-wort . Calyx 4 or 5-cut, irregular, not 2-lipped ; mouth naked ; corolla not lipped, tubular or 4-cut; upper lobe naked; stamens 2, diverging ; ovary girt by a yellow gland, or sar- coma.— Hairs distinctly partitioned, joints short, not swelled at the base ; flowers axillary, sessile, in spurious whirls. 1. Ly copus riparius. Bankside gypsey-wort. Stem rather hairy; leaves oval, lanceolate, usually smu- tted, serrated, rather hairy. 360 119. Lycopus. 32. LABIATiE. PL ex. cor. Lycopus palustris glaber, Ilaii Syn. 236, 1. Marrubiuro aquaticum, 6 rer. em. 700, 1. Marrubiurn aquaticum vulgare, Park. 1230. Lycopus europseus, Lin . S. P. 30. Lycopus vulgaris, Pers. Syn. 24. Lycopus riparius, Salisb. Prod. 72. Water horehound. Bank-sides by water ; perennial; July to September. Stem upright; leaves petioled; calyx downy; corolla whitish purple; lower lobes spotted on the inside, sometimes with 2 filaments, which rarely have barren anthers. — Root astringent; juice strains the flesh brown, gives a durable stain to linen, woollen, and silk ; and dyes a black with green vitriol. 0. incisus. Leaves deeply divided, nearly pinnatifid. II. 120, MENTHA. Theophrastus. Mint. Calyx 5-cut, irregular, not 2-lipped ; inside bald or slightly hairy; corolla little longer than the calyx, 4-lobed ; lobes nearly equal; upper lobe nicked; stamens 4, didyna- mous, diverging. — Rhizoma creeping; herb odoriferous. a. Calyx entirely hirsute. 1. Mentha sylvestris. Wild mint. Leaves heartshape, lanceolate, unequally toothed, serrate ; tomentose beneath ; racemes terminal, oblong; bractece awl- shape; calyx villous; hairs longer than the breadth of the segments; stamens exserted. Mentha spicata q. Menthastrum spicatum folio longipre capdicante J. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 234,5. Mentha sylvestris, Lin. S. P. 804. Mentha spicata longifolia, Lin. S. P. ed. 1,576. Mentha sylvestris a, Huds. FI. Angl.2h0. Mentha longifolia, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 1,221, Mentha villosa 1, Sole Month. Brit. 3. Mentha tomentosa, Stokes Boi. Ma M. 312. Mentha candicans, Miller Diet. Horse mint. Damp rubbish and road-sides; peren.; Aug. and Septem. Stem tomentose ; hairs deflexed ; upper leaves lanceolate, pointed ; racemes compounded of whirls, many-flowered ; peduncles hairy; hairs closely deflected; bractece the length of the flowers. — Aromatic. PI. ex. cor. 32. LABIATAE, 120* Mentha. 3.61 2. Mentha villosa. Villous mint. Leaves ovale or elliptical, wrinkled, unequally serrate; villous beneath; racemes terminal; bractece awlshape; calyx rather hirsute ; hairs straight; lobes triangular, awlshape; stamens as long as the corolla. Mentastrum, Ger. em. 684,3. Figure only. Mentha sylvestris, FI. Dan. 484. Mentha villosa 2, Sole Menth. Brit. 610. Mentha ncmorosa, Willd. S. P. 375. Mentha sylvestris 13, Smith Ft. Brit. 610. Mentha villosa, Huds. FI. Angl. Road-sides; perennial; August and September. Stem purplish at bottom ; leaves sessile or with short pe- duncles, pointed ; racemes narrow ; sinuses of the calyx blunt. £. candicans , Leaves short; spikes blunt. Mentha candicans, foliis, spicis et odore vulgari sativse similis, Raii Syn. 234,5.* y. alopecuroides. Leaves elliptical, broad, blunt. Mentha alopecuroides, Hull Br. FI. 126. Mentha rotundifolia, Sole Menth. Br. 9. 3. Mentha rotundifolia. Round-leaved mint . Leaves elliptical, blunt, wrinkled, crenate, pilose above, tomentose beneath ; racemes terminal, hirsute, interrupted ; bracteee lanceolate, hirsute; lobes of the calyx awlshape, triangular, fringed ; fringe shorter than the breadth of the lobes. Mentha spicata q. menthaslrum folio rugoso rotund iore spontanemn, flore spicato, odore gravi J. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 234, 6. Mentastrum, Ger. em. 684,3, description. Mentha crispa, Lin. S. P. ed. 1, 446, Mentha rotundifolia, Lin. S. P. 805. Mentha sylvestris, Sole Menth. Br.1,3. Rubbish; perennial; August and September. Stem 3 feet high, pilose, hairs deflexed ; leaves sessile, acutely crenated; lower leaves elliptical, oblong; racemes panicled; whirls rather remote; hairs of the pedicells de- flexed; stamens exserted. — Odour peculiar, stimulant; of great use in chlorosis, and in removing the dull languor after epileptic fits. (3. variegata. Leaves variegated with green. Mentastrum niveum Anglicum, Ger. em. 684,4. 4. Mentha glomercita. Glomerated mint. Leaves ovate, petioled; terminal whirls rounded ; pedicells hispid backwards; calyx hirsute on every side. 362 120. Mentha. 32. LABIATzE. PI. ex. cor , Mentha spicata q. Sisymbrium hirsutum Doody, Raii Syn. 233,7. Mentha (spicata) aquatica seu Sisymbrium, Raii Syn. 233, 6 ; Ger. em . 084, 2. Mentha hirsuta, Lin. Mant. 81. Mentha aquatica, Huds. Ft. Angl . 252, a, /3. Mentha birsnta, Smith T. L. S. 5, 193. Mentha glomerata, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 616. Water Mint. Watery places ; perennial; August and September. Very variable in form. Flowers capitate; leaves pubescent; stem hirsute, hairs deflected, pressed to the stem ; stamens longer than the co- rolla ; hractece lanceolate, hirsute ; peduncles very hirsute ; hairs white, reflexed; calyx furrowed. — Stimulant; used in sauces as a carminative, odour peculiarly grateful. £. aurantiaca. Flowers capitate, head and leaves smaller and rounder than the preceding : odour like that of oranges. Mentha (spicata) sisymbrium dicta hirsuta, glomerulis ac foliis minori- bus et rotundioribus, Billen in Raii Syn. 233, 8. y. piperita. Flowers capitate ; leaves nearly bald ; sta- mens shorter than the corolla. Mentha nigricans, Miller's Diet. Mentha piperita, Lin. S. P. 805. Mentha piperita /3, Huds. FI. Angl. 251. d. palustris. Flowers spiked or capitate ; spike leafless ; lower whirls peduncled ; leaves hairy, pale beneath. Mentha spicata q. menthastri aquatici genus hirsutum, spica latiore J. Bauhini, Raii Syn. 234, 4. Mentha aquatica, Miller Diet. Mentha palustris, Sole Menth. 13,6. e. paludosa. Flowers spiked, in whirls ; whirls close to- gether; stamens as long as the corolla; odour like marjoram, Mentha paludosa, Sole Menth. 49, 22. £. saliva. Flowers in whirls; whirls peduncled; stamens longer than the corolla, or variable ; leaves hirsute. Mentha verticillata ; varietas hirsutie foliorum discrepans, Raii Syn , 232, 4. * Mentha verticillata, Lin. S. N. ed. 10, 1099 ; IJuds. ed . 1, 222. Mentha sativa, Lin. S. P. 805. Mentha rivalis, 0, y, et 5, Sole Menth. 45. Mentha arvensis, var. Withering Bot. Arr. vj. glabra. Flowers in whirls ; leaves roundish, bald. Mentha aquatica verticillata glabra, rotundiore folio, Dillen in Herb . Sherard. 2 PL ex. cor . 32. LABIATE. 120. Mentha. 363 Q. exigua. Flowers in whirls, very small ; odour very fragrant. Mentha (verticillata) aquatica exigua, Dillen in Raii Syn. 232, 2. 5. Mentha acutifolia. Sharpleaved mint. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, pointed at both ends, unequally serrate ; flowers in whirls; whirls sessile; calyx covered with hairs; pedicells hairy; hairs horizontal; stamens shorter than the corolla. Mentha verticillata, Miller Diet. Mentha acutifolia, Smith T. L. S. 5,203. Edges of fields ; perennial ; September, Stem nearly simple; hairs deflexed; petioles short; leaves not serrated at top and bottom ; whirls nearly equal, many- flowered; Iractece linear; calyx tubular; hairs ascending; mouth of the corolla hairy. 6. Mentha arvensis . Field mint. Stem very branched ; leaves in whirls, ovate or elliptical, rather blunt ; flowers in whirls ; calyx bellshape, hirsute in every part ; hairs horizontal. Mentha aquatica, Raii Syn. ed. 1, 78. Mentha (verticillata) sen calamintha aquatica, Raii Syn. 232, 1. Calamintha aquatica, Ger. em. 684,2. Mentha arvensis, Lin. S. P. 806. Water calamint. Inundated sandy meadows; perenn. ; June to September. Stem very diffuse; leaves petioled; whirls many-flowered, nearly sessile; Iractece lanceolate; pedicells bald at bottom, very hairy at the tip; calyx short; corolla hairy within; stamens exserted. /3. major. Leaves broad ; whirls and flowers large ; sta- mens exserted ; odour grateful. Mentha arvensis major, Sole Menth. Br. 29. y. y. prcEcox. Stem erect; leaves recurved, elliptical ; flower- ing early; corolla slightly hairy on the outside; stamens enclosed. Mentha praecox, Sole Menth. Br. 31, 13. gentiiis. Leaves short, broad, round; stamens enclosed; odour like basil. Mentha verticillata arvensis folio rotundiore, odore aromatico. Raii Syn. ?32, 3. Mentha gentiiis, Miller , Diet. « e. agrestis. Stem upright ; leaves very broad, nearly heart- shape ; veins very strong, parallel ; stamens enclosed. Mentha agrestis, Sole Menth. Br. 33, 14. 364* 120. Mentha. 32. LABIATiE. Pl. ex. cor . b. Calyx laid at the base. 7. Mentha gracilis. Slender mint . Stem upright, very much branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute, serrated, nearly sessile; flowers in whirls; peduncles and base of the calyx quite bald. Mentha (verticiilata) fasca sive vulgaris, Ruii Syn. 232, 5 ; Park. 31. Mentha rubra, Hicds. FI. yingl. 252. Mentha gentilis, Engl. Bat. 449. Mentha gracilis, Sole Menth. Brit. 37, 16. Red mint. Watery places and damp fields; perennial; August. Stem rough-sided, much branched in the middle; leaves light green, both sides slightly hirsute; whirls nearly sessile; hractece lanceolate; calyx tubular, bellshaped, purple; apex and teeth hirsute ; stamens enclosed ; odour like that of m. viridis. &. cardiaca . Stem upright, nearly smooth, dark brown; leaves smooth, long, narrow, deep green ; lower leaves with short peduncles; upper sessile; odour like basil. Mentha cardiaca, Ger. em. 6S0, 4. Mentha gentilis, Sole Menth. Brit. 35, 15. Heart mint. Heart wort. 8. Mentha gentilis.'' Elegant mint . Stem very much branched, spreading; leaves ovate, blunt, serrated; flowers in whirls; pedicell and base of the calyx bald. Mentha gentilis, Lin. S. P. S05. Mentha rubra, Sole Menth. Brit. 41, 8. Watery places and ruins; perennial; August. Stem upright, 12 inches high, rough; branches long; leaves petioled, light green, rather hirsute on both sides ; whirls nearly sessile; bractece lanceolate; calyx hairy above; stamens enclosed. jS. rivalis. Stem 3 feet high, rough ; leaves long, nearly elliptical. Mentha nivalis a, Sole Menth. Brit. 41, 18. y. variegata. Leaves variegated with yellow and white; whirls sessile, rarely pedicelled; pedicells rarely slightly hairy ; hairs deffexed. Mentha variegata, Sole Menth. Brit. 43, 19. PI. ex. cor . 32. LABIATJE. 120. Mentha. 365 9. Mentha rubra. Fed mint . Stem upright, flexuous, bald ; leaves ovate, petioled, inciso-serrated ; flowers in whirls; whirls peduncled ; pe- duncles and calyx quite bald ; teeth of the calyx hirsute. Mentha vertieillala, Rail Syn. 232, 4 . Mentha sativa rubra, Ger. em. 680, 1. Mentha crispa. Park. 31. Mentha rubra, Smith Tr.Lin. Soc. 5,205. Mentha sativa, Sole Menth. Hr. 47,24. Edges of rivers ; perennial ; September. Stem 6 feet high, slightly branched, bald ; leaves dark green, shining ; upper small and roundish ; bractece linear ; pedicells shining ; flowers rather large, bald. 0. crispa . Leaves crisped. Mentha crispa verticillata folio rotundiore, Rail Syn. 232, 4.* y. pratensis. Stem branched at the top, changing from pale green to dark brown ; leaves harsh, wrinkled, hairy, deeply serrated, hanging down close to the stem. Mentha pratensis, Sole Me, nth. Br. 39, 17. 10. Mentha odorata. Sweetscented mint. Leaves petioled, heartshape, rather blunt, serrated, both sides naked; pedicells and calyx quite bald ; flowers capitate; head quite blunt. Mentha rubra, Miller Diet. Mentha odorata. Sole Menth. Brit. 21,9. Bergamot mint. Watery places; perennial; July and August. Herb quite bald, reddish ; stem upright, much branched ; spikes terminal, very short, den lower whirl remote, slightly peduncled ; bractece bristlelike ; calyx slender, fur- rowed ; tube and teeth entirely bald ; stamens included ; odour like oranges. 1 1 . Mentha piperita. Pepper mint . Spike blunt, interrupted below; leaves petioled, rather ovate, nearly bald; calyx quite bald at the base; stamens enclosed. Mentha piperata, Iluds. FI. Angl. 251. Mentha piperata officinalis, Sole Menth . Br. 15,7, Mentha officinalis, Hull. Br. FI. 227. Watery places; perennial; August and September. ' Stem C1 feet high, much branched ; hairs recurved; leaves ovate, lanceolate, acute, serrated, dark green, pale beneath ; spike solitary, long; lower whirl very remote, peduncled; S66 120. Mentha. 32. LABIATE. PL ex. cor. Iractea fringed ; odour pungent ; taste bitter aromatic.— Stem and leaves covered with glands containing a carmina- tive and antispasmodic oil. |3. vulgaris. Leaves ovate, short, rather elliptical ; spikes short, blunt, and like a head. Mentha (spieata) spicis brevioribus et habiiioribus, foliis menthse fuscae* sapore fervido pi peris, Raii Syn. 234, 7. Mentha piperita, Hull Br. FI. 127. Mentha piperita vulgaris, Sole Menth. Br. 19,8. y. hircina. Leaves heartshape, ovate, bald ; spikes pointed* long; lower whirl very remote, pedicelled; taste virose* ungrateful. Mentha piperita sylvestris, Sole Menth. Br. 53,24. Mentha piperita, Hull Br. FI. 127. 12. Mentha viridis. Green mint. Spikes interrupted, attenuated ; leaves sessile, heartshape, lanceolate, pointed, naked ; Lraclece and teeth of the calyx rather hirsute. Mentha Romana, Ger. erh. 680, 3. Mentha spieata viridis, Lin. S. P. ed. 1, 576. Mentha viridis, Lin. S. P. 804. Mentha glabra, Mill. Die. Spear mini. Common garden mint. Brown mint . Maycril mint. Bogs ; perennial ; August. Stem ■ 3 feet high, upright, bald ; leaves bald ; spikes pa~ nicled, whirls remote; hracteee twice as long as the flowers; pedicells and calyx bald ; odour aromatic, acrid. — A con- serve of the leaves, as also the distilled water and distilled spirit prevent and stop nausea and vomiting : leaves used also as carminatives to season flatulent food ; made into poultices, or in fomentations, used to dissolve coagulations of milk in the breasts, milk with which mint leaves are mixed not curdling nearly so soon as pure milk. 13. angustifolia. Leaves rather hirsute beneath ; teeth of the calyx fringed, fringes short. Mentha spieata angustifolia, glabra, folio rugosiore, odore graviore, Raii Syn. 233, 1. y. ciliata . Leaves rather hirsute beneath; teeth of the calyx fringed ; fringes long, very copious. Mentha spieata angustifolia, glabra, spica latiore, Dillen in Raii Syn , 233, 2. & laii folia. Leaves broad, short, wrinkled; teeth of the calyx fringed ; fringes short. Mentha spieata glabra, latiore folio, Dillen in Raii Syn, 234,3. # Pi. ex. cor. 32. LABIATAK. 121. Pulegium. 367 III. 121. PULEGIUM. Pliny. Pennyroyal . Calyx 5- cut, irregular, not 2-lipped, mouth closed with hairs when in fruit; corolla little longer than the calvx, 4-lobed, nearly equal ; upper lobe not nicked ; stamens *di-* dynamous, diverging. — Rhizoma creeping; herb aromatic; ivhirls pedicelled ; bractece 0. Pulegium aromaticum . Scented pennyroyal. Leaves reverse ovate, oblong, blunt, rather crenate ; flowers in whirls ; pedicells and calyx tomentose ; teeth of the calyx fringed. Pulegium, Raii Syn . 235, 1. Pulegium regium, Ger. cm. 671, 1. Pulegium vulgare, Park. 29. Mentha Pulegium, Lin . S. P. 807. Pennyroyal . Pudding- grass. Pulialt royal. Organic. Inundated places; perennial; September. Stem prostrate, much branched, downy, creeping; leaves petioled, blunt ; whirls many-flowered ; pedicells hairy ; hairs short, horizontal ; corolla purple ; tube white ; stamens exserted. — Herb antispasmodic, used in hysterical diseases, in infusion, or as a distilled water: syrup of the juice used in hooping cough. /3. album. Flowers white. y. erectum . Stem upright; pedicells hairy; hairs slightly deflected. Pulegium mas, Ger. era. 671,2. Mentha Pulegium /?, Stokes Rot. M. M. 3,320. IV. 122. BUGULA. Dioscorides. Bugle . Calyx 5-cut, irregular, not 2-lipped ; corolla tubular, upper lip or galea very short, truncated, 2-toothed ; lower 3-lobed ; middle lobe large, reverse heartshape ; stamens exserted, ascending; anthers all alike, short, 1-celled; mi- crobasis reticulated. — Hairs short, tranversely parted. a. Flowers axillary , spiked; leaves broad; root creeping . 1 . Bugula reptans. Creeping bugle. » Stolones creeping ; leaves oval, oblong, baldish ; stems solitary. Bugula, Raii Syn. 245, 1 ; Ger. em. 631, 1. Bugula vulgaris, Park. 245. Ajuga reptans, Lin. S. P. 785. Teucriuin reptans, Salisb . Prod. Bugula reptans, Scopoli Cam. Brown bugle. Sickle wort. Herb carpenter , 538 PL ex. cor • 122. Bugula. 32. LABIATiE. Woods and damp pastures; perennial; April and May. Flowering stem upright, simple, rather hairy ; leaves el- liptic, blunt, repand ; upper leaves sessile ; bractece not in the least cut; middle lobe of the corolla cut. ,e. hirsuta. Stolones short; herb hirsute; stem roundish. Dry mountains. 2. Bugula pyramidalis. Pyramidal bugle . Stolones 0; leaves oval and oblong, villous; root-leaves very large, reverse ovate, crenate ; bractece not cut ; whirls pyramidically crowded, many-flowered. Ajuga pyramidalis, Lin. S. F. 785. Scotch mountains ; perennial ; May and June. Boot tuberous; stem single; root-leaves many, petioled, blunt, repand ; stem-leaves very few, short ; bractece oval, cut, coloured; spike close; corolla purple. 3. Bugula alpina . Alpine bugle . Stolones 0; stems many, simple; leaves reverse ovate, unequally toothed, rather hairy ; stem-leaves nearly as large as the root-leaves ; whirls rather distant, many-flowered. Bugula cserulea alpina, Rail Syn. 245, 2; Park. 525. Ajuga pyramidalis, Huds. FI. Angl. 248. Ajuga Genevensis, Withering Bot. Art. Ajuga alpina, Lin. Mant. 80. Mountain bugle. Mountains; perennial; June. Lower bractece cut; upper not cut, coloured. b. Flowers axillary , solitary ; leaves slender , mostly 3-cut or toothed; root annual. Chamsepitys. 4. Bugula arvensis. Field bugle . Stem diffuse; leaves 3-cut, edge of the lobes not cut; flowers shorter than the leaves. Chamsepitys vulgaris, Raii Syn. 244, 1 ; Park. 283. Charnffipitys mas, Ger. em. 525, 1. Teucrium Chamaepitys, Lin. S. P. 787. Bugula Chamaspitys, Scop. Cam 718. Ajuga Chamaepitys, Fjngl. Rot. 77. Teucrium arvense, Salisb. Prod. 70. Ground pine. Herb ivy. Forget me not. Field cypress. Sandy fields; annual; April and May. Stem much branched; leaves 3-cut to the middle; lobes revolute ; lower leaves undivided ; flowers nearly sessile, yellow spotted with red. — Herb bitter, acrimonious, useful in gout, intermitting fevers, and jaundice. tridentata. Leaves linear; edge not cut; tip 3-toothed. PL ex cor, 32. LABIATiE. 123. Chamaedrys. 369 V. 123. CHAMAEDRYS. Dioscorides. Germander . Calyx tubular, gibbous at the base, 5-toothed; teeth lanceolate, upper broadest, 2 lowest slender; corolla ringent; galea truncated, deeply cut ; lobes falcate, connate at the tip; lower lip 3-parted, lateral lobes long, middle lobe concave, very large, slightly 3-lobed ; stamens 4, didyna- mous, exserted, ascending ; microbasis , or cariopsides, smooth. — Flowers axillary. 1. Chamcedrys laciniata. Jagged-leaf germander. Stem decumbent ; leaves pinnatifid ; lobes 3-cut ; flowers peduncled, in threes. Chamcepitys foemina, Ger. em. 525, 2. Teucrium Botrys, Lin . S. P. Chamaedrys Botrys, Mcenck Meth. 38 3. Female ground-pine . Cultivated places; annual; June to August. Stem 4-sided, branched ; hairs horizontal ; leaves petioled, many-cut, lobes cut ; flowers in threes from the base of each leaf ; calyx much swollen at the base ; corolla purplish. 2. Chamcedrys officinalis • Shop germander. Stem rather procumbent, villose ; leaves wedgeshape, ovate, cut, crenate, hirsute, petioled ; flowers in threes, Chamcedrys vulgaris sen sativa, Raii Syn. 231, 1 ; Park. 104. Chamcedrys major latifolia, Ger. em. 656, 1. Chamaedrys minor, Ger. em. 656, 2. Chamcedrys, Park. Parad. 456. Teucrium Chamaedrys, Lin. S. P. 790. Teucrium veronicaefoliuin, Salisb. Prod. 76. Chamcedrys officinalis, ' Meench'Meth. 383. Wall germander . English treacle. Old walls; perennial; July. Rhizoma creeping ; stem ascending, branched, nearly 4-sided ; lower half of the leaves not cut, growing narrow ; calyx hairy ; teeth downy, edged with white ; corolla pur- plish.— Herb diuretic, emmenagogue and diaphoretic; its decoction in wine recommended in gout. 3. Chamcedrys palustris. Marsh germander . Stem diffuse, downy ; leaves oblong, sessile, toothed, rather naked ; flowers peduncled, in pairs. Scordium, Raii Syn. 246, 1 $ Ger, em. 660, 1. Scordium legitimum, Park. 111. Teucrium Scordium, Lin. S. P. 790. Water germander. Scordium. Garikk germander. Bogs ; perennial ; July and August. Stem procumbent, 4-sided, hairy; leaves toothed, ser- rated ; flowers in twos or threes, peduncled ; calyx hairy. vol. u, 2 b 370 124. Scorodonia, 32. LABIATiE. PI. ex. cor. VI. 124. SCORODONIA. Val. Cordus. Wood-sage. Calyx tubular, bellied at the bottom, 2-lipped ; upper lip not cut, ovate, upright; lower lip 4-toothed; 2 side teeth short; 2 lower teeth jutting forwards; galea truncated, deeply cut; lobes rounded; lip 3-cut, side-lobe oblique spread ; middle lobe reverse heartshape ; stamens 4, didy- namous, exserted ; gynobasis or cariopsides smooth. — Flowers racemose, terminal, yellow ; racemes leafy. Scorodonia solitaria. Single-flowered wood-sage. Stems upright ; leaves heartshape, rather downy, toothed, petioled ; racemes axillary, facing one way. Scorodonia seu Salvia agrestis, Raii Syn. 245, 1 ; Ger. era. 662, 1. Scorodonia seu scordium alterum quibusdam et salvia agrestis, Park . 111. Teucrium Scorodonia, Lin. S. P. 789. Teucrium salvisefolium, Salisb. Prod. 76. Scorodonia heteroraalla, Moench Meth. 384. Scorodonia solitaria, Stokes B. M. M. 3, 374. Wood sage. Garlick sage. Woods and heaths ; perennial ; July. Rhizoma creeping; stem 4-sided, panicled, racemose'; leaves wrinkled ; flowers peduncled, yellow ; stamens violet. VII. 125. LAVANDULA. Gesner. Lavender. Calyx tubular, ovate; outside many-ribbed; inside bald; edge not cut or but slightly toothed ; periphyllum ovate, projecting; corolla tubular, long, bellied above; galea large, narrower than the lip, flat, 2-cut ; lip 3-lobed ; lobes equal, blunt; stamens 4, didynamous, from the side of the tube, convergent, enclosed. — Stem herbaceous or shrubby \ flowers spiked, bracteated. Lavandula Tragi. Tragus's lavender. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, linear, not cut, edge turned- under ; spike interrupted ; bractece lanceolate. Lavandula fiore crerulea, Ger. em. 583, I. Lavandula major, sive vulgaris, Park. 73. Lavandula Spica, Lin. S. P, 800. Lavandula Tragi, Salisb. Prod.18. Lavender spike. Cultivated shrubby; June and July. Stem upright ) stem-leaves scarcely turned under: branch- leaves turned under, airy underneath; hairs stellate ; bractese brown; flowers violet, sweet-scented. — Spikes yield much essential oil in distillation, oil very sweet-scented, contain- ing a large proportion of camphire ; flowers nervine, anti- spasmodic, cephalic. PL ex. cor . 371 32. LABIATE. 126. Nepeta. VIII. 126. NEPETA. Pliny. Cat-mint . Calyx cylindrical, not 2-lipped, striated, dry, bald on the inside, 5-toothed; teeth unequal, upper tooth broadest; tule of the corolla long ; mouth spreading ; edge reflexed ; galea slender, short, 2-cut ; lip 3-lobed ; side lobes short ; middle lobe very large, concave, crenate ; stamens 4, didy- namous, exserted, converging.— Flowers verticillate spiked, or terminal panicled ; peduncles many-flowered, bracteated. Nepeta mollis. Soft cat-mint. Leaves petioled, heartshape, toothed, serrate ; whirls pe- dicelled ; flowers spiked. Nepeta major vulgaris, Raii Syn . 237, 1 ; Park, 38. Mentha felina, seu cattaria, Ger. em. 682, 1. Nepeta cattaria, Lin. S. P. 796. Nepeta mollis, Salisb. Prod. 78. Nep. Edges of chalky fields ; perennial ; July and August. Herb very soft, sometimes woolly ; stem upright ; leaves wrinkled; spikes blunt, many-flowered; corolla, white, lip spotted with red. — Odour aromatic, much liked by cats. IX. 127. BETONICA. Pliny. Betony. Calyx irregular, not lipped, 5-toothed; teeth unequal, awned; mouth hairy; corolla lipped ; tube bent at bottom ; galea upright, not cut ; lip 3-cut ; middle lobe deflexed at the sides ; stamens 4, didynamous, short, not converging. — • Stem simple ; flowers terminal, spiked ; true bractece 0. Betonica officinalis. Shop betony . Leaves heartshape, crenate, rather hairy; hairs of the stem adpressed; calyx rather bald ; galea not cut; middle lobe of the lip nicked. Betonica, Raii Syn. 238; Ger. em. 714, 1 . Betonica vulgaris flore purpureo, Park. 614. Betonica officinalis, Lin. S. P. 810. Wood betony. Woods; perennial; July and August. Stem with rough and stiff bristles ; leaves blunt, serratures broad; lower leaves petioled; spikes leafy; corolla purple or white. — Root emetic ; herb sternutatory, also smoked as tobacco : formerly in high esteem as cephalic. 2 B 2 372 PL ex. cor * 128, Stachys. 32. LABIATAE. X. 128. STACHYS. Dioscorides. Wound-wort . Calyx irregular, not lipped, sometimes closed, 5-toothed ; teeth awlshape, irregular, sometimes distorted ; corolla lip- ped,* tube short, gibbous, prominent; galea arched, nicked; lip 3-lobed, lobes reflexed sideways; stamens 4, didyna- mous, becoming reflexed sideways. — Flowers axillary or verticil lately spiked ; true bracteoe 0. 1. Stachys sylvatica . Wood wound-wort. Stem solid; leaves heartshape, wrinkled, pointed, serrate, petioled; whirls 6-flowered. Galeopsis legitima Dioscoridis, Raii Syn. 237, 1 ; Park. 908. Galeopsis vera, Ger. em. 709, 1. Stachys sylvatica, Lin. S. P. 811. Hedge nettle. Woods and hedges; perennial; July and August. Rhizoma rather creeping ; stem simple ; leaves dark green ; spike ovate, interrupted; calyx hispid; corolla brownish blood-colour; lip white, spotted. 0. minus. Leaves angular. Galeopsis q. lamiuni sylvaticum spicatum fcetidum, folio anguloso minus Plukeneti, Dillen in Raii Syn. 237, 2. 2. Stachys ambigua. Doubtful woundwort . Stem pipey; leaves oblong, serrate, petioled; whirls 6-flowered. Stachys ambigua, Engl. Bot. 30, 2089. Fields in north of Scotland ; perennial ; September. Rhizoma creeping, white; leaves paler than those of s. syl- vatica ; corolla bright red ; lip variegated ; teeth of the calix lanceolate. 3. Stachys palustris . _ Marsh woundwort. Leaves heartshape, linear, lanceolate, rather bald, sessile, acutely serrated; whirls 6 to 10-flowered. Sideritis Anglica strumosa radice, Raii Syn. 242, 1 ; Park . 587. Panax coloni, Ger. em. 1005. Stachys palustris, Lin. S. P. 811. Clowns allheal. Clowns woundwort. Moist places ; perennial ; August. Rhizoma creeping; stolones becoming tuberous; stem rough; bristles deflexed; leaves silky above, woolly beneath; lower leaves slightly petioled ; spikes dense, long ; corolja purple, lip variegated. — Herb astringent, used to cure wounds by the first intention, by being bruised and applied to them ; also in ointments. PI. ex . catr. 373 32. LABlATiE. 129. Trixago. XI. 129. TRIXAGO. Lomcerus. Trissago. Calyx irregular, not lipped, 5-toothed ; teeth unequal ; mouth nearly naked ; corolla lipped ; tube not so long as the calyx; galea arched, not cut; lip 3-lobed, middle lobe larger, blunt; stamens 4, didynamous, becoming diverged sideways. — Flowers verticillate, spiked ; true hractece 0. Trixago arvense. Field trissago . Leaves heartshape, blunt, crenate, rather hirsute; lower leaves petioled ; upper leaves sessile. Sideritis humilis lato obtuso folio, Ran Syn. 242, 2; Ger. cm. 699, 5. Sideritis hederulae folio, Park. 587. Stachys arvensis, Lin. S. P. 814. Glechoma raarrubiastri, Villars Delph. Trixago cordifolium, Mcench Meth. 398. Fields in light soils; annual; July and August. Root fibrous ; stem weak, branched ; leaves 3-ribbed at the bottom, broadly crenate ; teeth of the calyx fringed ; corolla purplish. XII. 130. ERIOSTOMUM. Link. B as e-hore hound. Calyx irregular, not lipped, 5-toothed.; teeth unequal, spinose; mouth with long hairs; corolla lipped, tube short; galea arched, nicked ; lip 3-lobed ; middle lobe very large, reverse heartshape; stamens 4, diverging. — Flowers verti- cillate, spiked ; true hractece 0. Eriostomum Germanicum . German hase-h or eh ound. Leaves narrow at bottom, silky above, woolly beneath ; root leaves ovate; upper leaves acutely crenated. Stachys Fuchsii, Rail Syn. 239, 1 ; Ger. cm. 695,2, Stachys major Gerrnatiica, Park. 48. Stachys Germanica, Lin. S. P. 812. Wild stinking ho rehound. Fields and hedges in chalky soils; perennial ; July. Stem woolly, very soft ; leaves veined ; spikes leafy ; calyx very closely villose; corolla purplish, very villous on the outside. < XIII. 131. GLECHOMA. Dioscorides. Ground-ivy, Calyx tubular, cylindrical, striated, naked on the inside, 5-cut, rather unequal, not 2-lipped, 3 upper teeth long, 2 lower short ; corolla tubular, tube twice as long as the calyx, bellied above; galea distant, slender, 2-cut; lip 3-cut, side lobes narrow, middle lobe large, nicked; cm- 374* 131. Glechoma. 32. LABIATiE. PI. ex. cor . Mers 4, bent, cohering in pairs ; ovary girt with a sarcoma. — Herb creeping ; hairs distinctly articulated ; flowers axil- lary, peduncled. Glechoma hederacea. Ivy ground-ivy. Leaves heartshape or kidneyshape, crenate ; teeth blunt. Calamintha humilior, folio rotundiore, Raii Syn. 243, 3. Hedera terrestris, Ger. em. 856, 1. Hedera terrestris vulgaris, Park. 677. Glechoma hederacea, Lin. S. P. 807. Chamaeclema hederacea, Maench Meth. 393. Alehoof. Tun hoof. Cats foot. Gill go by the ground. Woods and hedges; perennial; April and May. Herb downy; stem creeping, branches upright, flower- bearing ; leaves petioled, spreading ; flowers in whirls 3 or 4 together, blue. — Herb astringent, vulnerary, and pec- toral, used to fine malt liquors ; powder of the leaves used in cough, consumption, and jaundice ; juice as an errhine useful in headach. 0. parvifolia. Leaves small, finely cut. Calamintha foliis eleganter dissectis, cauliculis erectioribus,brevioribus; foliis minoribus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 243, 3. y. grandifolia. Leaves heartshape, kidneyshape, large. 2. Glechoma hirsuta. Hairy ground-ivy. Leaves heartshape, toothed; teeth acute; pedicells nsuaWy 3-flowered; teeth of the calyx awlsh ape; filaments bearing the anthers below the tip. Calamintha q. hedera terrestris montana C. Bauhini, Dillen in Raii Syn. 243,4; Park. 677. Lamium Pannonicum tertium Clnsii, Ger. em. 704, 6. Glecoma hederacea j8, Hudson FI. Angl. 254. Glechoma hederacea e, cordifolia, Stokes Bot. M. M. 329. Glechoma hirsuta, Persoon Syn. 121. Woods and hedges ; perennial ; April and May. Stem 3 feet long, rougher and more hairy than the for- mer; teeth of the leaves terminated by a white spot; flower large. XIV. 132. LAMIUM. Pliny. Dead-nettle. Calyx bellshape, irregular, not 2-lipped ; apex spreading, inside naked, 5-toothed ; 1 upper slender, long ; 4 lower nearly equal ; corolla tubular, long ; mouth inflated ; edge reflexed; galea distant, slender, arched, not cut; lip 3-lobed ; side lobes very short, with 1 or 2 bristlelike teeth ; middle lobe reverse-kidney shape, crenated ; anthers hirsute. — Flowers in whirls, axillary. PL ex. cor. 32. LABIATE. 132. Lamium. 375 1. Lamium album. White dead-nettle. Leaves ovate heartshape, pointed, acutely serrate, pe- tioled; whirls 20-flowered. Lamium album, Raii Syn. 240, 1 ; Ger. em. 702, 1 ; Lin. S. P. 809. Lamium vulgare album, seu Archangelicum flore albo, Park. 604. White archangel. Dead nettle. Ruins and waysides ; perennial; May to September. Rhizoma creeping ; leaves deeply serrated ; flowers up- right, white, rarely flesh-colour; galea villous; calyx bald, with a brown spot; anthers black. 2. Lamium maculatum. Spotted dead-nettle . Stem hirsute; leaves heartshape, wrinkled, pointed, hir- sute, broadly serrate; whirls 10-flowered. Lamium montanum Columnae, Park. 605. Lamium maculatum, Lin. S. P. 809. Banks; perennial; April. Stem ascending : hairs deflexed ; petioles long ; root leaves with a white spot ; flowers large, purple or white ; galea irregularly crenated ; anthers tawny. 3. Lamium purpureum. Purple dead-nettle. Leaves heartshape, blunt, petioled, toothed ; teeth blunt and unequal ; upper leaves crowded; whirls 8 or 10-flowered; tube of the corolla bearded on the inside at the bottom ; galea not nicked. Lamium rubrum, Raii Syn. 240, 2; Ger. em. 703, 3. Lamium vulgare, folio subrotundo, flore rubro, Park. 604. Lamium purpureum, Lin. S. P. 809. Lamium nudum, Moench Meth. 393. Small dead nettle. Red archangel. Ruins and waste places $ annual ; May to September. Stem bald, branched at bottom : leaves unequally cre- nated ; flowers purple or white ; anthers red ; calyx bald ; teeth fringed. — This, as well as the 1. album, is used as a pot-herb. 0. integrum. Lfeaves not cut : flowers small. Lamium rubrum foliis per ambitum nec serratis nec crenatis, flore minore, Prof. Martyn's MS. 4. Lamium incisum. Cut-leaved dead-nettle. Leaves heartshape, dilated, petioled, acutely and une- qually cut ; upper leaves crowded ; tube of the corolla bald on the inside, slenderer than the calyx. 2 376 132. Lamium. 32. LABIATiE. PL ex . cor. Lamium rubrum minus, foliis profunde incisis, Raii Syn. 240,3. JLamium purpureum #, Huds. FI. Angl. 255. Lamium incisum, TVilld. S. P. 89. Lamium dissectum, Withering Bot. Arr. ed. 3. Lamium hybridum, Theuill. Paris, Kitchen-gardens; annual; May. Stem branched at bottom ; leaves cut, lobes pointed ; flowers small, purplish. 5. Lamium amplexicaule. Stem-emlr acing dead-nettle . Floral leaves sessile, embracing the stem, blunt, crenate or cut ; title of the corolla slender. Lamium folio caulem ambiente majus et minus, Raii Syn, 240, 4. Alsine Jlederula altera, Ger, em. 616, 4. Alsine Hederulae folio minor, Park. 762. Lamium amplexicaule, Lin. S. P. 809. Henbit. Great henbit. Sandy fields ; annual ; February to June. Lower leaves petioled, heartshape, bluntly and deep!} serrated; upper leaves heartshape, sessile, 5-lobed; lobes crenated ; flowers rose-colour ; early flowers very short, barren ; later flowers 4 times as long as the calyx, fertile. XV. 133. GALEOBDOLON. Dioscorides. Archangel Calyx bellshape, 5-cut; teeth 5, unequal, pointed; 2 lower teeth narrow ; tube of the corolla longer than the calyx, 2- lipped ; galea arched, not cut ; lip 3-cut ; lobes broad, pointed, middle lobe longest; anthers bald. Galeoldolon luteum. Yellow archangel Leaves ovate ; involucrum 4-leaved. Lamium luteum, Raii Syn. 240, 5 ; Ger. em. 702, 2 ; Park. 606. Galeopsis Galeobdolon, Lin. S. P. 810. Leonorus Galeobdolon, Scop. Cam. 705. Lamium Galeobdolon, Crant. Austr. 262. Pollichia Galeobdolon, Roth. Germ. 1,254. Galeobdolon Galeopsis, Curtis FI. Lond. Galeobdolon luteum, Huds. FI. Angl. 258. Galeobdolon vulgare, Persoon Syn. 122. Cardiaca sylvatica, Lamarck FI, Fr. 384. Yellovo dead-nettle. Weasel snout. Damp meadows and woods ; perennial ; May. Stem erect, simple ; hairs deflexed ; leaves petioled ; whirls many-flowered; calyx bald; teeth hairy; corolla yellow; mouth spotted with red. 0. montamm. Upper leaves lanceolate ; involucrum 6 or 3- leaved. y. regulare . Terminal flower salvershape, 6-cut. PL ex. cor , 32. LABIATiE. 134. Galeopsis. 377 XVI. 134. GALEOPSIS. Dioscorides. Hedge-nettle . Calyx bellshape, irregular, not lipped, 5-toothed ; teeth rather spinose ; mouth bald ; corolla lipped, tube longer than the calyx ; galea arched, crenate ; lip 3-lobed ; middle lobe broadest, with a tooth on each side between that and the lateral lobes; mouth with 2 elevated, hollow, blunt horns on the lower side ; anthers bald. — Flowers whirled, axillary, a. Teeth of the calyx triangular , pointed ; stem rather bald ; internodes of the stem equal, Ladanum. 1. Galeopsis angust folia. Harrow-leaved hedge-nettle . Stem long, much branched, rather bald ; leaves linear, lanceolate, narrow at both ends. Ladanum segetum, Rivinus Monop. hr. 24 , 1. Galeopsis angustifolia, Per. Syn. 122. Tetraliitum Ladanum, Mosnch Meth. 394. Cornfields; annual ; June to August. Stem 4-angled ; leaves beneath pubescent ; flowers small, reddish ; whirls girt with 1 or 2 leaves and 4 bractese. $. regularis. Terminal flower regular, 4 or 5-cleft. 2. Galeopsis segetum. Harvest hedge-nettle. Leaves lanceolate, scarcely cut; whirls distant; calyx downy. Galeopsis Ladannm, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 2,600. Fields; annual; June to August. 3. Galeopsis parvflora. Small-flowered hedge-nettle . Leaves ovate, blunt, equally serrated, ribbed, rather bald, - petioled; calyx hirsute, rather shorter than the tube of the corolla. Galeopsis Ladanum, Lin. S, P. 810. Galeopsis parvifiora, Lamarck Enc. Met h. 600. Galeopsis Ladannm 2, With. Rot. Arr. 652. Galeopsis intermedia, Villars Delph. 2,387 . Galeopsis latifolia, Hoff. Germ. 418. Fields ; annual ; August and September. Stem mostly simple; leaves spreading, ovate; petioles short, serratures large ; flowers in rather distant whirls ; corolla purple and white. 4. Galeopsis ochroleuca . Yellowish hedge-nettle. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, serrate, petioled, villose; tube of the corolla very long ; galea crenately incised. PL ex. cor. 378 134. Galeopsis* 32. LABIATE. Sideritis arvensts, latifolia hirsuta lutea, Raii Syn. 242,3. Galeopsis villosa, Huds . FI. Angl. 256. Betonica birta, JIuds. FI. Angl. ed. 1,220; not of Linnaeus. Galeopsis grand iflora, Gmelin Syst. Veg. 905. Galeopsis ochreleuca, Lamarck Enc. Meth . 2, 600. Galeopsis dubia, Leers Herb. 450. Galeopsis prostrata, Villars Delph. 388. Tetrahit longiflorum, Moench Meth. 395. Fellow iron-wort. Downy hemp-nettle. Sandy fields; annual; July and August. Leaves equally and regularly serrated ; calyx villous ; tube of the corolla 3 times as long as the calyx, yellow ; palate fulvous ; anthers rather villous behind. b. Teeth of the calyx awlshape, distant , spinous , hispid ; in- ternodes of the stem thickened above . Tetrahit. 5. Galeopsis nodosum . Knotted hedge-nettle . Stem hispid ; internodes thickened above ; leaves ovate, ferrate ; upper whirls contiguous ; tube of the corolla twice as long as the calyx; galea rather straight. Lamium can na.bin o folio vulgare, Raii Syn. 240,7. Cannabis spuria, Ger. em. 709 ; Park. 599. Galeopsis Tetrahit, Lin. S. P. 810. Tetrahitum nodosum, Moench Meth. 395. Galeopsis urticsefolia, Salisb. Prod. 81. Common hemp-nettle. Wild hemp. Bastard kemp. Fields; annual; July and August. Stem every where hispid ; hairs turned back ; leaves pointed, hispid on both sides ; tube of the corolla white, galea convex, purple ; lip white, or purple and white. 0. regularis. Terminal flower regular, 4-cut; stamens equal. 6. Galeopsis versicolor. Changeable hedge-nettle . Stem hispid; internodes thickened above; leaves broad ovate, serrate ; whirls contiguous ; tube of the corolla 3 timgs as long as the calyx ; galea bellied. Lamium cannabino folio, flore amplo luteo, labio purpureo, Raii Syn. 241,9. Galeopsis Tetrahit jS, Lin. S. P. 810. Galeopsis cannabina, With. Bot. Arr. 529. Galeopsis versicolor, Curtis FI. Land. Large -flowered hemp-nettle. Bee nettle. Sandy fields; annual; July and August. Leaves pale; corolla yellow; lip with yellow lines, and u central violet spot. PI. ex. cor. 32. LABIATAE. 135. Cardiaca. 379 XVII. 135. CARDIACA. Gesner. Mother-wort . Calyx bellshaped, 5-sided, 5-toothed, irregular, not lipped: mouth naked; teeth unequal, spinose, expanded, 2 lower longest; corolla lipped, tube as long as the calyx ; galea upright, concave, not nicked ; outside very villous ; lip turned back, 3-lobed, lobes pointed, nearly equal ; sta- mens 4, didynamous; filaments villous; anthers speckled with shining dots ; ovary tomentose at the tip, margined. — Leaves cut; flowers in whirls, axillary. Cardiaca vulgaris . Common mother-wort . Leaves petioled ; lower leaves wedgeshape, ovate, 3-lobed, toothed ; upper leaves lanceolate, undivided. Cardiaca, Rail Syn. 239, 1; Park 41, 42 j Ger. 705, 1. Leonurus Cardiaca, Lin.S. P. 817. Cardiaca trilobata, Lamarck FI. Fr. 383. Stachys triloba, Stokes Bot. M. M. 339. Cardiaca vulgaris, Moench Meth. 401. Leonurus ruderalis, Salisb. Prod. 84. Chalk fields ; perennial ; July and August. Stem downy; villi bent back; leaves spreading, linear tomentose, veiny; whirls many-flowered; corolla white and woolly on the outside; red and variegated on the inside; anthers spotted with white.— Antispasmodic, the decoction used in palpitation of the heart, hysteria ; and also given to cattle against coughs and fever. XVIII. 136. BALLOTE. Dioscor. Bastard-horehound . Calyx bellshape, 5-sided, 10-ribbed, 5-toothed, regular; teeth equal ; corolla 2-lipped ; galea concave, crenated ; lip 3-lobed ; side lobes roundish, middle lobe large, heart- shape, cut ; seeds triangular. — Flowers axillary ; whirls pe- duncled, many-flowered. Ballote foetida. Stinking bastard-hellebore . Leaves rather heartshape, ovate, crenate, hirsute ; calyx veined, enlarged above, rather truncated; teeth ovate, mu- cronated, spreading. Ballote, Raii Syn. 244, 1. Marrubium nigrum, Ger. em. 701, 1. Marrubium nigrum foetidum Ballote dictum, Park. 1230. Ballota nigra, Lin. S. P. ed. 1, 582. Mentha aqualica, FI. Dan. 673. Ballota foetida, De Cand. FI. Fr. 2576. Ballota sordida, Salisb. Prod. 83. Black horehound. Stinking horehound. Hedges and ruins; perennial; July and August. 380 136. Ballote. 32. LABIATE. PL ex. cor. Stem branched ; hairs recurved ; leaves petioled ; whirls bracteated; bracteae bristlelike, fringed, shorter than the calyx; calyx fnnnelshape; teeth very short, awned; corolla purple ; galea yellow ; odour acrid, pungent. — Decoction of the herb useful in hypochondriacal and hysterical diseases. XIX. 137. MARRUBIUM. Pliny. Horehound . Calyx hypocrateriform, ridged, 10-streaked, regular, 10-toothed; 5 alternate teeth smaller; corolla lipped; tube as long as the calyx; galea linear, straight, 2-cut; lip 3-cut; middle lobe reverse heartshape. — Flowers in whirls, axil- lary ; whirls sessile, many-flowered, bracteated. Marrubium vulgare . Common horehound. Stem upright; leaves rather round, ovate, toothed, wrinkled, veined; teeth of the calyx bristlelike, hooked. Marrubium album, Raii Syn. 239, 1 ; Ger. em. 693, 1 ; Rivinus Mon. 66. Marrubium album vulgare, Park. 44. Marrubium vulgare, Lin. S. P. 816. Marrubium uncinatum, Stokes Bot. M.M. 355. White horehound. Ruins and waysides ; perennial ; July. Stem woolly ; leaves petioled, white, woolly beneath ; whirls very hairy ; bractece bristlelike ; corolla white. XX. 138. ORIGANUM. Theophrastus. Organy. Calyx cylindrical, 5-toothed; teeth unequal; mouth closed with hairs ; corolla lipped ; tube compressed ; galea upright, nicked : lip 3-cut, nearly equal : seed roundish. — Flowers densely spiked; bractece ovate, imbricate,! -flowered; spikes many, terminal or axillary. Origanum vulgare. Common organy. Leaves ovate ; spike roundish, panicled ; panicles conglo- merate ; bractece ovate, coloured, as long as the calyx. Origanum vulgare spontaneum, Raii Syn. 236, 1, Origanum Anglicum, Ger. em. 666, 4. Origanum, Rivinus Mon. 60. Majorana sylvestris, Park. 12. Origanum vulgare, Lin. S. P. 821. Origanum floridum, Salisb. Prod. 85. English wild marjoram. Grove marjoram. Chalk-fields and hedges; perennial; July and August. Stem hirsute: hairs turned back; leaves ovate, slightly and rarely serrated ; spikes crowded, ovate ; bractece deep PL ex. cor . 32. LARIATiE. 138. Origanum. 381 brownish purple; corolla purplish. — Plant warm, aromatic; dried leaves make a good tea ; essential oil very acrid, used as a caustic to rotten teeth and horses : tops dye purple. 0. rufescens . Leaves ovate, lanceolate ; spikes topshape ; bractece dull purplish brown. Origanum Onifes, Raii Syn. 236,2, not of Linnaeus. Marjorana major Anglica, Ger. em. 664,2. Majorana latifolia, sive major Anglica, Park. 12. Pot marjoram. Winter marjoram . Cultivated for a potherb. XXL 139. MAJORANA. Brunsfel. Marjoram . Calyx 2-iipped ; mouth oblique, when fruitbearing naked ; upper lip large; lower lip 2-iobed ; corolla lipped; tube compressed; galea upright, nicked; lip 3-cut; lobes nearly equal; seeds roundish. — Flowers in dense spikes; bractece ovate, imbricate, 1 -flowered ; spikes 4-sided, terminal or axillary. 1. Majorana tenuifolia . Fine-leaved marjoram. Stem undershrubby ; leaves petioled, elliptical, slightly serrated, blunt, tomentose; spikes roundish, many, glome- rate, peduncled ; bractece pointed. Marjorana tenuifolia, Ger. em. 664, S. Origanum Majorana /?, Lin. S. P. 825. Origanum majoranoides, Willd. S. P. 3, 137. „ Majorana ovatifolia, Stokes Bot. M. M. 352. Marjoram gentle. Cultivated for an aromatic pot-herb ; peren. ; June, July. 2. Majorana vulgaris . Common marjoram . Root annual ; stem herbaceous ; leaves petioled, elliptical, blunt, nearly bald, edge not nicked ; spikes roundish, in threes, compact, peduncled. Marjorana major, Ger. em. 684, 1. Majorana vulgaris, Park. 33. Origanum Majorana, Lin. S. P. 825. Majorana ovatifolia, Stokes Bot . M. M. 350. Origanum odorum, Salisb. Prod. 85. Great sweet marjoram. Fine marjoram. Cultivated for an aromatic pot-herb; peren.; June, July. Stem upright, downy; hairs drooping; branches few at the bottom; upper braches spreading, flower-bearing; brae- tece ovate, longer than the calyx. 1 382 140. Thymus. 32. LABI ATiE. PL ex. car i XXII. 140. THYMUS. Theophrastus. Thyme. Calyx bellshape, or ovate, 2-lipped; 3 upper lobes broad, recurved ; 2 lower lobes awlshape, bent in, fringed ; mouth closed with hairs ; corolla short, lipped : galea nicked ; lip 8-lobed ; side lobes ovate ; middle lobe oblong, broad, en- tire.— Stem undershrubby ; leaves small; flowers glomerate, axillary or terminal ; plant odoriferous. 1. Thymus campestris. Field thyme . Stem lying down ; leaves flat, blunt, fringed at bottom ; flowers capitate. Serpyllum vulgare, Raii Syn. 230, 1 ; Ger. em. 570, 1. Serpyllum minus vulgare, Park. 8. Serpyllum flore minore, Rivinus Mon. 42. Thymus Serpyllum, Lin. S. P . 825. Thymus campestris, Salisb. Prod. 85. Wild thyme. Mother of thyme. Pulial mountain. Running thyme . Creeping thyme. Dry sandy heaths, and cultivated; peren.; July, August. Stem branched; leaves petioled, edge not nicked; heads leafy ; flowers pedicelled ; corolla purplish ; galea upright. — Aromatic, used as a pot-herb in soups. 0. alius . Flowers white. y. grandiflorus . Flowers large. Serpyllum vulgare flore amplo, Raii Syn. 230,2. citratus. Leaves yellow-green ; odour like that of le* tnon-peel. Serpyllum citratum, Raii Syn. 231,4; Ger. em. 571, 7. Serpyllum Pannonicum Clusii, Park. 8. Lemon thyme. v 2. Thymus lanuginosus . Woolly thyme. Stem creeping, hirsute ; leaves ovate, obtuse, villous ; flowers in heads. Serpyllum vulgare hirsutum, Raii Syn. 231, 6. Thymus Serpyllum, Lin. S. P. 825; a variety. Thymus lanuginosus, Pers. Syn. 133. Serpyllum montanum hirsutum, Riuinus Mon. 421. Hoary wild thyme. Sandy heaths; perennial ; July and August. Stem undershrubby; leaves roundish, every where hir- sute; corolla purple. — Infusion relieves headach after drinking. 13. minor . Stem creeping, small; plant scentless. Serpyllum hirsutum minus repens, inodorum, Raii Syn. 231,8. PL ex . cor. 32. LABIATiE. 140. Thymus. 38 $ y. pallidiflorus . Stem shrubby flowers pale red. Serpyllum villosum fructicosus, floribus dilute rubentibus, Raii Syn . 231,7. 3. Thymus angustifolius . Narrow-leaved thyme . Stem lying down ; leaves wedgeshape, linear, fringed at bottom ; flowers capitate. Serpyllum angustifolium glabrum, Dillen in Raii Syn. 231, 5. Thymus Serpillum, Lin. S. P. 825; a variety. Thymus Serpillum, Woodville Med. Rot. 110. Thymus angustifolius, Pers.Syn. 130. Dry sandy places and rocks ; perennial ; July and Aug. 4. Thymus vulgaris . Common thyme . Stem upright, undershrubby ; leaves ovate or lanceolate, turned over at the edge ; flowers spiked, in whirls. Thymum durius, Ger. era. 573, 1 ; Park. 7. Thymus vulgaris, Lin. S. P. 825. Thymus collinus, Salisbi Prod. 86. Hard thyme. Common garden thyme. Cultivated as an aromatic pot-herb; peren.; July, Aug. XXIII. 141. ACYNOS. Dioscorides. Basil-thyme . Calyx furrowed, hairy, hispid ; gibbous at bottom, mouth closed with hairs ; limb 2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed ; lower lip 2-bristled; tube of the corolla short; mouth rather inflated ; galea upright, nicked ; lip 3-parted, spreading, middle lobe concave, nicked. — Flowers in whirls, axillary. Acynos vulgaris . Common basil-thyme . Stem ascending, branched at bottom ; leaves ovate, acute, serrate at bottom ; whirls 6 -flowered. Acinos multis, Raii Syn. 238, 1. Ocymum sylvestre, Ger. era. 675, 1. Clinopodium minus, sive vulgare, Park. 21. Thymus Acinos, Lin. S. P. 826. Acinos, Rivinus Mon. 43. Acinos thymoides, MosnchMeth. 401. Acynos vulgaris, Peis. Syn. 131. Thymus gibbosus, Stokes Rot. M. M. 360. Calami ntha arvensis, Lamarck FI. Fr. 391. Thymus concinnus, Salisb. Prod. 86. Small wild basil. Sandy and chalky fields; annual ; July and August. Stem villous ; leaves ovate, rather turned over, rough, not dotted ; peduncles 1 -flowered ■: corolla light violet, co- loured ; lip white and black. 384? 142. Caiarnintha. 32. LABIATAE. PL ex. cor. XXIV. 142. CALAMINTHA. Dioscorides. Calamint. Calyx streaked, dry, flattish above ; mouth closed with hairs ; limb 2-lipped ; upper lip even, 3-toothed ; lower lip 2-cut ; corolla lipped ; mouth rather inflated ; galea nicked ; lip 3-parted ; middle lobe sliglftly nicked or crenulated ; stamens 4, didynamous. — Flowers in whirls, axillary; whirls peduncled; peduncle# forked. 1. Caiarnintha vulgaris . Common calamint . Stem weak, hirsute ; leaves ovate, blunt, serrate, hirsute, punctured ; peduncles axillary, many-flowered, forked, co- rymbose ; lower lobes of the calyx villous, twice as long as the upper lobes. Caiarnintha vulgaris, Raii Syn. 243, 1 ; Park. 36. Caiarnintha vulgaris officinarum, Ger . cm. 687. Calamentha, Rivinus Mon. 46. Melissa Caiarnintha, Lin. S. P. 827. Thymus Caiarnintha, Scop. Cam. 733. Caiarnintha montana, Lamarck FI. Fr. 391. Thymus Calamentha, Withering Bot. Arr. 664. Caiarnintha officinalis, Mcench. Meth . 409. Roads and waysides ; perennial ; July and August. Stem upright : leaves petioled, veined, acutely serrated, pale beneath ; hairs at the mouth of the calyx enclosed ; corolla twice as long as the calyx, light violet; galea arched; odour aromatic, pleasant. 2. Caiarnintha trichotoma . Three-forked calamint * Stem ascending, rather hirsute ; leaves ovate, blunt, slightly serrate, rather bald ; peduncles axillary, many- flowered, forked, corymbose ; teeth of the calyx nearly equal, Caiarnintha odore pulegii, Raii Syn. 243, 2; Ger. em. 687,4. Caiarnintha minor incana, Park. 37. Caiarnintha folio incano, Rivinus Men. 47. Melissa Nepeta, Lin. S. P. 828. Thymus Nepeta, Smith FI. Brit. 612. Caiarnintha parviflora, Lamarck Ft. Fr. 396. Caiarnintha trichotoma, Mcench. Meth. 409. Field calamint. Hedges and waysides ; perennial; August. Stem rather woody ; leaves broadly and bluntly serrated; 2 upper teeth of the calyx upright or recurved; hairs at the mouth prominent, white. PI. ex. cor. 385 32. LABIATiE. 143. Satureja. XXV. 143. SATUREJA. Pliny. Savory . Calyx bellshape, upright, not lipped, 10-ribbed; mouth bearded, 5-toothed; teeth rather unequal ; tube of the co- rolla as long as the calyx ; galea erect, 2-cut ; lip 3-cut ; lobes all nearly equal ; stamens 4, didynamous, distant. — Stem woody ; leaves punctured ; flowers in whirls, axillary. 1. Satureja hortensis. Garden savory. Stem brachiate, fastigiate ; leaves linear, lanceolate, rather blunt, dotted, edge not cut ; peduncles axillary, nearly co- rymbose. Satureja hortensis, Ger. em. 575, 1 ; Lin. S. P. 795. Satureja brachiata, Stokes Bot. M. M. £00. Winter savory. Cultivated for an aromatic potherb; peren. ; July, Aug. 2. Satureja montana. Mountain savory . Leaves linear, lanceolate, mucronate, dotted, edge not in the least cut ; peduncles axillary, cymose, nearly facing one way ; teeth of the calyx pointed. Satureja hortensis aestiva, Ger. em. 575,2. • Satureja montana, Lin. S. P. 794. Satureja mucroni folia, Stokes Bot. M. M. 300. Summer savory. Sussex, also cultivated for an aromatic potherb ; annual ; June. Leaves keeled, fringed at bottom; racemes terminal, leafy; corolla rose-coloured. XXVI. 144. CLINOPODIUM. Dioscorides. Wild-basil. Calyx tubular or ribbed, downy, lipped ; upper lip 3-cut, lower lip 2-parted, awlshape, smooth, naked; tube of the corolla short; mouth enlarged; galea upright, nicked; lip 3-lobed, lateral lobes roundish ; middle lobe nicked. — Flowers in whirls, axillary; whirls involucrated ; bractece many, bristlelike. Clinopodium vulgar e . Common wild-basil. Stem mostly simple ; leaves petioled, ovate, blunt, remote, slightly toothed, hairy; bractece bristlelike. Clinopodium origano simile, Rail Syn. 239, 1. Acynos, Ger. em. 675,2. Acinos sive clinopodium majus. Park. 22. Clinopodium, Rivinus Mon. 43. Clinopodium vulgare^ Lin. S. P. 821. Melissa glome rata, Stokes Bot. M. M. 366, Stone basil. VOL. II. 2 C 386 144*. Clinopodium. 32. LABIATiE. PL ex. cor* Fields and hedges ; perennial ; August. Stem fulvous, hairy ; whirls terminal and axillary, many- flowered, peduncled ; peduncles branched. — Aromatic. XXVII. 145. MELISSA. Brunsfels. Bawm. Calyx tubular, rather naked or slightly hairy, spreading at top, mouth 2-lipped; upper lip flat, 3-toothed; lower 2-lobed ; galea arched, half 2-cut ; lip long, 3-parted ; middle lobe largest, ovate; stamens 4, didynamous. — Flowers in whirls, axillary. Melissa officinalis. Shop bawm. Stem much branched ; leaves ovate, acute, serrate ; whirls halved, nearly sessile ; bractece oblong, pedicelled. Melissa, Ger. em. 689, 1. Melissa vulgaris, Park. 40. Melissa officinalis, Lin. S. P. 827. Balm. Cultivated; perennial; July. Leaves rather bald ; flowers reddish. — Plant aromatic ? infusion used 'in cephalic, cardiac, uterine, and stomachic affections, as also in stinking breath. XXVIII. 146. MELITTIS. Pliny. Bastard-bawm.. Calyx tubular, larger than the tube of the corolla, mouth naked, unequally 2 lipped ; upper lip not cut, sometimes 2-cut ; lower lip 2-cut ; corolla lipped, tube cylindrical ; galea arched, cut ; lip 3-lobed, middle lobe reverse heart- shape, large, crenate ; anthers bent, cohering by pairs. — Flowers axillary, 6 in a whirl, not bracteated. Melittis grand flora . Large-flowered bastard-bawm. Stem simple; leaves petioled, ovate, serrate, hairy; whirls 6 to 8 -flowered ; peduncles 1 -flowered. Melissa Fuchsii, Raii Syn. 242, 1. Melissa Fuchsii flore purpureo, Ger. em. 690, 3. Melissophyllum Fuchsii, Park. 41. Melissophyllum, Rivinus Mon. 21,2. Melittis Melissophyllum, Lin. S. P. 832. Woods and hedges ; perennial ; May and June. Root fibrous; stem hairy; flowers axillary; calyx co- loured, 3-lobed ; upper lobe not cut, pointed, nicked or deeply 2-cut, even on the same plant; corolla downy, flesh- colour; lip deep purple with a white border. PI. ex. cor. 32. LABIATJE. 146. Melittis. 387 <3. alba. Flowers yellowish white; middle of the lip violet, edge white. Melissa Fuchsii flore albo, Ger. em. 690, 3. Melissophyllum, Rivinus Mon. 21, 1. Melittis Melissophyllum, Curtis FI. Lond. Melittis grandiflora, Engl. Bot. 636. XXIX. 147. SALVIA. Pliny. Sage. Calyx bellshape, streaked ; mouth naked, 2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed ; middle tooth broad, short ; lower lip 2-cut ; corolla ringent ; galea arched, concave, nicked ; lower lip 3-cut ; side lobes slender ; middle lobe rounded ; stamens 2 ; filaments with a traverse pedicell in the middle. — Flowers in whirls, spiked. Salvia officinalis. Shop sage. Leaves lanceolate, ovate, crenulate, reticulated; racemes in whirls ; calyx longer than the bracteae ; teeth pointed. Salvia major, Ger. em. 764, 1. Salvia major vulgaris, Park. 49. Salvia officinalis, Lin. S. P. 34. Great sage. Cultivated ; perennial ; May and June. Stem villous ; leaves unequal at bottom, whitish-green ; calyx slightly woolly; corolla purple. — Aromatic, used in cookery, also diuretic; infusion drank as an emmenagogue, and useful in palsy, giddiness, trembling, and other nervous affections. 0. rubra. Leaves reddish. Red sage. y. absinthites. Leaves bitter, like wormwood. Salvia absinthites, Ger. em. 764, 7. Salvia minor altera, flore rubente, Park. 51. Wormwood sagef $. auriculala. Leaves eared at the base. XXX. 148. SCLAREA. Matthioli. Clary. Calyx bellshape ; mouth naked, 2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed ; lower lip 2-cut ; corolla lipped ; galea arched, compressed, nicked ; lower lip 8-lobed ; side lobes slender ; middle lobe rounded ; stamens 2 ; filaments with a traverse pedicell at bottom. — Flowers axillary, in whirls, often spiked. 2 c 2 388 148. Sclarea. 32. LABIATE. PL ex. cor * Sclarea pratensis. Meadow clary . Leaves heartshape, oblong, crenate ; uppermost pairs of leaves embracing the stem ; whirls rather naked ; hractece pointed, coloured, longer than the calyx ; teeth of the upper lip of the calyx connivent ; galea glutinous. Sclarea pratensis foliis serratis, flore caeruleo, Dillen in Raii Syn. 237, L Horminutn sylvestre Fuchsii, Ger. em. 769,3. Horminum sylvestre vulgare, Park. 55. Horminum pratense, Rivinus Mon. 36. Salvia pratensis, Lin. S. P . 35. Sclarea pratensis, Moetich Meth. 376. Clear-eye . Dry fields and hedges on chalk ; perennial ; July. Leaves wrinkled; lower leaves petioled; whirls 6-flowered; calyx hirsute ; hairs with heads, glandular ; corolla violet- colour, 4 times as long as the calyx.-— in water acquire a thick mucilage round them, used to put into the eyes to get out substances which have flown into them. XXXI. 149. HORMINUM. ^Hippocrates. Oculus-Christu Calyx bellshape ; mouth naked, 2-lipped ; upper lip 3-toothed; lower lip 2-cut; galea arched, compressed, nicked ; lower lip 3-lobed ; side lobes slender ; middle lobe rounded ; stamens 2 ; filaments with a traverse pedicell at the bottom. — Flowers axillary, in whirls, spiked. Horminum sylvestre . Wild Oculus-Christi. Leaves heartshape, oblong, sinuately and doubly cre- nated, wrinkled ; teeth on the upper lip of the calyx con- nivent ; corolla much slenderer and a little longer than the calyx. Horminum sylvestre lavendulas flore, Raii Syn. 237, 1 ; Park. 57. Horminum sylvestre, Ger. em. 771, 1. Salvia Verbenaca, Lin. S. P.35. Horminum coloratura, Moench Meth. 376. Wild clary. Fields and pastures on chalk ; peren. ; June to October. Stem ascending ; leaves rather bald ; Iractece longer than the calyx ; calyx hirsute ; hairs with heads, glandular ; teeth inflected ; corolla blue, not twice as long as the calyx ; tube constricted ; seeds round, black, smooth. — Seeds in water acquire a mucilaginous envelope, so that they are used, like those of meadow clary, to extract things from the eyes. JPl. ex. cor. 32. LABIATiE. 150. Brunella. 389 XXXII. 150. BRUNELLA. Brunsfels. Sdfheal. Calyx tubular; mouth naked, lipped; upper lip flat, truncated, 3-cut; lower lip shorter, 2-cut; galea concave, either nicked or not; lip 3-lobed ; middle lobe largest, nicked ; stamens 4, didynamous ; filaments forked or two- toothed; one branch antherbearing, the other naked ; stigma 2-cut. — Stem simple ; flowers spiked, terminal, in dense whirls; hractece large, fringed or torn. 'Ku Brunella vulgaris • Common self heal. Stem ascending; leaves petioled, oblong, ovate, toothed at the bottom ; upper Up of the calyx truncated, 3-toothed, ending in short bristles ; middle tooth as broad again as the others. Prunella, Raii Syn. 238, 1 ; Ger. em. 632, l ; Rivinus Mon. 29. Prunella vulgaris, Park. 1680; Lin. S. P. 837. Brunella vulgaris, Stokes Bot. M. M. 377 ; Moench Meth. 414. Prunel. Carpenters herb. Sickle wort. Hook-heal. Fields and pastures ; perennial ; July and August. Stem much branched, hairy ; hairs upright ; leaves hairy, slightly toothed ; spike solitary, blunt ; hractece heartshape, pointed, fringed ; tipper lip of calyx dilated ; lower lip deeply 2-cut; corolla violet colour.— Herb used both in- ternally in decoction, and externally in the cure of fresh wounds ; also in the inflammatory sore throat. XXXIII. 151. SCUTELLARIA. Cortusus. Skullcap . Calyx tubular, short; mouth naked, lipped; lips riot cut, pointed ; paraphyllum concave, incumbent on the upper lip ; tule of the corolla longer than the calyx, bent at bottom ; upper lip compressed, arched ; mouth 2-lobed ; lower broadest, nicked ; seeds closed up in the calyx by the enlarged paraphyllum.- — Flowers solitary, axillary ; hractece 2 to each peduncle. 1. Scutellaria galericulata. Hooded skullcap. Leaves heartshape, lanceolate, distantly crenated ; flowers solitary, axillary. Cassida palustris vulgatior, flore caeruleo, Raii Syn, 244, 1, Lysimachia galericulata, Ger . em. 477, 10. Lysimachia caerulea, sive latifolia major, Park. 221, Scutellaria, Rivinus Mon. 77. Scutellaria galericulata, Lin. S. P. 835. Cassida galericulata, Moench Meth. 413. Hooded loosestrife. Blue skullcap. 390 151. Scutellaria. 32. LABIATJE. PI. ex. cor . Watery places; perennial; July and August. Stem 4- angular, nearly bald, branched in the middle; leaves wrinkled ; petioles very short ; flowers on short pedi- cells, solitary or on opposite sides of the stem, looking one way ; bractece 2 to each flower ; calyx hairy ; corolla blue. 2. Scutellaria minor . Small skullcap . Leaves heartshape, ovate, edge scarcely nicked ; flowers axillary, solitary. ** Cassida palustris minima, flore purpurascente, Rail Syn. 244,2. Gratiola lati folia, Ger. em. 581. Gratiola latifolia, seu nostras minor, Park. 221. Scutellaria minor, Lin. S. P. 835. Broad-leaved hedge hyssop. Small hooded mint. Damp heaths; perennial; August. Stem branchy at bottom; leaves rarely toothed at the bottom, or hastate; tube of the corolla red; lip white, spot- ted with red. Fam. XVI. 33. PYRENACEiE. Ventenat. Vitices, Jus- ^ sieu. Verbenacece , Persoon. Labiatis qffines , Link. Calyx 1 -leaved, tubular, persisting; corolla tubular, mostly irregular, rarely lipped, deciduous ; stamens 4, didy- namous, rarely equal, or 2; ovary 1, free, 2or4-celled; ovules upright, solitary; style 1, placed on the ovary; stigma simple or 2-lobed ; cariopsides 2 or 4, enclosed in an utriculus, 1 -seeded ; utriculus vanishing and membranaceous, or persistent and fleshy ; seed upright ; perisperm 0 ; corcu- lum placed lengthways; radicle below. — Stem herbaceous or shrubby ; leaves not cut or divided, opposite ; flowers in heads, spiked or corymbose. 152. VERBENA. Pliny. Vervain . Calyx 5-toothed ; upper tooth smallest and shortest; co- rolla funnelshape; tube bent; mouth contracted; limb 5-lobed, unequal ; stamens 4, didynamous, all fertile ; utri- culus membranaceous, vanishing ; cariopsides 4, in the utri- culus.— Leaves laciniate or not cut ; flowers spiked ; bractea one to each flower. Verbena officinalis. Shop vervain . Stem upright, mostly solitary; leaves inciso-pinnatifid ; spike threadlike, panicled. PL ex, cor. 33, PYRENACEiE. 152. Verbena. 391 Verbena vulgaris, Raii Syn. 236, 1. Verbena communis, Ger. era. 718, 1. Verbena mas, sive recta et vulgaris, Park. 678. Verbena officinalis, Lin. S. P. 29. Holy herb. Juno's tears. Mercury's moist blood, Pygeon's grease. Columbine. Fields, ruins, and waysides; perennial, Ray and Curtis ; biennial, Hudson and Aiton ; annual, Boerhaave and Lin- naeus; July. Stem upright, bent at bottom ; leaves rough ; lower leaves deeply lobed; upper leaves 3-cut or simple; spikes many- flowered; bractece ovate, acute, shorter than the calyx; rolla small, purple ; mouth fringed ; galea 2-cut ; lip 3-lobed, nearly equal. — Herb cephalic, slightly astringent ; decoction used in headach, coughs, jaundice, and other obstructions of the viscera; and as a gargle in sore throat. Fam. XVII. 34. OLEINiE. Link. Jasminear urn pars, Jussieu. Flowers hermaphrodite; calyx 1-leafed, free, persistent, divided; corolla hypogynous, 1-petaled, 4-cut ; eestivation valvate ; stamens 2, alternating with the lobes of the co- rolla; anthers 2-celled, cells opening lengthways; ovary 1, simple, base not glandular, 2-celled ; ovules pendulous, 2 in each cell, side by side; style 1 ; stigma 2-cut; fruit a berry or drupe, 1 or 2-celled, 1 or 2-seeded by abortion ; seeds pendulous; spermodermis simple; perisperm fleshy; cor- culum straight, central, nearly as long as the perisperm ; cotyledons leaflike; radicle above, plumule inconspicuous. — Leaves opposite, simple; flowers racemose or panicled, terminal; peduncles opposite, bracteated. 153. LIGUSTRUM. Pliny. Privet. Calyx very small, 4-toothed ; tube of the corolla short ; limb 4-lobed, spreading: stamens 2; berry 1 or 2-celled, 2 or 4-seeded, black.— Flowers panicled, terminal. Ligustrum vulgare. Common privet. Leaves lanceolate or elliptical, mucronate; panicle con- tracted. Ligustrunj, Raii Syn. 465, 1 ; Ger. era. 1594. Ligustrum vulgare, Park. 1446; Lin. S. P. 10. . Prim-print. Print. Woods and hedges in damp gravelly soils ; shrubby s May and June. PL ex . cor. 392 153. Ligustrum. 34. OLEINiE. Leaves nearly sessile, deep green, bald, deciduous, edge not cut ; flowers white. — Cultivated for hedges and screens, as it bears cutting in any form ; leaves bitter and astringent ; berries with alum dye wool and silk green, and a rose- coloured paint is prepared from them. <3. sempervirens. Leaves biennial, falling off in the spring. y. variegaium. Leaves variegated, green and straw colour. Fam. XVIII. 35. FRAXINEiE. Oleinarum pars9 Link. Jasminearum pars , Jussieu. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual ; calyx 0, or free, persisting, 1-leaved; corolla 0, or hypogynous, 1-petaled and 4-cut, or 4 petaled ; petals joined in pairs by the fila- ments ; aestivation rather valvular ; stamens 2, alternate with the petals or lobes; anthers 2-celled; cells opening lengthways; ovary 1, simple, not girt with a glandular disk, 2-celled; ovules 2, pendulous, side by side in each cell; style 1 or 0 ; stigma simple or 2-cut ; fruit a capsule or samara, 1 -seeded by abortion; seed pendulous; spermoder- mis simple ; perisperm ^fleshy ; corculum straight, central, nearly as long as the perisperm ; cotyledons leaflike; radicle above ; plumule inconspicuous. — Tree or shrub ; leaves op- posite, simple or pinnate ; flowers racemose or panicled, terminal or axillary; peduncles opposite, 1-bracteated. I 154. FRAXINUS. Pliny. Ash * Flowers unisexual and hermaphrodite; calyx 0; corolla 0; stamens 2, rarely 3 or 4 ; anthers sessile ; ovary 2-celled ; ovules 4; samara 1 -celled, 1 or 2-seeded; wings lanceolate. Fraxinus excelsior. Tall ash . Leaflets slightly petioled, lanceolate, pointed, serrate, bald ; wedgeshape at bottom ; samara lanceolate, tips ob- liquely nicked. Fraxinus, Raii Syn. 269, 1 ; Ger. em. 14T2, 1. Fraxinus vulgaris, Park. 1419. Fraxinus excelsior, Lin. S. P. 1509. Woods and hedges; arborescent; April and May. Bark grey ; buds black ; branches upright or ascending ; hermaphrodite, male, and female flowers on different trees rarely on the same. — Wood an excellent timber, used alsa for long handles or shafts ; bark and wood diuretic and li- thontriptic; samarae (called ask keys, birds tongue, kite keys^ PL ex. cor. 35. FRAXINEiE. 154. Fraxinus. 393 sparrows tongue) acrid and bitter, their decoction used in diseases of the liver; tops and leaves used to feed cattle in winter and dry summers, but they spoil the taste of the milk if eaten by cows; bark used in tanning; leaves half an ounce to an ounce and half in decoction are a good purgative, and a decoction of 2 dr. of the bark, or 6 dr. of the leaves are used to cure agues. /3. aurea. Bark golden yellow. y. verrucosa . Bark warty. S'. heterophylla. Leaves simple and ternate, or quinate. £. simplicifolia. Leaves all simple. £. horizontal is. Leaves pinnate ; branches horizontal. t). pendula . Leaves pinnate ; branches pendulous. River sides. Wood of little value. 0. erosa. Leaflets torn on the edges. t. argentea. Leaves variegated, whitish green and silver colour. 394- PLANT7E EXQGENJE CALYCIFLORiE. Subseries III. C. Plants exogen^ calyci floras. Dicotyledones petaloidece perigymsy Jussieu. Perigonium double; petals many, distinct, or soldered together, inserted along with the stamens on the calyx. FAMILIES. A. Perisperm fleshy , or horny . a. Seeds on a central spermophore, or affixed at the lase ; radicle below. Ovary free ; capsule or berry 4 or 5-celled ; stamens 3 to 10, opposite to the lobes . . . ERXCINiE. 36*. Ovary free; capsule 1-celled . . . PORTULACEiE. 48. Ovary free, 2 to 5-celled ; cells few-seeded ; stamens 4 or 5, alternating with the netals or lobes CELASTRINiE. 64. Ovary adherent, rarely free; capsule 2-celled, dehiscent by an orifice; stamens3to\0 SAXIFRAGES. 46. Ovary adherent; capsule 2 to 5-celled, be- coming ruptured; stamens 5 . . CAMPANULACEiE. 38. Ovary adherent; berry 4 or 5-celled VACCINIEJE. 37. Ovary adherent ; fruit 2- seeded ; leaves not cut, in whirls' RURIACEiE. 42. b. Seeds inverted , i.e. radicle above ; ovary adherent . Akenium; stamens 4, alternating with the lobes of the corolla ; flowers aggregate . DXPSACEiE. 40. Utriculus or capsule Jew-seeded Px\ RON Y CHIDEiE. 49, Berry 3 or 4-celled ; stamens 4 or 5, alter- nating with the lobes or petals CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 43. Berry few-seeded ; stamens 4 to 8, opposite to the petals; plant parasitic . . . LORANTHIDEiE. 44. Polakenium 2-celled, separable; petals 5; stamens 5, interposed ; flowers in umbels UMBELLIFERiE. 45. c. Seeds parietal ; ovary adherent . Berry 1-celled; stamens and petals 5 GROSSULARLE. 50. 1 PLANTS EXOGENiE CALYCIFLORiE. 395 B. Perisperm 0, or very thin . a. Seeds on a central spermophore , or at the base ; radicle below. Calyx free; stamens 5; capsule. TAMARICINiE. 53. Calyx free; stamens 6 to 12; capside SALICARIAE. 52. Calyx free; stamens 4 or 5, opposite to the petals; berry RH AMNEiE. 65. Calyx adherent ; stamens 2 to 8 ; petals 2 or 4? ONAGRJJE. 56. Calyx adherent ; stamens indefinite ; petals 5 POMACEiE. 57. b. Seeds parietal ; radicle below . Ovary adherent; stamens 3 to 5 CUCURBITACEiE. 51. Ovary free ; legumen ; corolla pa- pilionaceous ' LEGUMINOSiE. 63. Ovary free; caviares many... CRASSULACEiE. 47. c. Seeds inverted , i.e. radicle above. Stamens 5 ; anthers united ; akenium composite; 39. Siam. 1 to 3, distinct ; corolla tubular - _ . VALERIANE.E. 41. Siam. 1 to 8, distinct ; cor. 0, or 4- petaled HALORAGEiE. 55. Siam. 4, 5, or indefinite; cor. 0, or 5- petaled; ovaries definite, 1-seeded, en- closed in the calyx AG R IMONI A CM. 59. Sta n, indefinite ; corolla 5-petaled ; ovaries indefinite, 1-seeded, enclosed in the calyx ROSACE /E. 58. Stam. indefinite ; corolla 5-petaled ; ovaries indefinite, 1-seeded, free * DRYADEA2. 60. Slam, indefinite ; corolla 5-petaled ; ovaries definite, 3 to 10, free, 1 or 2-seeded . ULMARIAE. 61. Stam. indefinite ; corolla 0 ; ovary 1 ; cotyledons 4 CERATOPHYLLiE. 54. Stam. indefinite; corolla 0; ovary 1; drupe 1 or 2-seeded DRUPACEiE. 62. 396 36. ERICINjE. PI. ex. cal Fara. I. 36. ERXCINiE. Desvaux. Ericaceae et Bicornes9 Ventenat. Ericce et Rkododendrce , Jussieu. lihododendracece , Mirbel. Bicornum pars9 Linnaeus. Monotropce , Nuttall. Calyx I -leaf, 4 or 5-cut, persisting, free; corolla hypo- gynous, 1-petaled, 4 or 5-cufc or parted, regular, falling off or withering; aestivation imbricate; stamens definite, 3, 8, or 10, opposite, equal or double the number of the lobes, hypogynous, i.e. inserted into the lobes of the corolla; ovary many- celled, girt at bottom with a scaly or secreting disk; ovules many; style 1; stigma 1, not nicked or toothed; pericarpium a capsule or berry, many-celled ; spermophore central, axillary ; seeds many ; perisperm fleshy ; corculum axillary, straight ; radicle near the hylum. — Shrubs or undershrubs ; leaves perennial or annual ; alternate or op- posite ; inflorescence various ; peduncles mostly 2-bracteated. Stamens 3 or 9 ; calyx 3-parted ; corolla 3-parted Empetrum. 164. Siam. 5; corolla bellshape Chamjecistus. 163. Stam. 8; corolla bellshape; capsule dehiscent, septicidal Menziesia. 155, Stam. 8 ; anthers enclosed ; corolla ven- trieose; capsule dehiscent, loculicidal Eremocallis. 157. Stam . 8 ; anthers exserted ; corolla bell- shape; capsule dehiscent, loculicidal . . Gypsocallis. 158. Stam. 8 ; horned ; corolla tubular ; capsule dehiscent, septifragal Calluna. 159. Stam. 8 or 1 0 ; corolla 4 or 5-parted ; anthers 1-celled, peltate ; plant parasitic Monotropa. 166. Stam. 10; corolla ovate, 5-cut; capsule dehiscent, loculicidal Andromeda. 160. Stam. 10; corolla 5-parted; anthers 2-celled ; capsule 5- celled Pyrola. 165. Stam. 10; corolla 5-parted; anthers 2-celled, 2-horned ; cap- sule 5-celled Moneses. 166. Slam. 10; corolla bellshape; capsule dehiscent, septicidal Phyllodoce. 156. Stam. 10 ; villous; berry many-seeded .. Arbutus. 161. Stam. 10 ; bald; berry 5- seeded Uva-ursi. 162. FLex.cal. 36. ERICINiE. 155. Menziesia. 397 A. Anthers 2-celled, opening in 2 foramens ; corolla tubu- lar, 5-cut. I. 155. MENZIESIA. Jussieu. Menzies . Calyx 4-parted ; corolla bellied, falling off ; limb 5-cut, recurved, stamens 8 ; filaments on the base of the corolla ; anthers opening at the tip by 2 reverse-ovate foramens; capsule 4-celled; dehiscence septicidal; seeds many, scro- biculate. — Stem undershrubby ; leaves alternate, broad, lanceolate, annual ; edge not cut, turned down ; flowers spiked, drooping ; bractece 3 to each peduncle, 2 side ones smaller. Menziesia polifolia. Many-leaved menzies . Leaves ovate ; edge turned over, beneath tomentose, snowy ; racemes long. Erica Cantabrica flore maximo, foliis myrti subtus incanis, Dillen in Rail Syn. 472, 6. Erica Sancti Dabeoci Hibernis D. Lhwyd. Rail Hist . 3 ; Dendr . 98. Vaccinium Cantabricura, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. J, 143. Erica Daboecia, Lin. S. F. 509. Andromeda Daboecia, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 13, 338. Menziesia polifolia, Juss. Ann. Mus. 1, 55. Menziesia Daboecia, Be Cand. FI. Gall. 674. Irish heath. Mountain bogs, in Ireland; shrubby; June and July. Stem slender, upright; lower leaves opposite; flowers purple. II. 156. PHYLLODOCE. R. A. Salisbury. Phyllodoce . Calyx deeply 5-cut; corolla bellied, falling off; tube 5-cut, bent; stamens 10, at the bottom of the corolla; anthers opening near the tip in 2 reverse-ovate foramens ; capsules 5-celled ; dehiscence septicidal ; seed semi-orbicu-r late. — Stem shrubby ; leaves linear, perennial ; edges turned down ; furrowed beneath ; flowers aggregate, out of the axilla of the terminal leaves. Phyllodoce taxifolia. Yew-leaf phyllodoce. Leaves linear, blunt/ edge toothed ; teeth cartilaginous ; tube of the corolla pitchershape. Andromeda caerulea, Lin. S. P. 563. Erica caerulea, Willd. Sp. P . 2, 39. Andromeda taxifolia, Pallas FI. Ross . 2,54. Menziesia caerulea, Swartz Act. Holm. 10, 377. Phyllodoce taxifolia, Salisb. Farad. Land. 36. Heaths; shrubby; June and July. Leaves fringed with glandular hairs ; flowers bluish flesh- colour. 398 157. Eremocallis. 36* ERICINiE. PL ex. caL III. 157. EREMOCALLIS. R. A. Salisbury, MS. Heath . Calyx k- parted; corolla conical, bellied; limb 4-cut, re- curved ; stamens 8, enclosed ; anthers awned at the bottom, opening in 2 oblong pores; stigma blunt; capsule 4->celled, 4-valved ; dehiscence loculicidal. — Stem shrubby ; leaves entire, linear, edge turned down, furrowed beneath ; flowers lateral or terminal ; calyx 2 or 3 bracteated at the bottom. 1 . Eremocallis glomerata. Headed heath . Leaves 4 in a whirl, fringed; flowers in heads; style en- closed ; stigma blunt. Erica Brabantica folio coridis hirsuto quaterno, Raii Syn. 411,4. Erica major flore purpureo, Ger. em. 1382,4; description only. Erica pumila Belgarum Lobelio, scoparia nostras, Park. 1482. Erica tetralix, Lin. S. P. 502. Erica cotulifonnis, Trans. Lin. Soc. 6, 369. Erica glomerata, Salisb. Prod. 293. Damp heaths; shrubby; July and August. Leaves petioled, spread, revolute ; hairs glandular, with heads ; flowers looking one way, flesh-colour, or white. 2. Eremocallis cinerea. Grey heath . Leaves 3 in a whirl ; flowers racemose ; style slightly ex- serfced ; stigma headed. Erica tenuifolia, Raii Syn. 472,3; Ger. em. 1382,7. Erica cinerea, Lin. S. P. 501. Erica mutabilis, Salisbury T.Lin. S. 6,369. Small heath. Thin-leaved heath. Heaths; shrubby; July and August. Leaves triangular, bald ; racemes in whirls ; flowers bluish or white. IV. 158. GYPSOC ALLIS. R. A. Salisbury, MS. Gypsum-heath . Calyx 4-parted ; corolla bellshape ; limb 4-cut ; stamens 8, exserted ; anthers erect, awnless, opening at the tip in two reverse-ovate foramens; cells distinct; stigma 4-cut; cap- sule 4-cei!ed, 4-valved ; dehiscence loculicidal. — Stem shrubby; leaves not nicked; edge turned down; flowers axillary ; hractece 2, in the middle of the peduncles. Gypsocallis vagans. Loose gypsum-heath . Leaves 4 or 5 in a whirl; flowers peduncled, crowded. Erica foliis corios multiflora, Raii Syn . 471, 5. Erica didyma, Stokes in Wither. Rot. Arr. ed. 2, 400, Erica vagans, Lamarck FI. Gall. 2, 230. Erica vaga, Salisb. Prod. 294. Erica purpureacea, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 1 , 483, Fir-leaved heath . PL ex. cal. 36. ERXCINiE. 158. Gypsocallis. 399 Heaths in Cornwall; shrubby; July and August. Stem much branched, upright; leaves triangular; corolla flesh-colour. V. 159. CALLUNA. R. A. Salisbury. Ling. Calyx 4-parted, nearly as long as the corolla; corolla tubular, bellshape, 4-cut; stamens 8 ; anthers awned, opening by 2 pores; stigma 4,-lobed; capsule 4-celled, 4~valved ; dehiscence septifragal. — Stem shrubby ; leaves opposite, squarrose, in 4 rows ; flowers racemose, facing one way, drooping ; bractece 4, at the base of the calyx. Calluna sagittafolia. Arrowleaved lingr Leaves arrowshape. Erica vulgaris, Raii Syn. 470,' 1 ; Park. 1480. Erica vulgaris, sive pumila, Ger. em. 1380, 1. Erica sagittaefolia, Stokes Bat. M. M. 371. Calluna Erica, Be Candolle FI. Gall. 680. Common heath or ling . Heather. Heaths and woods; shrubby; June and July. Stem ascending ; flowers flesh-colour or white. — Young tops brewed along with half as much malt into a good beer; decoction tans leather and dyes alummed wool yellow. Honey, where it abounds, has a reddish cast. The plant is also used for binding mud cottages, for thatching, for making ropes, for brooms, for firing, for filling drains, and for beds, being confined in a frame with the flowering tops uppermost. 0. hirsuta. Leaves downy. Erica vulgaris hirsuta, Raii Syn. 471, 2; Ger, em. 1380,2. Erica vulgaris hirsutior. Park. 1480. Erica ciliaris, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 1, 144. VI. 160. ANDROMEDA. Linnaeus. Andromeda. Calyx very small, 5-parted; corolla ovate, bellied, 5-cut; limb reflected; stamens 10; anthers 2, horned above, opening in 2 foramens ; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved ; dehiscence locu- licidal. — Stem shrubby ; leaves perennial, alternate, edge turned over ; flowers aggregated, terminal ; peduncles brac- teated at bottom. Andromeda polifolia . Many-leaved andromeda. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, edge turned over; peduncles terminal, aggregated ; corolla ovate. 400 160. Andromeda. 36. ERICINiE. PL ex. cal. Ledum palustre nostras, arbuti flore, Raii Syn. 472, 1. Rosmarinum sylvestre minus nostras, Park . 76. Andromeda polifolia, Lin. S. P. 564. Andromeda montana, Salisb. Prod. 290. Marsh cistus. Wild rosemary. Turf bogs: shrubby; June. Rhizoma creeping; stem creeping; leaves pointed, glau- cous beneath ; flowers flesh-colour. VII. 161. ARBUTUS. Pliny. Strawberry-tree. Calyx very small, 5-cut; corolla ovate; limb small, 5-cut, turned over, inside villous; stamens 10; filaments villous beneath ; anthers awned, opening at the tip with 2 pores ; stigma peltate ; berry tubercular, 5-celled ; cells many- seeded. — Stem woody; leaves perennial, alternate; flowers terminal, racemous, panicled; bractea 1, at the bottom of each peduncle. Arbutus serrcitifolia . Sawleaf strawberry-tree. Stem shrubby ; leaves oblong, bald, bluntly serrate ; ra- cemes compound, terminal, drooping. Arbutus, Raii Syn. 464, 1 ; Ger. em. 1496; Park . 1489. Arbutus Unedo, Lin. S. P. 566. Arbutus serratifolia, Salisb. Prod. 208. Arbutus. Arbute-tree. Chalky rocks; shrubby; September. Leaves blunt ; flowers reddish white. VII. 162. UVA-URSI. Dodonseus. Bears-grape. Calyx small, 5-parted; corolla ovate; limb small, 5-cut, turned over; stamens 10; filaments bald; anthers awned, opening by 2 pores at the base ; berry smooth, 5-celled, 4 or 5-seeded. — Stem undershrubby ; leaves perennial, reti- culately veined; flowers terminal, racemose; bractea 1 to each peduncle. 1. Uva-ursi buxifolia. Box-leaf bear s-gr ape. Leaves reverse-ovate, blunt; edge not in the least cut. Vitex Idaea q. Vaccinia rubra foliis myrtinis crispis, Raii Syn . 457,4. Vaccinia ursi, sive Uva ursi apud Clusium, Ger.em. 1416,5. Uva ursi Galeni, Clusii, Park. 1457. Arbutus Uva~ur3i, Lin. S. P. 566. Arbutus procumbens, Salisb. Prod. 289. Arbutus buxifolia, Stokes Bot. M. M. 509. Bears whortleberry. Alpine heaths; shrubby; June. i Pl. ex. cal . 36. ERICINiE. 162. Uva-ursi. 40l Stem procumbent, much branched ; bark smooth ; leaves alternate; corolla flesh-colour; berry red, austere. 2. Uva-ursi alpina. Alpine bears-grape , Leaves reverse- ovate, pointed, wrinkled; edge serrated. Vferonica Pannonica, sive Vitis Idaea, Ger.em. 1416, 4. Vaccinia nigra Pannonica, Park. 1486. Arbutus Alpina, Lin. S. P. 566. Hungary whortleberries. Dry alpine rocks; shrubby; May. Stem prostrate ; bark falling off’; leaves fringed ; corolla white ; bructece fringed ; berry black. B. Anthers 2-celled, opening by 2 foramens ; corolla 2 to 5-parted, nearly to the base. IX. 163. CHAMiECISTUS. Clusius. Rose-bay . Calyx 5-parted; corolla bellshaped; limb 5-parted, re- gular ; stamens 5, equal, enclosed, not declinate ; capsule ovate, 5-celled; dehiscence septicidal ; seeds many. — Shrub procumbent ;4eaves, opposite, edge turned over, not nicked, furrowed beneath, perennial; flowers terminal, upright, solitary or in pairs ; bractece 3 at the base of each peduncle, 2 large, 1 small. Chamcecistus serpyllifolius . Thyme-leaf rose-bay . Branches diffuse, procumbent; leaves elliptical, quite bald. ChamJEcistus serpyllifoliis, Ger. em. 1284. Azalea procumbens, Lin. S. P. 215. Thyme-leaved dwarf cistus. Alpine heaths ; shrubby ; July and August. Stem much branched, branches intermixed; leaves pe- tioled, spread, blunt; petioles fringed ; flowers dark rose- colour. X. 164. EMPETRUM. Dioscorides. Crakeberry . Calyx 3-parted ; corolla 3-parted or 3-petaled ; lobes turned over ; stamens very long, opposite to the lobes, 3, or rarely 9 ; anthers opening lengthways on the sides ; ovary flattened; style 1, short; stigma 9-rayed; berry flattened, 6 or 9-seeded. — Shrub low; leaves crowded, alternate or nearly whirled, small ; edge turned over, concave beneath ; flowers solitary, axillary, unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite, frequently dioicous ; bractece 3 to each flower. VOL. ii. 2d PI. ex. cal. 402 164. Empetrum. 36. ERICINiE. Empelrum nigrum . Black crake-berry. Stem procumbent; twigs bald; leaves oblong, blunt, bald ; edge turned over, fringed. Empetrum montanum, frnctu nigro, Ran Syn. 444, 1. Erica baccifera procumbens, Ger. em. 1383, 9. Erica baccifera nigra, Park. 1485. Empetrum nigrum, Lin. S. P. 1450. Crow-berries. Blackberry heath. Mountain heaths ; shrubby ; May. Bark falling off ; inner bark yellow ; leaves membra- naceous, swollen, furrowed underneath; petioles very short; corolla and anthers purple; berries black. XI. 165. PYROLA. Brunsfel. Winter-green . Calyx very small, 5-parted; corolla 5-parted; stamens 10, 2 at the base of each lobe ; anthers opening by 2 reverse- ovate foramens at the base, becoming reversed ; stigfha pel- tate ; capsule 5-celled, many-seeded ; dehiscence loculicidal ; seeds with a membranous wing. — Stem creeping, scaly, twigs upright; leaves perennial, alternate, petioled, bald; flowers peduncled, terminal, whitish, racemose, mostly drooping; braciea mostly 1 at the base of each peduncle. a. Orpheus. Corolla irregular ; stamens ascending; style declinate ; stigma rotate , 5-tubercled9 with a central point ; nectary 0. 1 . Pyrola rotundifolia. Round-leaved winter-green. Leaves roundish ; racemes many-flowered ; bractece lan- ceolate, as long as the peduncles; calyx as long as the sta- mens ; stamens ascending ; style declinate, twice as long as the stamens. Pyrola, Raii Syn. 363, 1 ; Ger. em. 408, 1. Pyrola nostras vulgaris, Park. 508. Pyrola rotundifolia, Lin. S. P. 187. Pyrola declinata, Mcench Meth. 315. Common winter-green. Woods and mountains; perennial; July. Root scaly, creeping ; leaves dilated, slightly crenated, rather leathery, about as long as the petiole; bractece few, on the lower part of the peduncle ; flowers white. \ b. Pyrola. Cor. regular; stamens incurved; anthers opening at top; stigma peltate ; nectaries 5 ; racemes regular. 2. Pyrola media. Middlesize winter-green. Leaves roundish ; racemes many-flowered ; peduncles twisted ; corolla globose ; stamens regularly inflected, longer PL ex. cal. 36. ERICINiE. 165. Pyrola. 403 than the calyx ; style declining perpendicularly, twice as long as the stamens. Pyrola media, Swartz Act. Holm. 1804,263. Woods ; perennial ; June. 3. Pyrola minor. Small winter-green . Leaves roundish ; racemes many-flowered ; peduncles straight; stamens regularly bent; style straight, half as long as the stamens; stigma pointed. Pyrola minor. Rail Syn. 363,2; Lin. S. P. 1ST. Pyrola rosea, Engl. Rot. 2543. Woods; perennial; July and August. Peduncles nearly naked ; flowers white or reddish. c. Alsoganum. Corolla regular ; stamens incurved ; anthers opening at the base ; nectaries 10 ; racemes \-rowed. 4. Pyrola secunda. One-rowed winter-green. Leaves ovate, pointed, serrated; racemes many-flowered; peduncles straight; bractece lanceolate, as long as the pe- duncle ; stamens regularly bent ; style straight, longer than the stamens. Pyrola folio mucronato serrato, Raii Syn. 363,3. Pyrola secunda tenerior Clusii, Ger. em. 408,2. Pyrola tenerior, Park. 509. Pyrola secunda, Lin. S. P. 187. Small winter-green. Mossy parts of alpine woods; perennial; July. Stem procumbent, much branched; corolla greenish- white; lobes oblong. XII. 166. MONESES. R.A. Salisbury, MS. Moneses. Calyx small, 5-parted; corolla 1 -petal, 5-lobed; stamenslO , bent inwards, 2 at the base of each lobe ; anthers 2-horned at the base, becoming reversed, opening at the bottom of each horn by a foramen; style straight; stigma radiated; nectaries 0; capsule 5-eelled, 5-valved ; dehiscence loculi- cidal; seeds many. — Root creeping; stem herbaceous, sim- ple; leaves petioled, alternate, roundish, reticulately veined; peduncle single, terminal, 1 -flowered ; bractea 1, distant from the flower; flower large, white, drooping, fragrant. Moneses grandiflora. Large-flowered moneses. Leaves reverse-ovate, blunt, serrate; peduncle longer than the leaves. Pyrola quarta minima Clusii, Ger. em. 408, 4. Pyrola uniflora, Lin. S. P. 568. Round-leaved winter-green. 2 d 2 404 166. Moneses. 36. ERICINJE. PL ex. cal. Moist places in alpine woods; perennial; July. Peduncles upright ; flowers smell like the may-lily, white, with reddish lines. C. Monotrop^:. Anthers peltate, horizontal, 1-celled, not opening by 2 foramens ; plant leafless, parasitical. XIII. 167. HYPOPITYS. Dillenius. Pine-sap. Calyx 3 to 5-parted; corolla 3 to 5-parted, falling off, lobes hooded at the bottom; stamens 6 to 10, 2 at the base of each lobe ; anthers small, horizontal, 1-celled, opening flat at last ; stigma orbicular, edge bearded ; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved; seeds many, awlshape, minute, winged. — Plant parasitic, destitute of verdure, odour musty ; root fibrous ; stems aggregate, simple, enlarged at bottom, fleshy, scaly ; scales imbricate below, alternate above ; racemes first bent, then upright ; flowers pedicelled ; bractea 1 to each flower. Hypopitys lutea. Yellow pine-sap. Plant yellow, bald; flowers peduncled, 3 or 4-cut; ter- minal flower 5-cut. Hypopitys lutea, Rail Syn. 317, 1. Monotropa Hypopithys, Lin.S. P. 555. Hypopitys europaea, Nutall Gen. Yellow Birds-nest. On the roots of birches or pines ; perennial ; June. Herb on drying becomes black, and acquires a stronger odour ; hr acted scaly . Fam. II. 37. VACCINIEiE. De Candolle. Ericacearum pars, Ventenat. Ericarum pars , Jussieu. Bicornum pars , Linnaeus. Vacciniorum pars , Adanson. Calyx 1 -leafed, not cut or toothed, small, adherent to the ovary; corolla hypogynous, 1-petaled, 4 or 5-parted, regular, falling off’; aestivation imbricate ; stamens definite, $ or 10, 2 at the base of each lobe, hypogynous; anthers opening by 2 pores ; ovary adherent, many-celled ; style 1 ; stigma 1, either cut or not; berry umbiiicated, 4 or 5-celled ; cells many-seeded ; seeds on a central spermophore ; peri- sperm fleshy ; corculum nearly as long as the perisperm ; cotyledons very short ; radicle very long, below. 6 PL ex, cal. 37. VACCINIEiE. 168. Vaccinium. 405 Corolla ovate, 4-cut; anthers 2-horned Vaccinium. 368. Cor . bellshape, 4-cut; anthers hornless; filaments woolly Vitis-Idjea. 169. Cor. bellshape, 4-cut; anthers hornless; filaments bald Oxycoccus. 170. I. 168. VACCINIUM. Pliny. Bilberry. Calyx 4 or 5-toothed; corolla bellshape, ovate, limb 4-cut, lobes reflexed; stamens 8 or 10; filaments bald; an- thers 2-horned ; stigma simple ; berry 4 or 5-celled, many- seeded. — Stem shrubby ; leaves annual ; flowers solitary, drooping. 1 . Vaccinium montanum. Mountain bilberry. Stem angular ; leaves alternate, petioled, serrate ; flowers solitary, axillary. Vitis Idaea angulosa, Raii Syn. 457,2. Vaccinia nigra, Ger. em. 1415, 1. Vaccinia nigra vulgaria, Park. 1456. Vaccinium Myrtillus, Lin. S. P. 498. Vitis Idaea Myrtillus, Moench Meth. 47. Vaccinium montanum, Salisb. Prod . 291. Black whorts. Black whortleberries. Blackberries. Bullberries. Wine- berries. Spongy places in mountain woods ; shrubby ; May. Leaves light green; flowers peduncled, flesh-coloured, globose; calyx 5-toothed; corolla mostly 5-cut; stamens 10; berries black, rarely white, esculent. 2. Vaccinium uliginosum. Moor bilberries . Stem round ; leaves reverse-ovate, bald ; edge not cut in the least, rather turned over ; beneath glaucous ; flowers solitary, axillary. Vitis Idaea magna quibusdam, sive Myrtillus grandis, Raii Syn. 457, 1. Vitis Idaea foliis subrotundis major, Ger. em. 1416, 6. Vaccinia nigra, fructu majore, Park. 1455. Vaccinium uliginosum, Lin. S. P. 499. Great bilberry. Bogs on mountain heaths; shrubby; April and May. Leaves blunt, veiny ; flowers flesh-cploured, 4-cut; sta- mens mostly 8 ; berries black, esculent ; seeds streaked. II. 169. VITIS-IDiEA. Pliny. Cowberry . Calyx 4-cut; corolla bellshape, 4 or 5-parted; lobes turned over, easily separable into 4 petals; stamens & ox 10 ; filaments woolly; anthers awnless, tip tubular, open; 406 169. Vitis-Idaea. 37. VACCINlEiE. PL ex. cal. stigma simple; lerry 4-celled, many-seeded. — Leaves alter- nate, perennial, petioled; flowers racemose, flesh-colour, drooping; hractece 1, at the base of each flower. Vitis-Idoea punctifolia. Dotted-leaf cowberry. Leaves reverse- ovate, dotted beneath ; edge turned over, toothed ; racemes terminal, drooping. Vitis Idaea semper virens fructu rubro, Rail Syn. 457,3. Vaccinia rubra, Ger.em. 1415,2. Vaccinia rubra buxeis foliis, Park. 1458. Vaccinium Vitis-Idsea, Lin. S. P. 500. Vaccinium nemorosum, Salisb. Prodr. 291. Vaccinium punctifolium, Stokes Bot. M. M. 368. Vitis-Idsea punctata, Meench Meth. 47. Red whortle-berry. Turfy heaths; shrubby; June. Stem very low, ascending, cylindrical ; leaves thick, stiff, ending in a rounded tubercle, reticulately veined ; edge not cut, serrate or toothed; hractece coloured, fringed, con- cave i flowers flesh-colour; berries red, acid, unpleasant until baked. III. 170. OXYCOCCUS. Cordus. Craneberry . Calyx 4-cut; corolla 4 or 5-parted; lobes linear, turned over, becoming separate; stamens 8 or 10, exserted ; fila- ments connivent, bald ; anthers awnless, ending above in long tubes; tubes separate, open; stigma pointed; berry 4-celled, many-seeded. — Ste?n shrubby; leaves perennial, alternate, petioled; peduncles terminal, solitary, 1 -flowered, bracteated at bottom ; flowers flesh-colour, drooping. Oxy coccus palustris. Marsh craneberry. Stem naked, thread shape, creeping, bald ; leaves ovate, edge not in the least cut, turned over ; beneath glaucous. Oxycoccus, sive vaccinia palustria, Raii Syn. 267, 1. Vaccinia palustria, Ger. em. 1417. Vaccinium palustre, Park. 1229. Vaccinium Oxycoccus, Lin. S. P. 500. Oxycoccus palustris, Pers. Syn. 410. Vaccinium palustre, Salisb. Prod. 291. Schollera Oxycoccus, Roth Germ. 2, 442. Cranberries. Moss berries. Moor berries. Fen grapes. Fenberries. Marsh whortleberries. Marshworts. Bogs on mountains ; perennial; June. Stem lying down; leaves small, petioled, upright; berry pale red, mottled, or purplish red. — Berries have a peculiar flavour, but are esteemed by some in tarts. PL ex. cal. 38. CAMPANULACEiE. l7I.Campan. 407 Fam. III. 38. CAMPANULACEiE. De Candolle. Campanula , Jussieu. Calyx 4 or 8-cut, equal, persisting; corolla 1-petaled, regular or rarely irregular, 4, 5, 6, or 8-cut, rarely 5-petaled ; claws broad, connivent, falling off or withering; stamens as many as the lobes, alternate with them, adnate to the disk; anthers fixed at the base, 2-celled; cells opposite, opening lengthways, distinct or cohering; ovary 1, many- celled; ovules many; style 1 ; stigma 1, or as many as the cells of the ovary, naked ; capsule below, opening by fora- mens on the side, or in exotics half-above; tip valvular; valves septiferous in the middle; seeds many, small; peri- sperm fleshy ; corculum axile, straight, nearly as long as the perisperm. — Stem herbaceous, often yielding a milk; leaves alternate, simple; stipulce 0; flowers distant; race- mose, axillary, or capitate, girt with a many-leaved involu- crum. Corolla bellshape, 5-cut; caps. 3-celled Campanula. 171. Cor. rotate; lobes heartshape; caps. prismatic Legousia. 172. Cor. rotate ; lobes linear ; anthers dis- tinct Phyteuma. 173. Cor. rotate; lobes linear; anthers joined Jasione. 174. Cor. unequal, 2-lipped ; lower lip 3-parted ; anthers joined; stigma simple Lobelia. 175. A. Flowers regular ; stigma lobed. I. 171. CAMPANULA* Dodongeus. Bellflower. Calyx 5-cut, segments not turned back; corolla bell- shape, 5-cut ; stamens 5 ; filaments dilated at bottom, co- vering the top of the capsule; anthers upright; stigma 3-parted ; capsule reverse-pyramidical, 3 to 5 -celled, open- ing by foramens on the side. — Stem herbaceous ; lower leaves petioled ; upper leaves mostly sessile ; flowers brac- teated, axillary, solitary or in bundles, or racemes, terminal or rarely solitary. 1. Campanula hederacea. Ivy -leaf bellflower. Stem weak ; leaves heartshape, 5, 6, or 8-angled, bald ; peduncles solitary, 1 -flowered. Campanula cymbalarim folio, Raii Syn . 271,7 ; Ger. era. 452, 7 ; Park. 652. Campanula hederacea, Lin. S. P. 240. 408 171. Camp an. 38. CAMPANULACEiE. Pl. ex, cal. Damp hedges and bogs; perennial; July and August. Stem trailing, matted, diffuse; leave e opposite or al- ternate, very delicate, transparent; peduncles mostly ter- minal; flowers drooping, pale sky-blue; capsules hemi- spherical. 2. Campanula heterophylla. Odd-leaved bellflower. Stem round, much branched, diffuse ; rqot-leaves rather roundish, deeply crenated; stem-leaves slender, linear; lobes of the calyx not cut, horizontal. Campanula rotundifolia, Raii Syn. 277, 5; Ger. cm. 452, 3; Lin. S . P. 232. Campanula minor sylvestris rotundifolia, Park. 651. Campanula varii folia, Salisb. Prod. 126. Round-leaved belljlower. Heaths and walls ; perennial ; August and September. RgoI woody ; stem upright ; radical leaves kidneyshape, heartshape or oblong, pointed; flowers panicled, tremulous, blue or white. 3. Campanula liniflolia. Flax-leaved bellflower . Root-leaves reverse-ovate, rather downy; stem-leaves li- near, lanceolate, slightly toothed; stem mostly 1-flowered; lobes of the calyx not cut, upright. Campanula minor alpina, rotundioribus imis foliis, Raii Syn. 277, 6. Campanula 1 i ni folia, Jacq. Coll. 2,81. Campanula uniflora, Huds. FI. Angl. ed. 1. 81 . not of Linnseus. Campanula rotundifolia ft. Smith FI. Brit. 235. Alpine rocks and fields ; perennial; August. Root rather woody; stem upright, round; flowers blue. 4. Campanula patula. Spreading bellflower. Stem angular; leaves stiff; root-leaves lanceolate, oval, blunt; stem-leaves lanceolate, pointed; panicles spreading; lobes of the calyx lanceolate, denticulate. Campanula minor alba, sive purpurea, Ger. em. 452, 5. Campanula patula, Lin. S. P. 232. Fields and hedges; biennial ; July and August. Root white, attenuated, esculent ; stem rough, panicled ; leaves roughish, slightly crenate, milkbearing, bitter ; brac- tece lanceolate, short ; flowers upright, in threes ; corolla light-blue, with three reddish lines. 5. Campanula esculenta. Eatable bellflower. Root fusiform ; stem angular ; leaves waved, hairy ; root- leaves lanceolate ; stem-leaves linear ; panicle very close. PI. ex, cal. 38. CAMPANULACEiE. 171.Campan. 40.9 Campanula q. rapunculus esculentus, Raii Syn. 277, 4. Rapuntium parvum, Ger.em. 453, 2. Rapunculus esculentus vulgaris. Park. 648. Campanula Rapunculus, Lin. S. P. 232. Campanula esculenta, Salisb. Prod. 126. Rampions. Small rampion. Fallow-fields, ditch banks, also cultivated; biennial or perennial; July and August. Root white, s\yeet; leaves toothed; panicle many-flowered; peduncles upright; bractece linear; lobes of the cafyx awl- shape ; flowers blue or white. — Root esculent, fine-tasted in salads. 6. Campanula latifolia . Broad-leaved bellflower . Stem rather round, quite simple; leaves ovate-lanceolate, rough, irregularly serrated; peduncles 1 -flowered; fruit drooping. Campanula maxima, foliis latissimis, Raii Syn. 276. I. Trachelium majus Belgarum, sive giganteum, Ger.em. 448,3. Trachelium majus Belgarum, Park. 643. Campanula latifolia, Lin. S. P. 233. Giant throat-wort. Ilaskwort. Uvula-wort. Woods and hedges; perennial; August. Riant milky; stem 4 feet high, hispid, many-flowered* peduncles axillary ; flowers very large, blue or pale-red. 7. Campanula rigida . Crisp bellflower . Root creeping; stem branched; leaves heartshape, lan- ceolate, round, rough, unequally serrated ; flowers spread, 1 -rowed, drooping; calyx rough; lobes reflex, not cut. Campanula rapunculoides, Lin. S. P. 234. Campanula rigida, Stokes Bot. M. M. 333. Campanula morifolia, Salisb. Prod. 126. Woods; perennial; August. Lower leaves petioled; upper sessile; bractece small; flower blue ; fruit drooping. 8. Campanula urticifolia . Nettle-leaf bellflower . Stem angular ; leaves deeply serrated, very rough ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate ; lower leaves heartshape ; peduncles axillary, few-flowered ; fruit drooping. Campanula vulgatior foliis urticse vel major et asperior, Raii Syn. 276 2. Trachelium majus, Ger.em. 448, 1. Trachelium majus flore purpureo, Park. Par. 355. Campanula Trachelium, Lin. S. P. 235. Campanula urticifolia, Salisb. Prodr. 127. Great throat-wort. Canterbury bells. Coventry bells. Woods and hedges; perennial ; July. 410 171. Cainpan. 38. CAMPANULACE/E. PL ex. cal Angles of the stem rather winged, juice yellow ; calyx usually rough ; corolla blue or pale red, sometimes double ; inside hairy. 9. Campanula glomerata. Ball bellflower. Stem angular, simple; leaves ovate, crenulated, hairy; upper leaves embracing the stem ; flowers terminal, sessile, in heads. Campanula pratensis flore conglomerato, Rail Syn. 277,3. Trachelium minus, Ger.em. 449,4; Park. 644. Campanula glomerata, Lin. S. P. 235. Small Canterbury bells. Chalky fields ; perennial ; July and August. Root woody; lower leaves nearly heartshape; bractece oval, coloured; lobes of the calyx hairy; corolla blue or white, viscid, hairy. /3. minor. Stem scarcely two inches high. II. 172. LEGOUSIA. Durande. Venus’ -looking-glass. Calyx 5-parted; corolla rotate, tube very short; limb 5-cut; lobes reverse-heartshape ; stamens 5; anthers dis- tinct ; filaments very short, not dilated ; stigma 2 or 3-cut ; capsule columnar, prismatic or cylindrical ; 2 or 3-celled, many-seeded. — Stern herbaceous ; leaves sessile ; flowers axillary, sessile, blue or white. 1. Legousia parviflor a. Small-flovjered Venus’ -looking- glass. Stem stiff, straight, slightly branched at bottom ; leaves oblong, waved, crenate ; flowers solitary ; corolla shorter than the calyx. Campanula arvensis erecta, vel Speculum Veneris minus, Raii Syn. 278, 1. Speculum Veneris minus, Ger.em. 439,2; Park. 1331. Campanula hybrsda, Lin. S. P. 239. Prismatocarpus confertus, Moench Meth. 496. Prismatocarpus hybridus, De Cand. FI. Gall. 2857. Codded corn-violet. Lesser Venus' looking-glass. Chalky fields ; annual ; August. Root fibrous ; stem angular, edges rough ; corolla violet. 2. Legousia arvensis. Field Venus’- looking-glass. Stem very much branched, diffuse; leaves oblong, cre- nate ; flowers solitary ; corolla spread open, equal to the lobes of the calyx. PL ex, cal. 38. CAMPANULACEiE. 172. Legousia. 411 Speculum Veneris, Ger. em. 439, 1. Campanula Speculum, Lin. S. P. 239. Legousia arvensis, Durande FI. Burg. 1, 37. Prismatocarpus Speculum, De Cand. FI. Gall. 2856. Campanula pulchella, Salisb. Prod. 127. Corn gillijlower. Corn pink. Chalky fields, dunghills ; annual ; July and August. III. 173. PHYTEUMA. Dioscorides. Horned-rampions . Calyx 5-cut; corolla at first round, concave, then 5-parted ; tube very short; lobes of the limb linear, loose; stamens 5; anthers distinct ; stigma 3-cut ; capsule 2 or 3-celled, opening by lateral pores.— Stem mostly simple; flowers in close heads or terminal spikes ; bractece 1 to each flower. Phyteuma orbiculare . Round-headed horned rampions. Root-leaves ovate-heartshape ; upper leaves oblong, lan- ceolate, serrate ; flowers in a roundish head ; hractece ovate- lanceolate. Rapunculus corniculatus montanus, Raii Syn. 278, 1 ; Ger. em. 455, 5, Rapunculus alopecuroides orbiculatus, Park. 648. Phyteuma orbiculare, Lin. S. P. 242. Mountain horned-rampions. Pastures and waysides in chalky soils; peren.; August. Root woody ; leaves fringed ; heads many-flowered ; brae- tece enlarges after flowering ; flowers violet or rarely white. IV. 174. JASIGNE. Theophrastus. Sheeps ’ scabious . Calyx 5-cut ; corolla rotate ; tube very short ; limb 5-lobed ; lobes long, linear, loose ; stamens 5 ; anthers grown together at bottom into a tube ; stigma clubshape, nicked ; capsule half 2-celled, opening at the tip by a pore ; spermophore free ; seeds many. — Stem mostly simple ; flowers pedicelled, in heads ; central flowers often abortive ; involucrum many- leaved ; receptacle naked. Jasione montana . Mountain sheeps' scabious . Leaves linear, lanceolate, slender at bottom, hispid, waved, crisp. Rapunculus scabiosae capitulo caeruleo, Raii Syn. 278,2 ; Park. 646. Scabiosa minima hirsuta, Ger. em. 723, 12. Jasione montana, Lin. S. P. 1317. Jasione undulata, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 3,215. Sheeps’ bit . Hairy sheeps' scabious, Sandy pastures ; annual ; June and July. Root woody ; stems many, round, slightly branched ; root- leaves large ; flowers blue. 412 175. Lobelia. 38. CAMPANULACEiE. PL ex. cal B. Lobelia. Flowers irregular, cut deepest on the lower side, generally become resupinate ; stigma bearded, % completely formed before the anthers burst. Y. 175. LOBELIA. Plunder. Label. Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla irregular, becoming resupinate, deeply cut below, 3-lobed above; stamens 5 ; filaments dis- tinct; anthers connected into a tube, bearded at the top ; stigma nicked; capsule 2-celled. — - Stem upright; leaves often radical ; flowers peduncled, in racerties; bractea 1 at the base of each peduncle ; juice milky. 1 . Lobelia lacustris . Lake lohel . Leaves mostly radical, linear, 2-celled, not in the least cut; scape simple, nearly naked, few-flowered, racemose. Gladiolus lacustris Dorlmanni, Rati Syn. 287 *, 1. Gladiolus lacustris, Ger. em. 105, 4. Gladiolus lacustris Clusii, sive leucojura palustrc, flore subcsruleo Bauhini, Park. 1250. Lobelia Dortmanni, Lin. S. P. 1310. Lobelia lacustris, Salisb. Prod. Water sword-Jlag. Lakes; perefinial; July. Root white; stem round, hollow; leaves all under water, bent back ; flowers drooping, blue ; hractece ovate, short ; lobes of the calyx shorter than the tube of the corolla. 2. Lobelia urens . Slinging lobel. Stem rather erect; lower leaves reverse-ovate, denticu- lated ; upper leaves lanceolate, serrate ; flowers in racemes. Lobelia urens, J Lin. S. P. 1321. Lobelia verbenaefolia, Salisb. Prod. 129. Mountainous meadows; peren.; August and September. Root fibrous; stem branched, bluntly angular, rather leafy ; racemes many-flowered ; flowers 1 -rowed, violet ; hractece. bristleshape, rough ; lobes of the calyx retuse, as long as the tube. — Plant acrid, especially the root. Earn. IV. 39. COMPOSITE. Flowers collected into a calathide seated on a clinanthus : calathide girt with a pericline composed of many scales, in a single, double, or multiple series; scales mostly free, sometimes soldered ; pericline often surrounded with an in- volucrum of many verticillate bracteae attached to the base; clinanthus naked or with appendices, flat or convex; cala- thide of 1, 2, or 3 sorts of flowers, mostly solitary, some- PI. ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE. 413 times formed into a calathiphore. — Calyx very thin, adhe- rent to the ovary ; apex simple or pappose ; corolla situated on a gland at the top of the ovary, 5-lobed ; lobes (or rather soldered petals) having a simple rib on each side meeting at the tip ; aestivation valvular ; stamens 5 ; filaments in- serted into the corolla, attached to it at the base, alter- nating with the lobes, formed of two joints, upper joint very short; anthers 2-celled, 4-valved, opening lengthways, soldered together by the outer valves into a tube; ovary mostly pedicelled, simple, 3-celled; ovules 3 ; style 1, 2-cut; stigmata 2, on the inner faces of the lobes of the style ; collectors 2, on the outer faces; akenium 1 -seeded by abor- tion, naked or pappose; pappi scaly, hairy or feathery; seeds upright ; spermodermis very thin ; perisperm 0, or very thin; corculum straight; radicle below; cotyledons flat. — Stem herbaceous; leaves mostly alternate. A. Cichorace2E. Flowers all ligulate, hermaphrodite ; clinanthus scarcely fleshy ; stigmata papillous on the whole inner faces of the branches ; collectors hairy on the whole outer faces of the branches and upper part of the style. — Plant mostly lactescent ; leaves alternate ; fiowers yellow, rarely blue, often meteoric. a. Pappus 0, or chaffy ; scales of the pericline in a single row ; involucrum small. Pappus 0; clinanthus naked Lapsana. 176. Pappus marginal, not cut ; clinanthus naked Arnoserjs. 177. Pappus chaffy; chaffs 5 or many .... Cichorium. 193. b. Pappus hairlike or bristlelike , sessile ; pericline imbricate. Pappus very soft ; akenium compressed ; pericline bellied, imbricate Sonchus. 181. Pappus denticulate; akenium roundish; pericline ovate, imbricate Hieracium. 182. Pappus snow-white; akenium streaked; pericline simple ; calathide many-flowered .. Crepis. 183. Pappus snow-white; akenium streaked; pericline simple; calath. 4 or 5-flowered Prenanthes. 179. c. Pappus hair like ^ stipitated 4 scales of the pericline imbricate. Pappus unequal ; pericline becoming torulose Baekhausia. 184, 414 39. COMPOSITE, A. PI. ex. cal. d. Pappus hairlike , stipitated ; scales of the pericline in a single row. Bractece many, loose Taraxacum. 185. Bractece few ; pericline cylindrical ; calathide many-flowered Lactuca. 180. Bractece few; pericline cylindrical; calathide 5-flowered Chondrilla. 178. e. Pappus feathered, sessile ; clinanthus naked f pericline imbricated. Akenium streaked lengthways ; pappus unequal Thrica. 188. Akenium streaked lengthways ; pappus of the circumference unequal, scaly Virea. 189. Akenium wrinkled transversely Picris. 190. f. Pappus feathered , stipitate ; clinanthus naked ; scales of the pericline one-rowed . Akenium wrinkled transversely ; involucrum 5-bracteated Heliyiinthia. 191. Akenium streaked lengthways ; involucrum 0 Tragopogon. 192. g. Pappus feathered ; clinanthus chaffy ; pericline imbricate. Pappi all stipitate Achyrophorus. 186. Pappus of the centre stipitate ; of the circumference sessile Hypochasris. 187. I. 176. LAPS AN A. Dioscorides. Nipplewort . Bractece 4 or 5, very short ; pericline- scales 8, in a single row, upright, connivent; clinanthus bald, flat, with depressed papillae ; flowers many ; akenium oblong, angular, streaked, deciduous ; pappus 0. Lapsana communis. Common nipplewort. Stem upright, streaked, branched ; leaves ovate, petioled, angularly toothed; peduncles thin, much branched; peri- cline when in fruit angular. Lampsana, Rail Syn. 173, 1 ; Ger. em. 255. Lampsana vulgaris. Park. 810. Lapsana communis, Lin. S. P. 1141. Dock cresses. Ruins and fields; annual; June and July. PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, A. 176. Lapsana. 415 Root branched ; stem rather bald ; root-leaves lyrate ; stem-leaves ovate ; floral-leaf linear, lanceolate, 1 at the; base of each peduncle. — Eaten at Constantinople just before flowering as a salad ; and used in Prussia to cure ulcerated breasts. II. 177. ARNOSERIS. Gsertner. Swine’s- succory. Bractece very few, small ; pericline becoming torulose and connivent into a globe; scales many, equal, single- rowed, acutely keeled; clinanthus bald, flat, with hollow dots ; akenium angular, furrowed ; pappus marginal, leathery, 5-sided, not toothed. — Leaves radical ; scape thickened above. Arnoseris pusilla. Dwarf swine’ s-succory. Scape 1 to 3-flowered ; leaves ovate, oblong, denticulate ; peduncles fistulous, clubshape, thickened above. Hieracium minimum Clusii, Hyoseris Tabermontani ct Gerardi, Raii Syn. 173, 1; Park. 791. Hyoseris mascula, Ger. em. 288, 8. Hyoseris minima, Lin. S. P. 1138. Arnoseris pusilla, Gaertner Sem. et Fr. 2,355. Sandy fields ; annual ; June. Root fusiform; leaves toothed; stem upright, bald, very thin at bottom, thicker above ; corolla yellow. III. 178. CHONDRILLA. Dioscorides. Gum-succory. Bracteoe few, short ; pericline cylindrical ; scales 8 or 10, membranaceous at the edge, equal ; clinanthus bald, hollowed, dotted ; flowers 5 or 6, in one row ; akenium ovate, compressed, streaked, rather rough ; pappus stipitate, very soft, snow-white, fugacious. — Leaves radical and cau- line ; flowers diversely panicled, yellow. Chondrilla muralis. Wall gum-succory. Leaves lyrate, pinnatifid, toothed, terminal lobe 5-angu- lar ; pappus stipitate ; stipes shorter than the akenium ; clinanthus diversely panicled. Lactuca sylvestris murorum flore luteo, Raii Syn. 162, 5. Sonchus laevis muralis, Ger. em. 293, 5. Sonchus laevis alter parvis floribus, Park. 805. Prenanthes muralis, Lin. S. P. 1121. Chondrilla muralis, Lamarck. FI. Fr. Ivy-leaved sow-thistle. Wall sow-thistle. Walls and close woods; perennial; July. 416 1 78. Chondrilla. 39. COMPOSITE, A. PL ex. cal. Root woody; stem round, upright; radical leaves petioled ; panicle divaricated ; flowers bracteated, yellow. /3. integrifolia. Upper leaves not cut. IV. 179. PRENANTHES. Vaillant. Vrenanth . Bractece few, short ; pericline cylindrical ; scales 8 or 10, equal, membranaceous at the edge; clinanthus with hollow dots, bald; flowers 5 or 6 in one series; akenium ovate, compressed, streaked, rather rough ; pappus sessile, very soft, snow-white, fugacious. — Leaves radical and cau- line ; flowers divaricatedly panicled, yellow or purple. Prenanthes pulchra. Handsome prenanth . Leaves rather rough ; root-leaves runcinate ; stem-leaves embracing the stem, ovate, lanceolate, arrowlike at the base; panicle corymbosely divaricated, naked. Crepis pulchra, Lin. S. P. 1134. Lapsana pulchra, Vill. Dauph. 3,163. Chcndrilla pulchra, Lamarck Enel. Meth. 277. Prenanthes hieraciifolia, Willd. S. P. 3, 1541. Prenanthes pulchra, Mcench Meth. 534. Alpine rocks ; annual ; June to September. Stem slender, spreading; flowers small, yellow; pericline pyramidical, bald. V. 180. LACTUCA. Pliny. Lettuce. Bractece 8 or 10, unequal, pointed ; pericline cylin- drical ; scales 8, membranaceous at the edge, pointed ; clinanthus flat, bald, with hollow dots ; calathide many- flowered, 7-rowed ; akenium ovate, attenuated, compressed, streaked lengthways ; pappus stipitate, very soft, hairlike, fugacious.— -Stem mostly prickly. 1. Lactuca sativa . Cultivated lettuce . Root-leaves oblong, lanceolate, toothed at the edge; stem- leaves heartshape ; flowers corymbose. Lactuca sativa, Ger. cm. 306, 1 ; Lin. S. P. 1 1 18. Coss Lettuce. Cultivated for a potherb and salad ; annual ; June, Sept. Lower leaves spreading, oblong, wrinkled; akenium white ; pappus-stipes little shorter than the akenium.— Leaves nar- cotic; if eaten in large quantities laxative, especially if boiled. PL ex. cal, 89. COMPOSITiE, A. 180. Lactuca. 417 0. planifolia. Lower leaves flat, lanceolate, oblong ; upper leaves ovate, arrowshape ; akenia black. Lactuca iritybacea, Ger. em. 307, 6. Lactuca angustifolia, Lamarck Encycl. Meth. 3, 402. Italian coss-lettuce. Endive-leaved lettuce. y. capitata. Lower leaves curled, wrinkled, slightly sinu- ated, ribbed at bottom ; upper leaves oblong, arrowshape. Lactuca capitata, Ger. erri. 307, 5. Lactuca angustifolia, Lamarck Ericycl. Meth. 3, 402. Calh age-lettuce. crispa. Lower leaves rounded, ovate, wrinkled, sinu- ately lobed, keel hairy ; upper leaves oblong, arrowshape, sinuately toothed. Lactuca crispa, Ger. em. 306,2. Curled-leaf lettuce. All the varieties are cultivated extensively. 2. Lactuca * sylvestris. VVild let lube. Leaves sinuately pinnatifid, embracing the stem, vertical ; keel prickly; tip pointed; flowers loosely panicled. Lactuca sylvestris costa spinosa, Raii Syn. 161, 2. Lactuca sylvestris foliis dissectis, Ger. em. 309, 3. Lactuca sylvestris laciniata, Park 814. Lactuca scariola, Lin. S. P. 1119. Lactuca sylvestris, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 3,40(5'. Mild-scented cut-leaved wild lettuce. Edges of fields on chalky soils; annual? August. Herb glaucous ; Iractew, heartshape, pointed ; flowers lemon yellow. 3. Lactuca virosa. Strong-scented lettuce , Leaves oblong, denticulate, horizontal ; keel prickly ; tip blunt. Lactuca sylvestris major odore opii, Raii Syn . 161, 1 : Ger, em. 309, 1. Lactuca sylvestris endiviae fofiis, odore viroso, Park. 813. Lactuca virosa, Lin. S. P. 1119. Cut lettuce. Chalky soils; biennial; August and September. Stem rod-like, 6 feet high, panicled above ; leaves glau- cous, radical, many, reverse-ovate, undivided; flowers sul- phur-colour, scarcely longer than the pericline. — Juice in- spissated is narcotic. (3. integrifolia. Leaves not cu,t. Lactuca sylvestris, folio nou laciniato, Raii Syn. 162,3. VOL. II. 2 E t 41S 180. Lactuca. 39. COMPOSITE, A. PL ex. cal. 4. Lactuca minima . Least lettuce . Root-leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid; stem-leaves hastate, linear, sessile, not cut ; flowers racemose. Lactuca sylvestris minima, Raii Syn. 263,3. Chondrilla viscosa humilis, Ger. em. 287, 5 *; Park. 783. Lactuca saligna, Lin. S. P. 1119. Chalky soils; biennial or annual; August. Stem tough, rushlike, branched; leaves keeled, spinous or smooth ; bractece arrowshape. VI. 181. SONCHUS. Theophrastus. Sowthistle. Pericline imbricate, becoming connivent, ventricose at bottom; scales many, unequal, in 2 or 3 series; clinanthus flat, with hollow dots, bald; calathides many-flowered; ake - nium compressed, streaked lengthways ; pappus hair-like, sessile, very soft, fugacious. — 'Stem fistulous, milky ; leaves runcinate, sessile ; flowers racemose or panicled. a. Flowers blue ; pappus rough. 1. Sonchus alpinus. Alpine sowthistle. Flowers racemose, bracteated ; peduncles and pericline hirsute ; leaves rather lyrate ; terminal lobes deltoid, an- gular, bald, glaucous beneath. ' Sonchus flore caeruleo, Ger. em. 294, 7. Sonchus Canadensis, Lin. S. P. 1115. Sonchus alpinus, Huds. FI. Angl. 336, not of Linnaeus. Sonchus cseruleus, Camer. Epit. 281. Sonchus montanus, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 401. Hieracium caeruleuin, Scopoli Cam, 976. Blue-flowered sowthistle. Alpine pastures; perennial; July and August. Root fleshy; stem 3 feet high, simple; leaves smooth, upper leaves linear, fringed ; racemes solitary ; bractece linear; calathide twice as long as the pericline; anthers red. b. Flowers yellow ; pappus soft. 2. Sonchus palustris . Marsh sowthistle. Flowers many, panicled ; peduncles and pericline glandu- larly hispid ; leaves runcinate, arrowshape at bottom, edge rough. Sonchus tricubitalis, folio cuspidato, Raii Syn. 163,8. Sonchus arborescens alter, Ger. em. 294, 9. Sonchus palustris, Lin, S. P. 1116. Great tree sowthistle . PI. ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITAS* A. 181. Sonchus. 419 Stem 8 feet high, pipey ; leaves pointed, bald ; panicle many-flowered ; pericline black. 3. Sonchus arvensis. Field sowthistle . Root creeping ; leaves runcinate, heartsliape at the base, doubly fringed ; peduncles and pericline hispid ; calathides few, panicled. Sonchus repens, multis hieracium majus, Rail Syn. 163,7. Sonchus arborescens, Ger. em. 294, 8. Sonchus arvensis, Lin. S. P. 1116, Tree sowthistle. Clay-fields and woods ; perennial ; August. Root milky ; stem 4 feet high ; calathides very large ; flowers yellow. 4. Sonchus oleraceus . Kitchen- garden sowthistle. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, embracing the stem, slightly sinuated ; edge fringed ; peduncles rather nappy ; pericline bald ; calathides panicled. Sonchus laevis, Raii Syn. 162, 1 ; Ger. em. 292, 3. Sonchus laevis vulgaris, Park. 805. Sonchus oleraceus, Lin. S. P. 1116. Sonchus ciliatus, Lamarck FI. Gall. 287. Hares' lettuce. Smooth thistle. Cultivated places; annual; July to September. Root fusiform; stem much branched; leaves bald; pe~ duncles white ; wool deciduous. — Herb much sought after by hares and rabbits ; gathered for tame ones ; used by some as a potherb and in salads. 13. latifolius . Leaves broad. Sonchus laevis minor, paucioribus laciniis, Raii Syn. 163,2. Sonchus laevis latifoliis, Ger. em. 292,4. 7. laciniatus. Leaves sinuated more than usual. Sonchus asper laciniatus, Raii Syn. 163,3; Park. 804. Sonchus asperior, Ger. em. 291, 2. integrifolius . Leaves not sinuated. Sonchus asper non laciniatus, Raii Syn. J63, 4. Sonchus asper, Ger. em. 291, 1. Sonchus asper major non laciniatus, Park. 803. s. subrotundus. Leaves roundish. Sonchus subrotundo folio nostras, laevissiinis spinulis circa foliorum oras exasperatus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 1 63, 5. £. angustifolius. Leaves narrow, oblong, very thorny on the edges. Sonchus angusto et phlongp folio nostras, per foliorum ambitum creberrimi* spinulis asperatus, Dillen in Raii Syn . 163,7. 2E 2 420 182. Hieracium. 39. COMPOSITE, A. PL ex. cal VIL 182. HIERACIUM. Dioscorides. Hawkweed. Pericline becoming ovate ; scales many, linear, oblong, imbricate ; clinanthus rather flat, scrobiculate, roughish, becoming rather globose, papillose ; calathide many- flowered ; akenium angular, furrowed ; pappus sessile, bristle- like, denticulated, stiff, persisting, greyish. a. Leontidese. Leaves radical , rather laid , not glaucous or coriaceous ; scape naked ; calat hides solitary , or few. 1. Hieracium alpinum. Alpine hawkweed. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, pointed, villous; edge whole or denticulated ; scape rather naked, villous ; calathide soli- tary ; pericline very villous. Hieracium (Pulmonaria) villosum alpinum flore snagno singulari, caule nudo, Rail Syn . 5 09, 10. Hieracium alpinum, Lin. S . P . 1124. Welsh mouse-ear. Alpine rocks; perennial; July. Scape solitary, simple, with a lanceolate leaf in the middle; calathide upright; pericline black ; flowers golden 2. Hieracium aurantiacum. Orange hawkweed. Leaves oblong, pointed, hairy, hispid, not cut; scape leafy at bottom, hispid; calat hides corymbose; peduncles conglomerate. Hieracium hortense latifolium, sive pilosella major, Ger. cm. 305,3. Hieracium aurantiacum, Lin. S. P. Grim the collier. Golden mouse-ear. Alpine wroods; perennial; June and July. Stolones creeping ; scapes with one or two leaves about the middle; flowers dark brownish orange colour. b. Andryaloidese. Plant hairy; hairs long , white , jointed , somewhat plumose; stem leafy ; pappus very rough. \ 3. Hieracium villosum. Villous hawkweed. Stem upright, rather branchy, villous ; leaves repand ; toothed, villous; root-leaves oblong, lanceolate; stem-leaves ovate, embracing the stem ; pericline open, very villous. Hieracium quintum Clusii, Ger. em. 301, 2. Hieracium villosum, Lin. S. P. 1130. Damp alpine woods; perennial; Aligns!. Pi. ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, A. 182. Hieracium. 421 Stem simple, 1 -flowered, or branchy, many-flowered, 2 feet high ; leaves rather glaucous ; calathides terminal ; flowers lemon-colour. 4. Hieracium Lawsonil. Lawson’s hawkweed , Stem branchy ; leaves elliptical, lanceolate, decurrent, glaucous., scarcely cut, fringed ; stem-leaves few ; pericline glandular hairy. Hieracium Lawsonii, Villars J)elph. 3, 118. Hieracium saxatilis (3, De Cand. FI. Gall. North of England ; perennial ; July. Stem spread open ; calathides very large ; flowers dark citron-colour. c. Pilosellae. Stolon es creeping , leafy ; leaves inclining to glaucous ; rather leathery , hirsute especially on the edge ; hairs spreading , long, white , stiff ; scape naked, or 1-leaf ed. 5. Hieracium repens . Creeping hawkweed. Stolones creeping, leafy ; leaves ovate, not cut, nappy beneath ; scape naked ; calathide solitary, terminal. Pilosella repens, Rail Syn. 170, 1 ; Ger. em. 638,2. Pilosella minor vulgaris repens, Park. 690, Hieracium Pilosella, Lin. S. P. 1125. Creeping mouse-ear. Dry pastures ; perennial ; June and July, Stolones hairy; leaves obtuse, above light green, beneath white; hairs of the pericline white and black ; flowers lemon yellow ; outer before opening streaked with purplish red. 6. Hieracium multifloruiji. Many-flowered hawkweed. Stolones creeping, leafy; leaves lanceolate, naked beneath, not cut ; scape mostly naked ; calathides panicled, terminal, rarely solitary. Hieracium Auricula, Lin.S. P. 1126. Hieraciuip dubium, FI. Danica, 1044. Mountains ; perennial ; July and August. Scape upright, naked or with a leaf about the middle ; calathides 3 or 6 ; flowers yellow*- 7. Hieracium dubium . Doubtful hawkweed . Stolones creeping, leafy ; leaves elliptical, lanceolate, his-*. pid, woolly beneath, edge scarcely cut ; scape naked ; ccda * thides 2 to 6, terminal. Hieracium dubium, Lin.S. P. 1125. Hieracium Auritiulu, FI, Danica, 1111. *- 422 182. Hieracium. 39. COMPOSITiE, A. PI, ex. cal. Damp mountains ; perennial ; July and August. Leaves rarely toothed ; peduncles alternate, nappy ; flowers lemon-yellow on both sides. d. Pulmonarise. Stem leafy ; pericline hairy ; hairs black, 8. Hieracium murorum. Wall hawkweed. Stem mostly simple, few-leaved ; leaves ovate, nearly heartshape at the base, villous beneath, toothed ; teeth ra- diating ; calathides panicled. Hieracium (Pulmonaria) murorum folio pilosissimo. Raii Syn. 168, 6. Pulmonaria Gallica, sive aurea latifolia, Ger. em. 304, 1. Hieracium murorum Bauhini, quod est pulmonaria Gallorum Lobelii, Park. 801. Hieracium murorum a, Lin. S. P. 1128. Hieracium murorum, Smith Lin. Trans. 9,236. Hieracium murorum jS, Smith FI. Brit. 830. French lungwort. Broad-leaved golden lungwort. Walls and cliffs ; perennial ; May and June. Stem furrowed ; root-leaves many, roundish ovate ; cala- thides large, yellow. B. laciniaium. Leaves jagged, slightly hairy. 9. Hieracium maculatum . Spotted-leaf hawkweed. Stem fistulous, many-leaved ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, toothed; teeth bending forwards; calathides cymose. Hieracium (Pulmonaria) Ks7TT^xavKov hirsutum, folio longiore, Raii Syn . 169,9. Hieracium murorum y, Smith FI. Brit. 830. Hieracium maculatum, Engl. Bot. 2121. Rocks and mountains ; perennial ; July. Stem 4 feet high ; leaves dark green, strongly speckled with black, elliptical, rather heartshape. 10. Hieracium sylvaticum. Wood hawkweed. Stem many-leaved; leaves ovate, lanceolate, toothed at the base ; teeth bending forwards ; calathides panicled. Hieracium Pulmonaria dictum, augusti folium, Raii Syn. 168,7. Pulmonaria Gallica, sive aurea angustifolia, Ger.em. 304,2. Hieracium murorum, Lin. S. P . 1128. Narrow-leaved French lungwort. Narrow-leaved golden lungwort. Chalky woods and walls; perennial; July and August. Leaves pale grass-green ; flowers lemon-coloured. 0. maculatum . Stem tall, strong ; leaves dark green, elegantly speckled with black. ; calathides very numerous. Hieracium sylvaticum Smith Linn. 1'rans. 9, 241. PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, A. 182. Hieracium. 423 11. Hieracium pulmonarium. Lung hawkweed . Stern solid, few-leaved ; leaves lanceolate, toothed ; teeth broad, bent forward ; calathides cymose. Hieracium pulmonarium, Engl. Bot. 33,2307, Hieracium pulmonarioides, Villars Delph. 3, 135. Rocks; perennial; July. Stem-leaves 1 or 2, near the bottom ; root-leaves many, spotted with brown ; calathides large, lemon-colour. 1 2. Hieracium paludosum. Marsh hawhweed. Stem fistulous ; leaves heartshape, stem-clasping, toothed, bald; calathides panicled; periclines hispid. Hieracium montanum cichorei folio nostras, Rail Syn. 166, 11. Hieracium montanum latifolium minus, Grer. etn. 300, 11. Hieracium paludosum, Lin. S. P. 1129. Alpine pastures ; perennial ; July. Stem 3 feet high ; leaves ovate, pointed ; lower leaves sometimes lyrate ; calathides rather corymbose ; flowers yel- low.— Herb intensely bitter. 13. Hieracium molle. Soft-leaved hawkweed. Stem fistulous; leaves lanceolate, hairy, slightly toothed, embracing the stem; lower leaves petioled ; calathides pa- nicled ; peduncles downy. Hieracium molle, Jacquin Aust. 1 19. Woods in Scotland; perennial; July and August. Stem 18 inches high; leaves blunt; hairs short. 14. Hieracium cerinlhoides . Honey wort hawkweed. Stem solid ; leaves hirsute, slightly denticulated ; root- leaves ovate, decurrent ; upper leaves oblong, slightly stem-clasping; calathides corymbose. Hieracium cerinthoides, Lin. S. P. 1129. Rocks; perennial; August. Stem upright, villous; leaves rather glaucous, smooth above ; pericline hirsute. 15. Hieracium Sabaudum. Savoy hawkweed. Stem mostly simple, upright; leaves ovate, lanceolate, toothed-serrate, slightly embracing the stem, beneath rough ; calathides corymbose. Hieracium (Pulmonaria) fruticosum latifolium hirsutum, Raii Syn. 167,1; Park. 802. Hieracium Sabaudum, Lin. S. P. 1131. Woods and hedges; perennial ; August and September. Stem rough, spongy inside ; leaves pointed, beneath pale ; flowers golden yellow. 4*24* 182. Hieracium. 39. COMPOSITES, A. PL ex. cal. @. glalrum; Leaves very slightly downy. Hieracium (Pulmonaria) fruticpsum lajtifolium glabrum, Raii Syti. 168, 2, Park. 801. y. humile . Leaves long, rarely toothed ; calathides so- litary. v Hieracium (Pulmonaria), q. hieracii seu piloselloe majoris species hu- mijis, foliis longioribus, rarius dentatis plurimis simul flore singulari nos- tras, Raii Syn. 170, 14. & latifolium . Leaves broad, lanceolate; pedicells very shqrj;. 16. Hieracium umhellatum. JJmlelled hawkweed. Stem mostly simple, upright ; leaves linear, slightly toothed, spreading; calathides corymbose, umbelled. Hieracium (Pulmonaria) fruticosum angustifolium majus, Raii Sun. 168,3; Park. 801. Hieracium intybaceum, Ger. em. 298, 5. Hieracium umbellatum, Lin. S. P. 1131. Endive hawkweed. Woods; perennial; August and September. Stem 3 feet high ; leaves many, sessile, green on both sides, rough; calathides large; flowers golden yellow. 0. glalrum. Stem and leaves smooth. Hieracium q. Pulmonaria angusti folia glabra, Dillcn in Raii Syn. 168,4. y. gramineum. Leaves very narrow, not in the least cut. Hieracium q. Pulmonaria graminea, JDillen in Raii Syn, 168,5. 1 7. Hieracium prenanthoides. Prenanthes hawkweed. Stem upright ; leaves embracing the stem ; slightly toothed, edge rough; lower leaves oblong; calathides many, pahicled ; peduncles nappy. Hieracium spicatum, Allioni Pedem. Hieracium prenanthoides, Villars Dclph. 3, 108. Alpine mountains; perennial; July to September. Stem 3 feet high, many-leaved. 18. Hieracium denliculatum. Toothed hawkweed. Stem upright; leaves sessile, elliptical, lanceolate, den- ticulated, rather bald, beneath glaucous ; calathides many, panicled ; peduncles nappy. Hieracium Kalmii, Symons Syn. 173. Hieracium prenanthoides, Smith FI. Brit. 835, Alpine mountains; perennial; July to September. Stem 3 feet high ; upper leaves oval ; corolla yellow ; seeds yery smooth. PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITiE, A. 183. Crepis. 423 VIII. 183. CREPIS. Pliny. Hawks-heard. Involucrum patulous ; scales many, falling off ; pericline becoming torulous bellied ; scales many, in one series ; clinanthus flat, pitted ; pitts fringed on the edge ; akenium streaked ; pappus sessile, hairlike, rough, white, falling off*. 1. Crepis tectorum. Roof hawks-beard. Leaves rather bald; root-leaves lanceolate, runcinate, lobes ascending; upper leaves linear, threadlike, arrow- shape, toothed, embracing the stem; calathides corymbose; pericline downy. Hieracium luteum glabrum, sive minus hirsutum, Rail Syn. 165,9. Hieracium Aphacoides, Ger. em.291 , 4. Cichoreum pratense luteum la;vius, Park. 118. Crepis tectorum, Lin. S. P. 1135. Hedypnois tectorum, Huds. Fl.Angl. 341. Succory hawkweed. Fields and pastures ; annual ; June to September. Stem branched, mostly bald, rarely slightly hairy; leaves light green ; calathides small ; corolla yellow. /3. attenuata . Leaves tapering to a point. y. integrifolia . Leaves not cut, or very slightly toothed, lanceolate or ovate. 3*. pilosa. Stem hairy; leaves linear, very narrow. 2. Crepis biennis. Biennial hawks-beard. Leaves hispid, runcinately pinnatifid ; lobes ascending; upper leaves sessile, lanceolate, toothed; keel hispid, prickly; pericline downy, prickly. Hieracium maximum ehondrillas folio asperum, Raii Syn. 166, 12. Crepis biennis, Lin. S. P. 1136. Hedypnois biennis, Huds. Fl.Angl. 342. Chalky pastures ; biennial; June and July. Stem 4 feet high, rough; lower leaves petioled; upper leaves lanceolate, pinnated at the base; calathides large, corymbose; corolla yellow.- > IX. 184. BARKHAUSIA. Mcench. Castor-weed. Bractece awlshape, short, weak; pericline becomes angu- lar; scales nearly equal, in one series, become keeled and embrace the outermost akenia; calathide many-flowered; clinanthus rather flat, pitted; pitts fringed on the edge; akenium slender, furrowed, rough; pappus stipitate, hairy, rough ; that of the circumference very short. 426 184. Barkhausia. 39. COMPOSITE, A. PL ex. cal. Sarkhausia fcelida. Stinking castor-weed. Ste?n hairy ; leaves runcinately pinnatifid, rough, sessile ; upper lanceolate, deeply cut at the base; pericline ovate, nappy. Hieracium castorei odore Monspeliensium, Raii Syn. 165, 7. Crepis foetida, Lin. S. P. 1133. Earkhausia foetida, Moench Meth. 1133. Picris foetida, Lamarck FI. Fran. 2, 108. Dry chalky pastures; biennial; June and July. Stem diffused, branched, hairy ; leaves runcinate pinna- tifid; end lobe very large, deltoid; peduncles 1 -flowered, thicker at top ; corolla yellovf, reddish on the back. X. 185. TARAXACUM. Lonicerus. Dandelion . Braclece nearly equal, lanceolate, weak, in two series ; pe- ricline oblong; scales many, in one series, equal, lanceolate, edge membranaceous; calathides many-flowered; clinan - thus flat, pitted, bald ; akenium compressed, streaked length- ways; pappus hairlike, stipitated, falling off. — Root fusi- form; leaves radical; scape naked, hollow; calathides soli- tary, large ; corollce yellow. 1. Taraxacum officinale . Shop dandelion. Leaves runcinate, bald ; lobes lanceolate, toothed ; brae - tece reflexed. Dens leonis, Raii Syn. 170, 1 ; Ger. cm. 290, 1. Dens leonis vulgaris, Park. 780. Leontodon Taraxacum, Lin. S. P. 1 122. Leontodon Dens leouis, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 3,349. Taraxacum officinale, Villars Dauph. 3,72. Leontodon officinale, Withering Bnl. Arr. ed. 4,679. Leontodon vulgare, Lamarck FI. Fran. 2, 113. Piss-a-bed. Grass-lands and road-sides ; perennial ; Apr. to Sept. Leaves light green; calathides large; bractece nearly as long as the pericline; akenium lemon-colour.— -Blanched leaves and the roots used in salads, very diuretic ; juice alterative. (3. angustifolium. Leaves narrow, deeply cut ; akenium reddish. Dens leonis angustioribus foliis, Raii Syn. 167,2; Park. 780. 2. Taraxacum Raii. Raif s dandelion . Leaves lanceolate, sinuately toothed, nearly bald; brac- tece short, upright, closely pressed. PL ex, cal, 39. COMPOSITE, A. 185. Taraxacum. 4*27 Taraxacum erectum, Hoffm. Germ. 1, 270. Leontodon Raii, Gouan Illustr. 55. Leontodon lividum, Willd. S.P. 1545. Leontodon salinum, Pall. Pal. 735. Hedypnois paludosa, Scop. Cam. 2, 100. Leontodon palustre, Lyons Fasc. 48. Leontodon Taraxacon, Withering But. Arr. 679. Marsh dandelion. Fields and pastures ; perennial ; June and July. Bractece pointed, much shorter than the pericline; co- rolla yellow. XI. 186. ACHYROPHORUS. Scopoli. Cats-ear. Pericline oblong; scales many, imbricated, keeled, mu- ricated ; calathides many-flowered ; clinanthus rather convex, chaffy; chaffs linear, pointed, nearly as long as the peri- cline, falling off* ; akenium streaked ; pappus stipitate, fea- thered ; rays threadshape. 1. Achyrophorus maculatus. Spotted cats-ear. Stem nearly naked ; branches solitary ; leaves ovate, ob- long, rather toothed, often spotted. Hieraclum primum latifolium Clusii, Raii Syn. 167, 17 ; Ger. em. 301, 1. Hypochaeris maculata, Lin. S. P. 1140. Achyrophorus maculatus, Scop. Cam. 986. Chalky mountainous pastures ; perennial ; July. Stem upright, hirsute; root-leaves rough; spots purple; calathides mostly solitary, large ; pericline hairy ; corolla golden. 2. Achyrophorus radicatus . Long-rooted cats-ear. Stem branched, naked, smooth ; leaves runcinate, blunt, rough ; peduncles scaly. Hieracium longius radicatum, Raii Syn. 165, 6; Ger. em. 298, 6; Park. 790. Hypochaeris radicata, Lin. S. P. 1 140. Achyrophorus radicata. Scop. Cam. 987. Fields and pastures; perennial; June and August. Root very long ; stems many, 6 inches high, simple ; ca- lathides solitary, nearly sessile, on the side. XII. 187. HYPOCHiERIS. Theophrastus. Cats-tongue. Pericline long, conical ; scales many, imbricate, smooth, flat, tip coloured ; calathides many-flowered ; clinanthus flat, chaffy ; chaff lanceolate, pointed, nearly a& long as the 4-28 187- Hypochasris. 39. COMPOSITE, A. PL ex. caL scales of the pericline, falling off; akenium streaked ; pappus of the circumference sessile, in the centre pedicelled ; rays threadlike. Hypochceris glabra. Smooth cats-tongac. Stem branched, naked ; leaves radical, toothlike sinuated, bald. Hiejracium parvum in arenosis nascens, seminum pappis densius radia- tis, Ran Ryn. 166, 14. * Hieracium glabrum, Lin. S. P. 1140. Sandy gravelly places ; annual ; June to August. Stem rarely simple, mostly branched, reclined ; leaves shining, rarely fringed ; calalhicfes solitary, upright, small; corolla lemon yellow. XIII. 188. THRICA. Roth. Thrica, Bractece few, short ; pericline 8-angled ; scales and mar- gin dilated at bottom ; calat hides many-flowered; corolla not glandular at the tip ; mouth not hairy ; clinanthus dotted ; dots hollow ; akenia of the circumference truncated at the tip, involved in the scales of the pericline; pappus chaffy; akenia of the centre long, slender, free; pappus sessile, feathered, rays unequal. — Leaves radical; calathides soli- tary, nodding before expansion ; outer flowers of the cala- thide reddish. 1, Thrica hirtd. Hairy thrica. Leaves lanceolate, sinuately toothed, hairy; hairs simple; calathides solitary ; pericline rather bald; scales pointed. Hieracium pumilum saxatile asperum prsemorsa radice, Raii Syn. 167, 16. Leontodon hirsutum, Lin. S. P. 1123. Hyoseris taraxacoides, Lamarck Enc. Meth. 3 , 159. ' Hyoseris hirta, Gcertner Sem. et Fr. 2, 373. Thrica hirta, Willd. Sp. 3, 1555. Hedypnois hispid urn Huds. Fl.udngl. 340. Hedypnois hirta, Smith FI. Brit. 824. Apargia hirta, Smith Compend. 116. Heaths and commons; perennial; June to August. 2. Thrica hispida. Bristly thrica. Leaves lanceolate, blunt, toothed, hairy ; hairs forked ; calathides solitary; pericline rather hoary, naked; scales hairy. Hyoseris taraxacoides, Villars Belph. 3166. JLeontodon saxatile, Lamarck Encyc. Math. 3, 531. Thrica hispida, Roth Catal. Bot, 198. Stony and sandy places; perennial; July and August PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, A. 1 89. Virea. 429 XIV. 189. VIREA. Adanson. Virey. Pericline ovate; scales many, imbricate, unequal, irre- gular ; calathides many-flowered ; clinanthus convex, rather hairy, with hollow dots, edge of the pits fringed ; akenium streaked ; pappus of the circumference sessile ; rays chaffy and bristly, mixed, unequal ; of the centre with unequal and featherlike rays. — Leaves mostly radical ; calathides yellow. a. Apargiae. Tube of the corolla hairy at the mouth ; tip of the lobes glandular ; scape simple. 1. Virea hispida. Bristly virey. Leaves pinnatifid, oblong, hirsute; hairs forked; scape simple, bald ; pericline rather hirsute. Dens leonis hirsutus Asjrxojfai/Aoj, hieracium dictus, Raii Syn. 17,1,3. Hieracium dentis leonis folio hirsutum, Ger. em. 303, 6 ; figure not accurate. Hieracium asperum foliis et floribus dentis leonis bulbosi, Park. 788; figure not accurate. Leontodon hispidum, Lin. S. P. 1124. Hedypnois hispida, Huds. FI. Angl . 340. Dandelion hawk-weed. Chalky pastures; perennial; July. Root fusiform ; calathides drooping, afterwards upright. 2. Virea incana. Grey virey. Leaves oblong, rather toothed, woolly, rough ; hairs ra- diated at the tip ; scape simple, downy ; pericline downy. Dens leonis montanus angustifolius, Raii Syn. 171,4. Hieracium sextum Clusii, Ger.em. 302, 3. Hieracium montanum angustifoiium, Park. 709. Hieracium incamnn, Lin. S. P. Leontodon Taraxacum y, Huds. FI. Angl. 340. Hieracium alpinism, Villars Dsfph. 3,94. Alpine pastures and walls ; peren. ; May to September. b. Vi re as. Tube of the corolla laid ; tip of the lobes not glandular ; scape often branched. 3. Virea Pyreniaca. Py reman virey . Leaves murieated, toothed, bald; scape simple or slightly branched; bractea 1, about the middle of the scape; peri- cline hairy. Hieracium Taraxici, Lin. S. P. 1125. Pieris Taraxici, Allioni Pedem. I, 24. Hedypnois autumnale s, Huds. FI. Angl. 34h Hedypnois Taraxaci, Smith FI. Brit. 825. Leontodon Taraxaci, Engl Bot. 820. Apargia Taraxaci, Willd. S. P. 3, 1550. Pl.ex.cah 430 189: Virea. 39. COMPOSITE, A. Near alpine rivulets ; perennial ; August. Leaves bald, rarely nearly linear, toothed ; scape one or two-flowered, thickened above, downy; hairs black; corollce golden. 4. Virea autumnalis . Autumn virey . Leaves lanceolate, toothed or pinnatifid, rather bald ; scape with declinate branches ; pedicells scaly, tumid above ; pericline downy. Hieracium minus praemorsa radice, Raii Syn. 164, 1 ; Park. 794. Hieracium minus, sive leporinum, Ger. em. 296. Leontodon autumnale, Lin . S. P. 1123. Hedypnois autumnalis, Huds. Fl.Angl. 341. Scorzonera autumnalis, Lamarck FI. Fr. 282. Apargia autumnalis, Hojfm. Germ . 4, 113. Small hares-hawk-weed. Yellow devil's bit . Fields and pastures ; perennial ; August. Calathides many, small; corollce golden, those of the circumference reddish on the outside. £. laciniata . Leaves jagged. Hieracium praemorsum laciniatum, Dillen in Raii Syn. 164,2. y. minor . leaves small, pointed. Hieracium folio acuto minus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 164, 3. obtusa . Leaves small, blunt. Hieracium folio obtuso minus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 164,4. r. hirsute . Leaves hairy. 1. prolifera. Clinanthus proliferous. XV. 190. PICRIS. Dioscorides. Yellow-suceory . Bractece many, unequal, linear, lanceolate ; pericline conical ; scales many, equal, in one row ; calathides many- flowered ; clinanthus flat, bald, pitted ; akenium transversely streaked ; pappus sessile, feathered ; rays threadlike, equally bearded. — Stem leafy; periclines rough; corollce yellow. Picris hieracioides , Hawk-weed yellow- succory. Stem rough, branched, divaricated ; leaves very rough, lanceolate, toothed, waved ; calathides corymbose; Iractece loose. Hieracium asperum, majori flore in agrorum limitibus, Raii Syn. 167, 15. Hieracium asperum, Ger. em. 298, 7. Cichoreum pratense luteum asperum, Park. 777. Picris hieracioides, Lin. S. P. 1 1 15. Hedypnois hieracioides, Huds. FI. Angl. 342. PL ex.cal. 39. COMPOSITiE, A. 190. Picris. 431 Edges of woods on chalk ; biennial ; July and August. Root-leaves lanceolate ; stem-leaves embracing the stem, bent back ; corymhis leafy ; peduncle scaly, slightly thick- ened. XVI. 191. HELMINTHIA. Geertner. Langue-de-hceuf Bract ece 5, broad, as long as the pericline ; pericline cy- lindrical, scales 8, equal in one series ; calathides many- flowered ; clinanthus flat, tubercular or annulate, naked ; akenium reverse-ovate, transversely wrinkled; pappus sti- pitate, feathery ; rays equal. Helminthia echioides. Bugloss langue-de-hceuf. Bractece broad, ovate, heartshape, rather spinous ; leaves repand. Hieracium echioides capitulis cardui benedicti, Raii Syn. 166, 13. Buglossum luteum, Ger. em. 798, 2. Buglossum luteum, seu lingua bovis, Park. 800. Picris echioides, Lin. S . P. 1114. Helminthia echioides, Gccrtn. Sem . et Fr. 2,368. Edges of fields on clay ; annual ; June and July. Stem upright, branched; leaves light green, shining, root-leaves ovate; stem-leaves embracing the stem; cala- thides slightly panicled. XVII. 192. TRAGOPOGON. Dioscor. Goats-heard. Pericline simple, cylindrical, pyramidical ; scales 8 or 1 0, equal, soldered by their edges ; calathide many-flowered ; clinanthus naked, pitted; akenium streaked lengthways; pappus stipitate, feathered ; stipes slender, rays unequal.— Leaves not cut, grass-like; corollce gold-colour or blue; peduncles simple. 1. Tragopogon pretense. Meadow goats-leard. Leaves bald, not cut, channelled, pointed, dilated at bottom; peduncles round above; pericline as long as the flowers in the circumference. Tragopogon luteum, Raii Syn. 171, 1 ; Ger. em. 735,2; Park. Par. 514. Trapogon pratense, Lin. S. P. 1109. Go to bed at noon. Joseph's Flower. Star of Jerusalem. Noon-tide. Yellow goats-beard. Fields and pastures ; biennial ; June. Root milky, sweet ; stem branched ; calathides large, closing early in the day; corollce gold-yellow. — Young shoots a good asparagus. $ 432 192. Tragop. 39. COMPOSITE, A. PLex.citL 2. Tragopogon porrifolium. Leek-leaved goats-heard . Stem and leaves stiff, bald ; peduncles thickened above ; pericline longer than the flowers in the circumference. Tragopogon purpureum, Raii Syn. 171, 2; Ger. em. 735, 1 ; Park. 412. Tragopogon porrifolium, Lin . S. P. 1110. Artiji. Salsafie. Purple goats-beard. Fields, also cultivated; biennial; May and June. Stem 4 feet high; leaves scarcely waved; scales of the pericline nearly twice as long as the flowers ; corollce violet. — Roots sweet, used in salads, or boiled in soups, very nu- tritive ; useful in atrophy, coughs, short breath, difficulty of urine, and the stone. XVIII. 193. CICHORIUM. Theophrastus. Succory . Bractece 5, short, oblong, adpressed; pericline cylindri- cal ; scales 8, connate at bottom, becoming reflexed ; cli- nanthus naked or slightly hairy ; akenium compressed, streaked ; pappus chaffy ; chaffs many, in a double series* much shorter than the akenia. 1. Cichorium sylvesire. Wild succory. Leaves runcinate, main rib rather hirsute ; calathides sessile, axillary, in pairs. Cichorium sylvesire, Raii Syn. 172, 1 ; Ger. em. 284, 1 ; Park. 776, Cichorium Intybus, Lin. S. P. 1142. Cichorium perenne, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med. 133. Edges of fields; perennial; July and August. Root fleshy; stern upright, angular, branched; calathides many, sessile; corollce blue or white. |3. glohosum. Branches balled. 2. Cichorium sativum. Cultivated succory . Leaves oblong, toothed, bald; peduncles axillary, in pairs; one long, 1 -flowered; the other very short, 3 or 4-flowered. Intybus saliva, Ger. em. 282, 3. Cichoreum sativum, Park. 7 74. Cichorium Endivia, Lin. S. P. 1143. Endive. Cultivated ; biennial ; July and August. Leaves toothed at the edge. — Blanched herb eaten in salads, bitter. j3. crispum. Leaves curled at the edge. PL ex. cal. 89. COMPOSITE, B. 433 B. Cynarocephaleas. Pericline imbricate, scales often spinous; clinanthus fleshy, chaffy; corolla all tubular; style jointed above; pappus stiff. — Leaves alternate, often spinous; stamens and stigma often irritable, contractile. a. Pappus 0. Flowers , centre female; circumf. androgynous; pericline- scales compound, spinous Hippoph;estum. 205. Flow, centre hermaphrodite; circumf. neuter; pericline-scales fringed, not spinous Phrygia. 203. b. Pappus hairy , rays nearly equal , connate at bottom into a deciduous ring ; flowers all hermaphrodite . Pericline-scales simple, spinous; akenium transversely furrowed Onopordum. 194. Pericline-scales simple, spinous ; akenium streaked ; clinanthus bristly Carduus. 198. Pericline-scales appendiculated ; appendix toothed, spinous Silybum. 197- c. Pappus hairy , rays unequal , imbricate , in many series «, Flow, female, or male or hermaph. pericline-scales lanceolate, pointed Serratula. 196. Flow . centre hermaph.; circumf. neuter; pericline-scales lanceolate, serrated . Cyanus. 202. Flow, centre hermaph.; circumf. neuter; pericline-scales lanceolate, ovate, pinnate .... Jacea. 204„ Flow, centre hermaph.; circumf. neuter; pericline-scales palmate, spinous .... Polyacantha. 206. Flow, centre hermaph. ; circumf. neuter ; pericline-scales compound Leucantha. 207. Flowers all hermaphrodite ; pericline- scales linear, hooked at the tip Arctium. 195. d. Pappus feathery ; flowers all hermaphrodite. Pericline-scales , outer spinous ; inner coloured, scariose, radiated Carlina. 201. Pericline-scales all linear, spi- nous; pappus deciduous Cirsium. 199. Pericline-scales all ovate, pointed; pappus persistent . . Bennettia. 200. VOL. it, 2 F 434 194. Onopord. 39, COMPOSITE, B. PL ex. cal. XIX. 194. ONOPORDUM. Pliny. Cotton-thistle . Pericline globose, becoming depressed ; scales awlshape, lax, ending in an awlshape spine ; flowers all hermaphro- dite; clinanthus flat, honeycombed; edge of the pits raised, sharp, chaffy ; akenium reverse-ovate, compressed, 4-sided, transversely furrowed ; pappus hairlike ; rays unequal, rough, annular at the base, deciduous. — Stem hollow, very tall ; leaves large, thorny, tomentose; calat hides terminal, solitary. Onopordum vulgare. Common cot ton- thistle. Leaves decurrent, sinuated, woolly on both sides, toothed ; pericline-scales spreading, awlshape. Carduus tomentosus, acantliium dictus, vulgaris, Raii Syn. 196,14. Acantliium album, Ger.em. 1149,1. Acanthium vulgare, Park. 979. Onopordium Acanthurn, Lin. S. P. 1158. White cotton-thistle . Cotton-thistle. Wild white thistle. Argentine , or silver thistle. Ruins and waysides ; biennial ; July. Root fusiform; plant white, woolly; stem 3 feet high; flowers upright ; corollcE purple. — Down of the stem and leaves used to stuff bedding, and mix with feathers; young shoots and periclines eaten as potherbs ; seeds bitter, much sought after by small birds. XX. 195. ARCTIUM. Dioscorides. Burdock. Pericline spherical ; scales imbricate, awlshape, ending in a recurved hooked spine; flowers all hermaphrodite; clinanthus flat, chaffy ; chaff bristlelike, as long as the pe- ricline; akenium compressed, 4-sided; pappus hairy, rays unequal, shorter than the akenium, persistent, in 2 or 3 rows. — Leaves large, heartshape, petioled, not armed; flowers rather corymbose. 1. Arctium tomentosum. Downy lurdock . Pericline , when full grown, downy ; down cobwebby. Lappa major montana capitulis tomentosis sive arctium Dioscoridis, '.Raii Syn. 197, 4. " JBardana major, Ger. em. 810, 1 *. Bardana major lanuginosis capitulis, Park. 1222. Arctium Lappa |S, Lin. S. P. 1143. Arctium Baidana, Willd. S. P. 1632. Lappa tomentosa, Ds Cand. Ft. Gall. 3009. Ruins; biennial; July and August. PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSIT.ZE, B. 195. Arctium. 435 Stem red ; leaves not cut ; pericline large, brownish pur- ple ; corollce purple. /3. minus . Pericline small, roundish, brown. 2. Arctium major. Great burdock , Pericline , when full grown, bald. Lappa major, Arctium Dioscoridis, Raii Syn. 197,2. Bardana major, Ger. em. 809, 1. Bardana vulgaris major, Park. 1222. Arctium Bardana, Lin. S. P. 1143. Arctium Lappa, Lamarck 111. Gen. 667. Lappa major, Be Cand. FI. Gall. 3010. Great burr. Burr dock , Clot burr. Ruins; biennial; July and August. Leaves toothed ; calathides solitary ; pericline large. — - Shoots eaten as asparagus, but very inferior. minus. Calathides in heads ; pericline small. Lappa minor, De Cand. FI. Gall. 3011. XXL 196. SERRATULA. Pliny. Sawwort. Pericline ovate, bellied ; scales imbricate, ovate and lan- ceolate, pointed, not spinous ; flowers female, or male and hermaphrodite; clinanthus flat, chaffy; chaffs bristlelike; stigma of the female flowers very large, wavy ; akenium streaked; pappus hairlike, rough, persistent, in many se- ries, longer than the akenium, rays unequal.- — Plant po- lygamous, dioicous; root perennial; juice yellow; leaves serrated, not spinous; calathides corymbose; corollce purple. Serratula iinctoria. Dyeing sawwort. Leaves acutely serrated, bald at the base, mostly pinna- tifid, rarely not cut; corymbus even-topped. Serratula, Raii Syn. 196, 1. Serratula purpurea, sive alba, Ger. em. 713. Serratula vulgaris flore purpnreo, Park. 474. Serratula tinctoria, Lin. S. P. 1153. Carduus tinctorius, Stokes Bat. Mat. Med. 4, 142. Woods and hedges ; perennial; July and August. Root thready; stem upright, slender; leaves \y rate; pe <■* ricline-scales rather woolly; corollce purple.^- Plant dyes yellow. 0. alba. Flowers white. y. land folia ^ Leaves lanceolate, serrated, 2f2 436 197. Silybum. 39. COMPOSITOR, B. Pl. ex. cal. XXII. 197. SILYBUM. Dioscorides. Milk-thistle . Pericline bellied ; scales imbricate, close pressed together below, with an appendage at the tip; appendage spreading, weak, dilated, spinous on the edges, grooved, ending in a strong spine ; flowers all hermaphrodite ; clinanthus chaffy ; chaffs bristlelike, half as long as the pericline ; pappus hairy, rays linear, fringed, equal, longer than the akenium, forming a ring at the bottom, deciduous. — Stern high, branched ; leaves spinous ; stem-leaves embracing the stem : cal at hides large, solitary, terminal; peduncles naked. Silybum Marice. Mary's milk-thistle . Leaves embracing the stem, hastate, pinnatifid, bald. Carduus Mariae, Raii Syn. 195, 12; Ger. em. 1150. Carduus Mariae vulgaris, Park. 976. Carduus Marianus, Lin. S. P. 1153. Cirsium maculatum, Scop. Cam . 2, 1009. Silybum Marianum, Gcsrtn. Sem. et Fr. 2,378. Carduus lactifolius, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med . 141. Our lady's thistle. Milk thistle. Roadsides and ruins ; annual or biennial ; August. Stem 6 feet high; leaves dark green with broad white anastomosing veins. — Hoot eaten early in spring ; also the young stems, being peejed, and soaked in water to extract the bitterness ; and the ^cales of the cup as artichokes. £. unicolor. Leaves not variegated. Carduus Mariae hirsutus non maculatus, Raii Syn . 195, 13. XXIII. 193. CARDUUS. Pliny. Thistle. Pericline ovate, bellied; scales linear, simple, without appendices, pointed, spinous at the tip ; flowers all herma- phrodite ; clinanthus chaffy ; chaffs linear, silky, as long as the pericline ; pappus hairy ; rays equal, longer than the akenium, forming a ring at bottom, deciduous. - — Stem mostly hollow; leaves decurrent, spinous; calathides ter- minal; corollce blue. 1. Carduus nutans. Nodding thistle. Leaves interruptedly decurrent, spinous; calathides droop- ing ; pericline-scales lanceolate ; upper ones spreading. Carduus nutans, Lin . S. P. 1150. Musk thistle. Ruins ; annual ; July and August. Root fusiform ; stem 2 feet high ; leaves greenish on both sides; calathides terminal, solitary, peduncled, drooping; — Odour like that of musk. PL ex. cal, 39. COMPOSITE, B. 198. Carduus. 437 2. Carduus acanthoides . Bear' s-lreech thistle . Leaves decurrent, sinuate, spinous; pericline globose, slightly peduncled; scales linear, recurved. Carduus caule crispo, Raii Syn. 194, 2. Polyacanthos, Ger. era. 1173, 1. Carduus polyacanthos, Parle. 982. Carduus acanthoides, Lin. S. P. 1150. Carduus crispus, Huds. FI. Angl. 350. Thistle upon thistle. Grey thistle. Roads near fields; annual; June and July. Leaves green on both sides, bald; calathides terminal, mostly peduncled ; corollce dark purple. 3. Carduus tenuiflorus. Slender-flowered thistle . Leaves decurrent, sinuate, spinous ; nappy beneath ; pe- ricline nearly cylindrical, aggregate ; scales lanceolate, ra- ther upright ; peduncles very short, appendiculately spinous. Carduus spinosissimus capitulis minoribus, Raii Syn. 194, 3. Carduus acanthoides, Hudson FI. Angl. 351. Carduus tenuiflorus, Curtis FI. Lond. Welted thistle. Fields and waysides; annual; June and July. Stem 4 feet high, slightly branched ; pericline pale, rather woolly; calathides crowded ; corollce pale purple. XXIV. 199. CIRSIUM. Dioscorides. Soft-thistle, Pericline bellied or cylindrical ; scales imbricate, linear pointed, not appendiculated ; flowers all hermaphrodite ; clinanthus chaffy, chaffs pale, capillary, as long as the pe- ricline; pappus featherlike; rays equal, longer than the akenium, annular at the base, deciduous. — Leaves spinous. 1 . Cirsium palustre. Marsh soft-thistle. Leaves decurrent, naked, lanceolate, toothed, rough, edge spinous ; calathides racemose, glomerate ; periclme-scales ovate, lanceolate, mucronate, pressed close. Carduus palustris, Raii Syn. 194, 4 ; Park. 983; Lin. S. P. 115, 1. Cnicus palustris, Willd. S. P. 1662. Cirsium palustre, J)e Candolle FI. Gall. 3072. Damp fields and pastures; biennial or perennial ; July and August. Root branchy ; stem stiff, branched, 6 feet high ; leaves pinnatifid, dark green, lobes sinuated; pericline ovate; co * rollce dark purple or white. 438 199. Cirsium. 39. COMPOSITE, B. PL ex. cal /3. mitius. Leaves less spinous. Carduus palustris niitior bardanae capitulo in sutnmo caule singular!, JOillen in Raii Syn. 194, 5. y. cristatus. Stems many, coalescent, bearing a broad flat head of flowers. 2. Cirsium lanceolatum. Spear soft-thistle. Leaves decurrent, hispid, pinnatifid ; lobes 2-cut, diva- ricating, spinous; pericline ovate, downy; down cobweb- like; scales lanceolate, spinous, spreading, Carduus lanceatus, Raii Syn. 195,8; Ger.era, 1174,6, Carduus lanceatus latifolius sen major, Park. 982. Carduus lanceolatus, Lin. S. P. 1149. Cnicus lanceolatus, Willd. S. P. 1662. Cirsium lanceolatum, De Cand. FI. Gall. 3013. Waysides and pastures; biennial; July to September. Root branched ; stein hairy, 4 feet high ; leaves woolly beneath ; calathides terminal, large ; pericline ovate ; corolla purple or white. |3. minus. Calathides small. Carduus lanceatus flore et capite rainoribus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 195,9. 3. Cirsium heterophyllum . Odd-leaved soft-thistle. Leaves embracing the stem, heartshape, lanceolate, ser- iate, fringed, nappy beneath; lower leaves rather incised; pericline- scales lanceolate, pressed close, rather mucronate, bald ; calathides mostly solitary, peduncled. Cirsium Britannicum Clu&ii repens, Raii Syn.. 193,2. Cirsium Anglicum secundum Clusii, G'er. em. 1183,5*; Dr. Penny’s figure. Cirsium aliud Anglicum, Park. 961. (Carduus heterophyllus, Lin. S. P. 1 154. Carduus helenoides, Huds. FI. Angl. 352. Cnicus heterophyllus, Willd. S. P. 1664. Cirsium heteropbjllum, De Candolle FI. Gall. 3086. Great English soft thistle. Melancholy thistle. Alpine pastures; perennial; July and August. Root creeping, knobbed; stem upright, nearly simple, woolly ; leaves smooth, bald, green above ; white, nappy beneath ; root-leaves petioled ; calathide terminal, mostly solitary, drooping becoming upright; pericline ovate. 4. Cirsium acaule. Stemless soft-thistle. Leaves petioled, pinnatifid, toothed, fringed, spinous j calathides peduncled ; peduncles radical, solitary; pericline- , scales lanceolate, closely imbricate. PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, B. 199. Cirsium. 4?39 Carduus q. carlina acaulis minore purpureo flore. Rail Syn. 195,7. Carlina acaulis minor flore purpureo, Ger. em. 1158, 3. Carlina acaulis Septentrionalium, Park. 969, Carduus acaulis, Lin. S. P. 1156. Cnicus acaulis, WiUd. S. P. 1664. Cirsium acaule, De Candolle FI. Gall. 3089. Dwarf carline thistle. Fields and pastures; perennial; July and August. Root woody ; stem 0 ; leaves depressed, bald ; calathides large ; corollce purple. 5. Cirsium arvense. Field soft-thistle . Leaves sessile, lanceolate, pinnatifid, hispid, toothed, waved, spinous, rather woolly beneath; calathides panicled; periclines first globose, then cylindrical. Carduus vulgatissimus viarum, Raii Syn. 194, 6; Ger. em. 1173, 4. Carduus^ceanotbos sive viarum et vinearum repens, Park. 959. Serratula arvensis, Lin. S. P. 1 149. Carduus arvensis, Curtis FI. Lond. Cirsium arvense, De Candolle FI. Gall. 3070. Common way thistle. Creeping thistle. Fields and waysides; perennial; July. Root creeping, flagelliform ; stem smooth ; pericline-scales woolly on the edge ; corollce purple, rarely white. 6. Cirsium eriophorum . Wool-hearing soft-thistle . Leaves sessile, pinnatifid, hispid ; lobes 2-rowed, doubled, divaricated, spinous ; pericline globose, villous, cobweblike ; scales oblong ; apex linear, long, mucronate, reflex. Carduus tomentosus corona fratrum dictus, Raii Syn. 195, 10; Park. 978, Carduus eriocephalus, Ger. em. 1152, 6. Carduus tomentosus Anglicus, Park. 979. Carduus eriophorus, Lin. S. P. 1153. Cirsium eriophorum, De Candolle FI. Gall. 3 091. Cnicus eriophorus, Willd. S. P. Woolly headed thistle. Chalky mountains ; biennial ; August. Root fusiform ; stem much branched ; leaves rough above, woolly beneath ; calathides solitary, very large ; pericline- scales fringed, coloured above ; corollce purple. 7. Cirsium tuberosum . Tuberous soft-thistle . Leaves embracing the stem, pinnatifid, fringed with spines, lobes 2-cut, toothed near the base; calathides 1 or 2; pericline-scales lanceolate, mucronate, spread out. Carduus tuberosus, Lin. S. P. Cnicus tuberosus, Willd. S. P. 1680. Cirsium dissectum, Lamarck Enc. Meth. Woods; perennial; July and August. Root tuberous ; tubers oblong ; stem villous, not spined^ 440 200. Bennettia. 39. COMPOSITE B. PI. ex. cal. XXV. 200. BENNETTIA. Thistle- gentle. Pericline ovate, cylindrical; scales imbricate, ovate, lan- ceolate, blunt ; flowers all hermaphrodite; cimanthus chaffy; chaffs lanceolate, as long as the pericline; pappus feather- like; rays equal, persisting. — Root woody perennial ; stem mostly simple; root-leaves petioled; upper leaves sessile, ovate, not spinous, woolly; calathides corymbose, upright; Coro lice purple. Messieurs Edward and John Bennett, surgeons and apothecaries of London, who devote the whole of their leisure to the study of botany and natural history, and have kindly given their assistance to this work. Bennettia alpha. Alpine this tie- gentle. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, slender at the base,„ toothed, nappy beneath ; pericline coloured, villous. Cirsium humile montanum cynoglossi folio, polyanthemum, Raii Syn. 193,3. Carduus mollis foliis lapathi, Ger.em. 1184. Serratula alpina, Lin. S. P . 1145. , Cirsium alpinum, De Candolle FI. Gall. 3095. Rock-leaved tkistle-gentle. Apine rocks; perennial; July and August. Stem round, woolly ; leaves rather bald above; calathides nearly umbellate, large; anthers blue. 0. cynoglossifolia . Leaves linear, lanceolate, long. Cirsium montanum polyanthemum salicis folio angusto denticulate, Raii Syn. 193, 4. y. discolor. Root-leaves ovate, nearly heartshape. Serratula discolor, Willd. S. P. 1639. XXVI. 201. CARLINA. Bodonseus. Carline- thistle. Bractece many, weak, pinnate-spinous; pericline cylin- drical ; scales linear, cartilaginous, shining, coloured, ra- diating; flowers all hermaphrodite; filaments very short, quite bald; anthers with two long horns at the base; clinanthus concave, chaffy; chaffs below membranaceous, keeled, not cut; above bristlelike, many-cut, as long as the pericline; akenium with a chaffy ring, above villous ; villi silky ; pappus featherlike, longer than the seed; rays adhering together at the base in twos and threes, and all grown to- gether into a ring, deciduous. 1 . Carlina vulgaris. Common car line-thistle. Stem woolly ; leaves lanceolate, toothed, spinous, pu- bescent beneath ; calathides manv, corymbose. 2 PI. ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, B. 201. Carlina. 441 Carlina sylve^tris quibusdam,aliis atractylis, Raii Syn. 175, 1. Carlina sylvestris major, Ger . em. 1159, 1. Carlina vulgaris, Lin. S. P. 1161. Sandy fields and pastures; biennial; July. Root fusiform ; stem upright, 1 foot high ; calathides so- litary, terminal ; corollee purple white. XXVII. 202. CYANUS. Pliny. Bluebottle . Pericline bellied, conical ; scales lanceolate, serrated, inner scales with a claw; flowers of the centre hermaphro- dite, regular; of the circumference neuter, large, irregular; clinanthus chaffy; chaffs awlshape, flat, as long as the akenia ; pappus chaffy, persistent ; chaffs toothed, unequal. Cyanus vulgaris. Common bluebottle. Leaves linear, not in the least cut ; lower leaves pinnatifid at the base. Cyanus, Raii Syn. 198, 1. Cyanus vulgaris, Ger. em. 732; Park. 482. Centaurea Cyanus, Lin. S. P. 1289. Corn-flower. Blue-blow. Hurt-sickle. Cornfields ; annual ; July and August. Root fibrous ; stem much branched ; leaves pointed, ra- ther woolly ; calathides solitary, peduncled. — Flowers yield a fine water colour ; plant blunts the sickles of the reapers. XXVIII. 203. PHRYGIA. Persoon. Knapweed . Pericline globular; scales ovate, pinnatifid, bristlelike, inner scales clawed ; flowers of the centre hermaphrodite, regular; of the circumference neuter, large, irregular; clinanthus chaffy ; chaffs bristlelike, half as long as the pericline ; akenium 4-sided, bristly ; pappus chaffy, persist- ing; chaffs linear, rough, unequal. 1. Phrygia major . Great knapweed. Leaves pinnatifid; lobes lanceolate, toothed, slightly hairy ; lobes of the pericline-scales upright Jacea major, Raii Syn. 198, 1 ; Ger. em. 727,2. Jacea nigra vulgaris laciniata, Park. 470. Centaurea Scabiosa, Lin. S. P. 1291. Great mat fellon. Bull weed. Fields and waysides; perennial; July and August. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, branched ; leaves dark green ; ca- lathides solitary, peduncled ; flowers of the circumference linear, slender. 442 203. Phrygia. 39. COMPOSITE, B. PL ex . cal. 2. Phrygia nigra . knapweed . Leaves lanceolate; root-leaves slightly toothed; stem- leaves undivided, serrated; /otas of the pericline-scales upright ; calathides fiosculous. Jacea nigra, Raii Syn. 198, 2 ; Ger. em. 727, 1. Jacea nigra vulgaris, Park. 468. Centaurea nigra, Lin. S. P. 1288. Mat fellon. Fields and pastures ; perennial ; June to August. Root creeping ; stem branched ; upper leaves ovate, ser- rate or not cut ; calathides solitary, terminal ; flowers all equal and fertile. 0. tomenlosa. Plant small, nappy, grey. Jacea nigra minor, tomentosa, laciniata, Dillen in Raii Syn. 199, 3. 3. Phrygia pratensk. Meadow knapweed . Leaves lanceolate, toothed, rather bald; upper leaves strap-shape, not cut ; pericline-scales flat ; lower scales ra- ther scarious ; lobes upright ; calathides radiated. Jacea nigra, flore jaceae majoris, Raii Syn, 199, 2 5 var. Centaurea pratensis, Thuill. FI. Par. 444. Centaurea nigra /3, Smith FI. Brit. 910. Fields and pastures; perennial; July and August. Stem fluted, cottony; outer flowers purple, radiating, barren ; lobes deep, strapshape ; central flowers white. XXIX. 204. JACEA. Clusius. Jacea. Pericline globose ; scales scarious, ovate, torn ; inner scales clawed ; flowers in the centre hermaphrodite ; of the circumference neuter, large, irregular; clinanthus chaffy; chaffs linear, awlshape, shorter than the pericline; pappus 0, or bristlelike, very short, deciduous. Jacea nigra. Black jacea. Leaves lanceolate, not in the least cut, root-leaves ra- ther toothed ; branches angular. Jacea nigra quae in Germaniae pratis nascitur, Dillen in Raii Syn. 199,2} var. Rhaponticum Jacea, Scopoli Cam. 2, 1017, Centaurea Jacea, Lin. S. P. 1290. Woods and fields, Sussex; perennial; August and Sep- tember. Pericline-scales pale brown, shining; lower scales pirl- natifid. PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITES, B. 205. Hippoph. 44S XXX. 205. HIPPOPHAESTUM. Columna. Star-thistle . Pericline ovate; scales imbricate, cartilaginous, tip end- ing in a long spine; sides toothed and spinous at the base; nearly equal ; flowers of the centre hermaphrodite, of the circumference female ; clinanthus chaffy ; chaffs linear, short; akenium ovate, with a cartilaginous ring above; pappus 0. Hippophcestum vulgar e. Common star-thistle. Stem spreading, divaricated, hairy; leaves pinnatifid, toothed; calathides sessile. Carduus stellatus, Raii Syn. 196, 15; Ger. era. 1 166, 1. Cardutis stellaris, seu calcitrapa vulgaris, Park. 989. Centaurea Calcitrapa, Lin. S. P. 1297. Rhaponticum Calcitrapa, Scopoli Cam. 2, 1019. Calcitrapa Hippophaestum, Gcertner 2,367. Ruins and sandy sea-shores ; annual; July and August. Stem much branched; calathides lateral, solitary; corollas rose-colour. XXXI. 206- POLYACANTHA. Jersey-thistle. Pericline ovate; scales ovate, tip palmate, 5-cut, spread- ing, spinous; flowers of the centre hermaphrodite, regular; of the circumference neuter, large, irregular ; clinanthus chaffy; chaffs hairy, shorter than the pericline; akenium ovate; pappus hairy, persisting; rays unequal, stiff Polyacantha procumbens. Procumbent Jersey-thistle. Leaves lyrate, toothed, hispid, rather embracing the stem ; calathides sessile, terminal. Centaurea Isnardi, Lin. S. P. 1295. Jersey star-thistle. Fields and pastures, Jersey; perennial; July and August. Stem prostrate, branched, angular; leaf-lobes rather spinous ; upper leaves not cut ; calathides solitary ; pericline bald ; scales spreading ; corolla light purple. XXXII. 207. LEUCANTHA. Dalechamp. Yellow-thistle. Pericline ovate; scales ovate, palmate, spinous; inner- most scales scarious, torn ; flowers in the centre hermaphro- dite, in the circumference neuter, scarcely longer than those in the centre; clinanthus chaffy; chaffs linear; akenium 444 207. Leucantha. 39. COMPOSITE, B. Pl. ex. cal ovate; pappus bristlelike, shorter than the akenium ; rays rough. — Stem branched; upper leaves decurrent; calat hides solitary, terminal; corollce golden yellow. Leucantha cyanifolia. Bluebottle yellow-thistle. Leaves decurrent, woolly, lanceolate, not cut ; root-leaves lyrate ; calathide solitary ; spines of the pericliee straight. Carduus stellatus luteus foliis cyani, Rati Syn. 196,2. Carduus solstitialis, Ger. em. 1166, 2. Carduus solstitialis Dodonaei, Park. 989. Centaurea solstitialis, Lin. S. P. 1197. Saint Burnaby' s thistle. Fields and hedges ; annual ; July and August. Stem 2 feet high, branched, many-flowered ; root-leaves denticulated. C. CorymbifertE. Calathides flosculous, or radiated; clinanthus scarcely fleshy, or not at all; style not jointed at the base of the lobes. a. Pappus 0 ; clinanthus naked. Calathides flosculous Artemisia. 212. b. Pappus 0 ; clinanthus naked ; calathides radiated. Rays white; pericline-scales equal, in two series Bellis. 220. Rays white; pericline flattish; scales imbricate, herbaceous Chamomilla. 219. Rays white; pericline hemispherical; scales imbricate, coriaceous Leucanthemum. 216. Rays yellow ; pericline hemispherical ; scales imbricate; akenia uniform Chrysanthemum. 215. Rays yellow ; pericline-scales in one Series ; akenia difform, boatshape Calendula. 208. c. Pappus 0; clinanthus villous or chaffy. Calathides flosculous ; clinanthus villous Absinthium. 213. Calath. flosculous ; clinanthus chaffy Diotis. 214. Calath. radiated ; clinanthus naked below ; chaffy above ; chaffs linear Maruta. 222. Calath . radiated; rays ovate, short; dinanthus chaffy ; chaffs linear Achillea. 224. PL ex, cal 39. COMPOSITE C. ms d. Pappus marginal Clinanthus naked ; calathides flosculous ; pericline-scales imbricate, pressed close Tanacetum. 21 h Clin, naked, convex ; calath. radiated ; pericline-scales imbricate, edge scariose Pyrethrum. 21 7. Clin, naked, flat; calath . radiated ; pericline-scales imbricate, edge withered Matricaria. 218, Clin, chaffy, convex; calath. radiated; rays white Chamasmelum. 221, Clin, chaffy, flat; calath. radiated.. .. Anthemis. 223. e. Pappus chaffy or spinous ; clinanthus chaffy . Calathides chaffy, radiated; pericline imbricate ; pappus chaffy, deciduous Helianthemum. 209. Calathides radiated ; pericline simple ; pappus spinous, persisting Bidens. 210, f. Pappus of the rays 0, of the centre hairlike. Calathides radiated; rays yellow .... Dorqnicum. 237. g. Pappus of the male pencilshape , of the female hairlike . Calathides flosculous ; scales scariose Antennaria. 225, h. Pappus hair like ; pericline-scales equal ln 1 series „ Leaves cauline; rays 0, or yellow; pericline-scales and bractece sphacelated . . . Senecio. 239. Leaves cauline ; rays yellow ; pericline-scales not sphacelated Cineraria. 238. Leaves radical; rays linear, yellow . . . Tussilago. 240. Leaves radical; rays 0 Petassites. 241. i. Pappus hairlike ; pericline-scales imbricate ; calathides flosculous. Flowers hermaphrodite and female; pericline cylindrical, scarious, sphacelated .... Gnaphalium. 226. Flowers aggregate herm. and fern. ; pericline cylindrical, scariose or coloured . Gifola. 227. Flowers hermaphrodite, yellow ; style short ; branches short, ovate Chrysocoma. 236. Flowers hermaphrodite, purple; style short ; branches long, linear Eupatorium. 242. 446 208. Calendula. 39. COMPOSITE, C. PL ex. cal k. Pappus hair like ; pericline-scales imbricate ; calathides radiated. Rays yellow, very slender ; pappus double, the outer membranaceous Pulicaria. 229. Rays yellow, many, very short, slender; peric. sc. outer herbaceous, inner cartila- ginous Conyza. 228. Rays yellow, very slender; anthers , ba- sillary appendix long Inula. 240. Rays yellow, many, slender; anthers , ba- sil! ary appendix very short Critheis. 251. Rays yellow, 5 or 10, ovate; pericline- scales close; calathides racemose SolidagOo 233. Rays blue or white, many, linear; tubular flowers all hermaphrodite Erigeron. 234. Rays blue or white, many, linear; tubular flower s, outer row female Trimorpha. 235. Rays blue or white, 15 to 30, oblong; tubular flowers all hermaphrodite Eurybia. 232. XXXIII. 208. CALENDULA. Brunsfel. Marigold. Pericline simple; scales many, equal, awlshape, with 2 ribs ; calathides radiated ; flowers of the centre male, of the middle hermaphrodite, of the circumference female, fertile; clinanthus flat, pitted, naked ; akenium bent, boatshape ; pappus 0. — Leaves not divided; calathides solitary, termi- nal ; Caroline orange-colour. l. Calendula arvensis. Field marigold. Leaves heartshape, lanceolate, embracing the stem, not toothed ; akenium boatshape, muricated, turned inwards ; the inner crowded together ; the outermost upright, tailed. Calendula arvensis, Rnii Hist. 338; Lin . S. P. 1303. Caltha officinalis, Scupoli Cam. 1040. Cornfields and rubbish-hills; perennial; all the year; naturalized. 2. Calendula officinalis. Shop marigold. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, toothed; lower leaves spa- thulate; akenium boatshape, muricated, incurved. Calendula saliva, Raii Hist. 337. Calendula simplici ilore, Ger. cm. 739, 6. Calendula officinalis, Lin. S. P, 1304. Single marigold. PI. ex. cal, 39, COMPOSITE, C. 208. Calendula. 447 On rubbish hills; annual or perennial; all the year; naturalized. Corollas cordial ; also used to reduce saffron. XXXIV. 209. HELIANTHUS. Linmeus. Sunflower, Pericline hemispherical, spreading ; scales imbricate, herbaceous, tip patulous reflexed ; calathides radiated ; flowers of the centre hermaphrodite, bellied ; of the cir- cumference barren, ligulate, ovate, oblong, very large; cli- nanthus flat, broad, chaffy; chaffs linear, parted, short; akenium ovate, compressed ; pappus chaffy ; chaffs soft, de- ciduous.— Herb tall ; leaves 3-ribbed ; calathide terminal, very large ; corolla yellow. Helianlhus annuus . Annual sunflower. Leaves heartshape, 3-ribbed, hirsute; peduncles thick- ened; calathide drooping. Flos solis, Rail Hist. 334; Park. 297. Flos soils major, Ger.em. 751. Helianthus annuus, Lin. S. P. 1276. Greater sunflower. Peru marigold. Walls and dunghills; annual; June to August. Stem from 6 inches to 14 feet high, upright, not branched; calathide solitary. XXXV. 210. BIDENS. Csesalpinus. Bur-marigold. Br acted long, equal, weak, spreading; pericline cylin- drical ; scales nearly equal, edges scarious, soft, coloured ; calathides flosculous; flowers all hermaphrodite; rarely ra- diated, flowers of the rays hermaphrodite or female; cli - nanthus convex, chaffy; chaffs similar and equal to the pericline-scales ; akenium compressed, 3-angular; pappus awned ; awns 2 or 4, rough, persistent, shorter than the akenium. — Root-leaves opposite, 5-cut; calathides axillary or terminal. 1. Bidens tripartita. Three-parted bur-marigold. Leaves 3-parted ; lobes lanceolate, toothed ; calathides flosculous; br acted longer than the calathides; akenium spinous ; spines upright, mostly 3. Verbesina sen cannabina aquatica bore minus pulchro, elatior et magij frequens, Rail Syn. 187, 1. Eupatorium cannabinum fosmina, Ger. em. 717, 1. Eupatorium aquaticum duorum generam, Park, 595. Bidens tripartita, Lin, S. P. 1165. Water hemp. Bastard agrimony. Water agrimony . 448 210. Bidens. 32. COMPOSITE, PI. ex. cal Watery places; annual; August and September. Root fusiform ; stem 3 feet high, upright, bald ; leaves 3-cut, pinnatifid ; calathides solitary.— -Dyes cloth yellow. 2. Bidens cernua . Drooping bur-marigold. Leaves ovate, lanceolate, serrated, slightly connate at bottom; calathides terminal, solitary; bractece lanceolate, not cut; akenium spinous; spines 4, upright. Verbesina pulchriore flare luteo, Raii Syn. 187,2. Eupatorium cannabiuum fcemina, Ger. em. 711,1; variety with the leaves whole. Eupatorium aquaticum folio indiviso, Park. 596. Watery places ; annual ; September. Root branched ; stem rough, branched ; leaves simple. 0. radiata. Calathides radiated. Verbesina pulchriore flore luteo, flore radiato, Raii Syn. 187,2; var. Coreopsis Bidens, Lin. S. P. 1281. y. minima. Stem simple, 6 to 9 inches high. Verbesina minima, Dillen in Raii Syn. 188,3. Bidens tripartita #, Hudson FI. Angl. 355. Bidens minima, Lin. S. P. 1165. XXXVI. 211. TANACETUM. Pliny. Tansy . Pericline hemispherical; scales linear, imbricate, pressed close, tip membranaceous; calathides flosculous; flowers of the centre hermaphrodite, 5-lobed; of the circumference female, fertile, 3-lobed ; clinanthus convex, naked, with raised spots; akcnia uniform, 4? or 5-sided; pappus mar- ginal, membranaceous, slightly 4-toothed.- — Leaves pin- nate ; calathides corymbose, terminal ; odour aromatic. Tanacetum vulgare. Common tansy . Leaves bipin natifid, cut, serrated. Tanacetum, Raii Syn. 188, 1 ; Ger.em. 650, 1. Tanacetum vulgare, Park. 81 ; Lin. S. P. 1184. Waysides, mountain pastures, also cultivated ; perennial ; July and August. Root creeping ; stem upright ; leaves alternate, embracing the stem ; corymbus flat. — Leaves bitter, very grateful, used to flavour puddings, omelets, and vinegar; preserves meat from the flesh-fly, by being laid or rubbed thereon ; dye woollen green ; corymbus and seeds excellent vermifuges. i3. crispum. Leaves curled at the edge. Tanacetum foliis crispis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 188, 1 *. Tanacetum crispum Anglicum, Ger . em. 650,2. Tanacetum crispum, Park . 81. Curled tansy. PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, C. 212. Artemisia. 449 XXXVII. 212. ARTEMISIA. Hippocrates. Mugwort . Periclme ovate or roundish; scales imbricate, oblong, pressed close; calatkides flosculous ; flowers all fertile; of the centre hermaphrodite, funnelshape, 5-lobed; of the cir- cumference few, female, awlshape, not toothed ; cUnant/ms conical, tubeiculate, naked; akenia uniform, ovate ; pappus 0. — Stem herbaceous, or undershrubby ; leaves mostly many- cut. 1. Artemisia campestrls. Field mugwort,. Stem procumbent, branched, rodlike ; root-leaves woolly, pinnate, lobes 3-cut; stem-leaves bristleshape, bald; cala - ifiides ovate-globose, pendulous. Abrotanum campestre, Raii Syn. 190, 1 ; Ger. em. 1106,5; Park. 94. Artemisia campestris, Lin. S. P. 1185. Dry sandy heaths ; perennial ; August. Root fusiform ; leaves rather fleshy ; calatkides racemous ; flowers brownish green. 2. Artemisia ccerulescens . Bluish mugwort . Stem rather shrubby, branched ; leaves woolly, lanceolate, not in the least cut; root-leaves cut; calatkides oblong, cylindrical, panicled, drooping. Artemisia marina, Ger. em. 1104, 3. Artemisia eserulescens, Lin. S. P. 1189. Sea mugwort. Sea-shores; perennial; August. Root fibrous ; stem round, panicled ; leaves petioled, woolly on both sides ^ racemes simple, upright ; calatkides small. 3. Artemisia vulgaris. Common mugwort. Stem herbaceous ; leaves pinnatifid, cut, beneath tomen- tose, above blackish green ; uppermost undivided, linear, lanceolate ; calatkides nearly sessile, oblong, upright * peri- eline tomentose. Artemisia vulgaris, Raii Syn. 190, 1 ; Park. 90; Lin. S. P. 1188. Artemisia, mater her'oarum, Ger. em. 1103, 1. Artemisia minor, Park. 91. Ruins and waysides; perennial; August. Root woody ; stem upright, panicled ; leaves petioled ; racemes upright, simple, leafy ; calatkides ovate. — Herb aromatic, in decoction cures the ague ; leaves in powder four times a day, useful in hysteric fits, after assafoetida and ether had been tried in vain. VOL. II. 2 Q ■150 212. Artemisia. 39. COMPOSITE, C. PL ex, cal. 4. Artemisia maritima . Sea mugwort . Stem herbaceous, branched, ascending ; twigs drooping ; leaves white, tomentose, many-cut; lobes flat, linear ; flower- ing-stems simple, linear ; calathides oblong, tomentose, sessile. Absinthium marinum album, Raii Syn. 188,2; Ger. em. 1099, l. Absinthium maritimum nostras, Dillen in Raii Syn. 189, 6. Artemisia maritima, Lin. S. P. 1186. i English sea-wormwood. Roman wormwood , Herbsellers. Sea-shores, also cultivated ; perennial ; August. Root woody, creeping. — Herb aromatic, bitter, milder than wormwood. 0. latifolia. Leaves broad, woolly. Absinthium maritimum seriphio Belgico simile, latiore folio, odorip grati, Raii Syn. 188,3. 5. Artemisia Gallica. French mugwort. Stem - upright, branchy, tomentose ; branches upright ; leaves woolly, bipinnate; lobes linear, threadlike; stem- leaves pinnate, uppermost leaves linear ; calathides oblong, nearly sessile, upright. Absinthium seriphium tenuifolium marinum Narbonense, Dillen in Raii Syn . 189, 5. Artemisia Gallica, Willd. S. P. 1834. Artemisia maritima y, Smith FI. Bril. 864. French sea-wormwood. Sea-shores; perennial; August. 6. Artemisia angustifolia. Narrow-leaved mugwort. Stem shrubby, stiff* ; lower leaves bipinnate ; upper leaves pinnate, hairlike; pericline downy, hemispherical. Abrotanum mas, Ger. em. 1105, 2. Abrotanum mas vulgare. Park. 92. Artemisia Abrotanum, Lin. S. P. 1188. Southernwood. Dunghills and cultivated; perennial; August. XXXVIII. 213. ABSINTHIUM. Dioscor. Wormwood. Pericline hemispherical ; scales oblong, imbricate, pressed close; calathides flosculous flowers all fertile; of the centre hermaphrodite, funnelshape, 5-lobed ; of the circumfe- rence few, female, awlshape, not toothed ; clincmthus coni- cal, tuberculate, villous; akenia uniform, ovate; pappus 0. Stem herbaceous or undershrubby ; leaves mostly many- cut. PI. ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, C. 213. Absinth. 451 Absinthium vulgare. Common wormwood . Leaves woolly ; root-leaves triply pinnatifid, blunt ; upper leaves pinnatifid, pointed, lobes lanceolate ; uppermost leaves undivided ; calathides globose, peduncled, drooping. Absinthium vulgare, Rail Syn. 188,1; Park. 98; Geertner , Fr.etSem . 2, 393. Absinthium latifolium sive Ponticum, Ger. em. 1096, 1. Artemisia Absinthium, Lin. S. P. 1188. Ruins, sea-shores, and cultivated ; perennial ; August. Root woody; stem branched, panicled at top; racemes upright; calathides pedicelled, drooping, yellowish. — Roots warm, aromatic; leaves and flowers bitter, preserve beer and destroy its acidity, if already acquired ; stomachic, render the milk of a suckling woman bitter, and also mut- ton if the sheep feed upon it ; moistened with hot water and applied externally, are antiseptic, anodyne, and pre- vents the swelling and discolouration of bruises; ashes contain much subcarbonate of potash, very free from other salts. XXXIX. 214. DIOTIS. Desfontaines. Cottonweed « Pericline hemispherical ; scales concave, imbricate, pressed close, tomentose ; calathides flosculous ; flowers all tubular, 5-cut, compressed below, dilated into two pro- cesses laterally embracing the ovary ; stigma exserted ; cli- nanthus convex, chaffy ; chaffs oblong, concave, tip exter- nally woolly; akenium oblong; pappus 0. — Stem tomentose, white; leaves alternate, flat, ribless; calathides terminal, corymbose; cor olive golden. Diotis candidissima. Very-white cottonweed. Leaves oblong, blunt, crenate, densely woolly ; peduncle corymbose. Gnaphalium maritimum, Raii Syn. 180, j, Gnaphalium marinum, Ger. em. 640. Gnaphalium marinum seu Cotonaria, Park. 687. Filago maritima, Lin. S. P. ed. 1, 927. Santolina maritima, Lin. Mant. 1. Athanasia maritima, Lin. S. P. 1182. Diotis candidissima, Desfont. Atlant. 2,261. Sea cudweed. Chaffweed. Petty cotton. Sandy sea-shores ; perennial ; August and September. Root branched ; stem decumbent ; branches upright ; leaves alternate, spreading. 2 g 2 452 215. Chrysanth. 39. COMPOSITE, C. PI ex. cal XL. 215. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Dios. Cor n-mary gold Pericline hemispherical ; scales imbricate, coriaceous, in several rows, edges scarious; calathides radiated ; flowers all fertile ; of the centre hermaphrodite, yellow ; of the rays female, of the same colour ; ligulse reverse-heartshape, spreading ; clinanthus convex, tessulated, naked, bald ; akenium topshape, furrowed ; pappus 0. Chrysanthemum segetum . Harvest cor n-mary gold. Leaves embracing the stem, above lobed, below toothed serrate. Chrysanthemum segetum, Raii Syn. 182, I ; Ger. em. 743, 1 ; Lin. S. P„ 1254. Chrysanthemum segetum nostras. Park. 1370. Yellow corn-flower. Golden corn-flower. Goldins. Buddie. Yellow ox- eye. Sandy corn-fields ; annual ; June to August. Imported from Scandinavia with seed-corn. Root fusiform ; stem branched ; leaves glaucous, smooth ; calathides terminal, solitary. — Used to dye yellow. 0. parviflorum . Flowers smaller. Chrysanthemum segetum nostras, folio glauco multi-scisso raajus, fiore minore, Raii Syn. 183,2. XLI. 216. LEUCANTHEMUM. Dios. Maudlin-wort. Pericline hemispherical, scales linear, imbricate, in many series, edge membranaceous ; calathides radiated ; flowers of the disk hermaphrodite, yellow; of the rays female, of a different colour ; ligulae oblong, spreading ; clinanthus convex, tessellated, bald, naked ; akenia topshape, fur- rowed ; pappus 0. Leucanthemum vulgar e. Common maudlin-wort. Stem upright, branched; leaves embracing the stem, oblong, lanceolate, blunt, cut, pinnatifid at bottom ; root- leaves spathulate, decurrent at the base into a petiole. Leucanthemum vulgare, Raii Syn. 184, 1. Beilis major, Ger. em. 634, 1. Beilis major vulgaris seu sylvestris, Park. 528. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, Lin. S. P. 1251. Great daisy. Oxeye. Moonwort. Fields and pastures ; perennial ; June and July. Root fibrous; leaves dark green, shining; calathides soli- tary, terminal. — Young leaves eaten in salads. PL ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, C. 217. Py rethrum. 453 XLII. 217. FYRETHRUM. Dioscorides. Mayweed . Pericline hemispherical ; scales imbricate, coriaceous, edge membranaceous ; calathides radiated ; flowers all fer- tile; of the centre hermaphrodite, yellow ; of the rays fe- male, of a different colour ; ligulse oblong, toothed ; cli- nanthus convex, naked, tubercular ; akenia uniform ; pappus marginal, lobed or undivided. — Stem diffuse, branched; leaves much cut ; calathides solitary, terminal, scentless. 1. Pyrethrum inodorum. Scentless mayweed. Stem branched, spreading; leaves sessile, pinnatifid, lobes linear, threadlike, 2 or 3-parted ; pappus not divided. Chamaemelum inodorum annuum humilius, foliis obscure virentibus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 186, 6. Chrysanthemum inodorum, Lin. S. P. 1253. Matricaria inodora, Hucls. FI. Angl. 372. Pyrethrum inodorum, Engl. Dot. 676. Fields and pastures ; annual ; August and September. Hoot fusiform; leaves lyrate, pinnatifid; calathides soli- tary, large ; peduncle naked ; pericline bald ; scales blackish on the edge. 0. duplicatum. Flowers all ligulate. 2, Pyrethrum maritimum. Sea mayweed . Ste7ii branched, spreading ; leaves sessile, bipinnatifid ; lobes linear, blunt, fleshy, bald, 3-cut; pappus lobed. Chamaemelum maritimum perenne humilius, foliis brevibus crassia, ob- scure virentibus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 186,7. Matricaria maritima, Lin. S. P. 1256. Matricaria inodora y, Uuds. FI. Angl. 373. Pyrethrum inodorum. Smith Ft. Brit. 901. Chrysanthemum maritima, Pevs. Syn. 462. Sandy and rocky sea-shores; perennial; July. Root woody; stem tufted, shining; leaf-loles short; ca- lathides terminal; pericline bald; scales black on the edges. XLIII. 218. MATRICARIA. Rrunsfel. Feverfew , Pericline hemispherical ; scales imbricate, coriaceous ; edges scariose, torn ; calathides radiated ; flowers all fer- tile ; of the centre hermaphrodite, of the rays female, of a different colour; liguke reverse ovate, very short, rarely wanting; clinanthus flat, naked; akenia furrowed ; pappus membranaceous, marginal, 5-lobed. — Stem upright; leaves petioled, pinnate; calathides corymbose, downy. 454 218. Matricaria. 39. COMPOSITE, C. PL ex, cal. Matricaria vulgaris . Common feverfew* Stem upright; leaves petioled, compound, flat; leaflets ovate, incised; peduncles branched, corymbose. Matricaria, Raii Syn. 187, 1 ; Ger. era. 652, 1. Matricaria vulgaris, Park. 83. Matricaria Partheniura, Lin. S. P. 1255. Py rethrum Parthenium, Smith FI. Brit. 900. Old walls and hedges ; perennial ; June and July. Root fibrous, branched ; leaves rather woolly. — Plant bit- ter, aromatic, and yields an essential oil by distillation. XLIV. 219. CHAMOMILLA. Tragus. Wild-camomile, Pericline hemispherical ; scales imbricate, in a few series, herbaceous, pointed ; calathides radiated ; flowers all fertile ; of the centre hermaphrodite ; of the rays female, of a dif- ferent colour ; clmanthus long, conical, naked, dotted ; akenium topshaped ; pappus O.—Stem much branched; leaves sessile, dark green, bald ; calathides solitary, terminal. Chamomilla vulgaris . Common wild- camomile. Leaves lobed, pinnate; leaflets linear, not cut or lobed; pericline rather flat, bald ; scales rather blunt. Chamaemelum, Raii Syn. 184, 1 ; Ger. era. 754, 1, fig.. Chamaemelum vulgare, Park . 85. Matricaria Chamomilla, Lin. S. P. 1256. Bitter camomile. Fields, waysides and dunghills; annual; May and June. Stem upright, bald ; calathides many ; pericline-scales white. — May be used for Roman camomile, with which it is confounded by the old authors ; an infusion of it is used in Finland in phthisis. XLV. 220. BELLIS. Pliny. Daisy . Pericline hemispherical ; scales many, equal, in 2 series ; calathides radiate ; flowers all fertile ; of the centre herma- phrodite, funnelshape, 5-cut ; of the rays female, many, of a different colour ; ligulae slender, lanceolate ; clinanlhus co- nical, naked, tubercled; akenium heartshape, compressed, hairy ; pappus 0. Beilis perennis, Perennial daisy , Scape 1 -flowered; leaves reverse ovate, crenate, veined, Beilis sylvestris mirror, Raii Syn. 184, t . Beilis minor sylvestris, Gtr. era. 636,4. Beilis minor sylvestris simplex. Park. 530,. Beilis perennis, Lin. S. P. 1248. Common daisy. Days-eye , Brnisctporjt, PL ex. cal 39. COMPOSITE, C. 220. Beilis. 455 Fields and pastures; perennial; April to September. Root creeping ; leaves depressed. — Roots pungent, boiled in milk to stint the growth of puppies, also externally in scrofula ; leaves slightly acrid. XLVI. 221. CHAMAEMELUM. Theophrast. Camomile „ Perieline hemispherical; scales nearly equal, narrow, imbricate, in 2 or 3 series; calathides radiated; flowers all fertile; of the centre hermaphrodite ; of the rays female, of a different colour; ligulse 3 times as long as broad; cli - nanthus conical, chaffy; chaffs lanceolate, membranaceous, keeled ; akenium topshaped, 4-sided ; pappus marginal. 1. Chamcemelum nolile. Nolle camomile. Stem branched at bottom, decumbent; leaves bipinnate; lobes 3-parted, linear, awlshape, slightly villous ; chaffs of the clinanthus shorter than the corollse. Chamaemelum odoratissimum repens flore simplici, Raii Syn. 185, 2. Chamaemelum Romanian, Ger. em. 755, 4. Anlhemis nobilis, Lin. S. P. 1260. Roman camomile. Sandy pastures ; perennial ; August and September. Root woody ; peduncles terminal, solitary, naked.— Leaves and flowers bitter, nauseous, with a strong smell, not dis- agreeable, antiseptic externally; flowers in infusion sto- machic, antispasmodic, useful in calculous cases ; and in large doses emetic ; in powder febrifuge, even where bark has failed. &. duplicatum. Flowers all ligulate. y. nudum. Flowers of the circumference wanting. Chamaemelum lutenm capitulo aphyllo, Dillen in Raii Syn. 185, 2.* Chamaemelum nudum odoratuin, Ger. em. 754,2. 2. Chamaemelum arvense. Corn camomile. Stem much branched, upright; leaves bipinnate, lobes linear, lanceolate, downy; clinanthus conical; chaffs longer than the corollas. Chamaemelum inndorum, Dillen in Raii Syn. 185,4. Anthemis arvensis, Lin. S. P. 1261. White ox eye. Ruins and sandy fields ; annual or biennial ; June, July. Calathides peduncled, solitary, terminal. — ■ Plant scent- less ; flowers scented. 456 222. Maruta. 39. COMPOSITE, C. PI. ex. cal. XL VII. 222. MARUTA. Cassine. Mathes. Periciine hemispherical ; scales imbricate, slightly scarious at the edge; calal hides radiated; flowers of the centre her- maphrodite ; of the rays female, of a different colour; cala- t hides long, conical, naked at bottom, chaffy above; chaffs bristlelike, shorter than the corollas; akenium hairy, top- shaped, tubercular above ; pappus 0. Maruta feetida. Stinking mathes. Leaves bipinnatifid, bald ; leaflets awlshape, 3-parted. Cliamaemelum fcetidum, Rail Syn. 185,2. Cotula feetida, Ger. em. 757, 1. Anthcmis Cotula, Lin. S. P. 1261. Maruta, Bullet. Philom. 1819. Stinking camomile. Mayweed. Fields ; annual ; June and July. Root tortuous ; stem much branched ; leaves light green. — Ca! at hides rubbed between the fingers smell very dis- agreeable ; herb blisters the skin of reapers, and of children who gather it. XLVIII. 223. ANTHEMIS. Turner. Anthemis , Periciine hemispherical ; scales lanceolate, membrana- ceous, hairy ; tips torn, plumose ; calat hides radiated ; flowers of the centre hermaphrodite; of the circumference female; ligulse much longer than broad; clinanthus flat or slightly convex, chaffy; chaffs long, lanceolate, keeled, membra- naceous, sometimes as long as the corollas; tips awlshape; akenium 4-sided, topshaped ; pappus marginal, membra- naceous. a. Corollce of the centre yellow , of the rays white, 1. Anthemis maritima. Sea anthemis. Stem prostrate; leaves bipinnatifid, fleshy; beneath con- vex, hairy ; above flat ; lobes pointed ; chaffs longer than the corollse. Cliamsemelum maritimum latifolium rainosissimum, flore albo, Dillen in llaiiSyn. 186,8. Anthemis maritima, Lin. S. P. 1259. Rocks by the sea ; annual ; J uly. Leaves sessile ; calathides solitary, terminal. PI. ex. cal. 39. COMPOSITE, C. 223. Anthem is. 457 b. Corolla all yellow . 2. Anthemis tinctoria . Dyeing anthemis. Stem upright, branched ; leaves bipinnatind, serrate, flat, beneath tomentose ; pappus not divided ; chaffs as Jong as the flowers. Buphlhalinum vulgare, Rail Syn. 183, 1 ; Ger. em. 747,3. Bupbthalmum Matthioli, sive vulgare millefolii foliis, Park. 1370. Anthemis tinctoria, Lin. S. P. 1263. Yellow oxeye. Common oxeye. Rocks and mountains ; perennial ; July and August. Stem 18 inches high. — Flowers yield a very clear and good yellow dye. XLIX. 224. ACHILLEA. Theophrastus. Yarrow. Fericline ovate ; scales slender, pressed close, imbricate ; cal athides radiated; flowers all fertile; of the centre her- maphrodite, tubular; of the rays female; ligulae ovate, broader than long ; tip repand, 3-toothed ; clinanthus flat, chaffy; chaffs linear, shorter than the pericline; akenium elliptical; pappus 0. a. Corollce all yellow. 1. Achillea tomentosa. Clothlike yarrow * Leaves bipinnatifid, villose; leaflets very much crowded; lobes linear, lanceolate, not in the least cut, pointed ; co- rymb us compound. Achillea tomentosa, Willd. S. P. Mountains; perennial; August and September. Stem 9 inches high. b. Corollce of the centre yellow , of the rays white. 2. Achillea millefolia. Many-leaved yarrow . Leaves bipinnate ; leaflets blunt ; lobes awlshape, toothed. Millefolium vulgare, Raii Syn. 183, 1 ; Park « 693. Millefolium terrestre vulgare, Ger. em. 1072, 1. Achillea Millefolium, Lin. S. P. 1267. Common yarrow. Milfoil. Nose-bleed. Fields and pastures; perennial; June to August. Root creeping; stem upright; lobes of the leaves very numerous, hairy underneath ; calathides crowded, small, white. — Flowers yield an essential oil ; infusion of the flowering herb stimulant, stomachic. fi. rosea. Calathides rose-colour or nearly crimson. Millefolium flore rubro, Ger. em. 1072,2. 458 224. Achillea. 39. COMPOSITE, C. PI. ex. cal. 3. Achillea serrata. Saw-leaved yarrow. Leaves linear, lanceolate, sessile, downy, lobed at bottom : serratures deep, acute; corymhus nearly simple. Achillea serrata, Retz. Ohs. Hot. 2, 25. Mountains in Derbyshire ; perennial; July. Stem upright ; flowers yellowish- white, odoriferous. 4. Achillea sylvestris . Wild yarrow. Leaves lanceolate, pointed ; serratures equal, acute, mu- cron ate. Ptarmica, Raii Syn. 183, 1 ; Ger. em. 606, 1. Ptarmica vulgaris, Park. 859. Achillea Ptarmica, Lin. S. P. 1266. Sneezewort. Goosey-tongue. Wild pellitory. Woods and damp hedges ; perennial ; June to August. Loot creeping; calathides peduncled, white. — Root hot, acrid, siaiogogue ; leaves in powder errhine ; herb chewed acrid, siaiogogue ; young tops a warm spring salad. #. plena . Cor olive all ligulate. L. 225. ANTENNARIA. Gasrtner. Cats foot. Pericline ovate; scales lanceolate, pointed, imbricate, scarious, coloured ; calathides flosculous, unisexual ; clinan- ihus pitted, naked.-— Male. Anthers 2 • bristled at the base ; stigma truncated ; pappus pencil-shape, or thickened at the tip. — Fem. Cor olive threadshape, limbs small ; pappus hair- like. — Herb dioicous, tomentose, white, woolly ; leaves flat ; calathides corymbose, rarely solitary. 1. Antennaria montana . Mountain cats foot. Runners procumbent; stem not branched; leaves radi- cal, spathulate ; corymbus simple, terminal, contracted ; outer pericline^scales long, blunt. Elichrysum q. Gnaphalium montanum album Gerardi (640,4), Raii Syn. 181,1. The male plant. Elichrysum q. Gnaphalium longiore folio et flore Casp. Bauhini, Dillen in Raii Syn. 182, 1.* The female. Gnaphalium montanum, sive Pes cati, Park. 690. Gnaphalium dioicum, Lin. S. P. 1199. Antennaria dioica, Gcertner Sem. et Fr. 2,410. Mountain cotton-weed. Mountain cudweed. Dry mountain-pastures ; perennial ; June and July. Root creeping; runners leafy, woolly ; leaves rather naked above, tomentose beneath. §. lanata. Leaves woolly on both sides. PL ex. cal . 30. COMPOSITE, C. 225. Antennaria. 459 y. rubra. Calat hides reddish. Gnaphalinm montanum purpureum, Ger. em. 640, 5. 2. Antennaria margaritacea. Pearly cats-foot . Stem branched above ; leaves linear, lanceolate, pointed, alternate; corymlus conglomerate. Elichrysum q. Gnaphalium Americanum Gerardi (641,8), Raii Syn , 182,2. Argyrocome seu Gnaphalium Americanum, Park. Par. 874. Gnaphalium margaritaceum, Lin. S. P. 1198. American live-for-ever. American cudweed. Pearly everlasting. Damp fields ; perennial ; August. Naturalized. Root creeping; stem woolly; leaves slightly rovolute, greenish above, densely tomentose beneath. LI. 226. GNAPHALIUM. Dioscorides. Cudweed . Pericline cylindrical ; scales linear, shining, membrana- ceous, coloured, as